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February 26, 2020
研究表明基礎設施的改變鼓勵可持續行為
Study Shows Changes to Infrastructure Encourage Sustainable Behaviour
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Summary:
To overcome various environmen...
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February 26, 2020
研究表明基礎設施的改變鼓勵可持續行為
Study Shows Changes to Infrastructure Encourage Sustainable Behaviour
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Summary:
To overcome various environmental challenges that our world is facing, radical changes in the way we consume goods and travel are required. While this statement holds true, a new study published in the journal One Earth reveals that even slight changes to infrastructure can trigger a tipping point where people collectively adopt sustainable behaviours.
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Using computer simulation of interactions between individuals and environments, the study examined how sustainable behaviours are shaped by available infrastructure as well as personal factors like attitudes, lifestyles, and interpersonal relationships. Copenhagen, a city with well-developed cycling infrastructure, was used as a case study.
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The results indicated that as long as individuals are given more opportunities to behave sustainably, such as an increase in the number of cycling paths, they are more likely to do so – even if it is just a small increase. This is because the environment encourages them to develop such good habits. Better still, others tend to copy their behaviour. In the long term, important societal shifts can be achieved.
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In view of the above findings, city planners are advised to design environments in ways that promote sustainable behaviours. Since our planet is degenerating at an alarming speed, what has become clear is that we do not need another shopping mall which encourages excessive consumption.
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Language Enhancement:
tipping point (n.) (臨界點)
tipping point「臨界點」即是忍受極限的意思，常配合 reach/approach/near 等動詞使用。
e.g. The workers’ discontent with their company has reached a tipping point.
e.g. Medical staff shortage is at a tipping point. —————————————————
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slight動詞 在 洪欣熱血學英文 Facebook 的最佳貼文
經典「感冒」台詞，看過表示⋯⋯😷
我感冒cold / 流感flu、發燒、鼻塞、喉嚨痛，英文怎麼說💉
💊 I’m sick.
我生病了。
💊 I have a cold.
我感冒了。
💊 I have caught the flu.
我得到流行感冒。
😵頭暈目眩的 → Dizzy
🤢噁心 → Nausea
Nausea [ˋnɔʃɪə] (n.) 噁心/ 作嘔
e.g. He vomited last night and still feels nausea.
他昨晚吐了而且現在還是想吐。
🤮補充：vomit = 嘔吐
🤒發燒 → Fever
Fever (n.) 發燒/ 狂熱
e.g. I think I have a slight fever.
我覺得我好像有點發燒。
補充：退燒= reduce the fever = bring down the fever
😴嗜睡的 → Drowsy
Drowsy [ˋdraʊzɪ] (a.) 昏昏欲睡的
e.g. These tablets make me drowsy.
這些藥片使我昏昏欲睡。
😫喉嚨痛 → Sore throat
e.g. I woke up with a sore throat and stuffy nose this morning.
我一早起來就喉嚨痛跟鼻塞。
🤧打噴嚏 → Sneeze
Sneeze [sniz] (n.)(v.) 噴嚏；打噴嚏
e.g. Her face wrinkles when she is about to sneeze.
她的臉在她快打噴嚏時皺了起來。
🤧流鼻涕 → Runny nose
e.g. I have a sore throat and runny nose.
我喉嚨痛還有流鼻涕。
補充：我喉嚨裡有些痰 = My throat is filled with phlegm [flɛm].
I have a blocked/stuffy/congested nose.
I have nasal congestion.
我鼻塞。
💩拉肚子 → Diarrhea
Diarrhea [ˏdaɪə`rɪə] (n.) 腹瀉
e.g. Acute diarrhea usually results from infection.
急性腹瀉通常是由感染引起的。
補充：
1.便祕 = constipation
2.肚子痛 = stomachache
🤕疼痛的種類
pain 疼痛
back pain 背痛
*若是想要形容身理或是心理上的痛讓你「感到痛苦」，你可以說 It’s painful!
ache 持續的疼（隱）痛
headache 頭痛
Due to the lack of sleep over the past few days, I have a bad headache.
因為過去幾天的睡眠不足導致我現在頭很痛。
😬toothache 牙齒痛
😖stomachache 肚子痛
hurt 受傷（痛）
口語上來說也有人會用 hurt 來形容「痛」，像是 My head hurts（我頭痛）。但其實 hurt 準確來說是外在受傷的痛。
I stubbed my toe on the corner of the table. It hurts a lot!
我的腳指頭踢到桌腳，超痛的！
發炎或感染
inflammation 發炎
throat inflammation 喉嚨發炎
infection 感染
eye infection 眼睛感染
urinary tract infection 尿道感染
sore 因為感染、受傷或過度使用造成的酸或痛
sore eyes 眼睛痠痛
sore neck 脖子酸
sore throat 喉嚨痛
constipation 便秘
I am constipated.
我便秘。
diarrhea 腹瀉
food poison 食物中毒
cramp 抽筋
injury 因外在事故造成身體受傷
sprain 扭傷
I sprained my ankle.
我扭到腳踝。
😷allergy 過敏
food/dust allergy 食物／塵蟎 過敏
I’m allergic to …… 我對於 …… 過敏
prescription 處方簽
pharmacy/drug store 藥局
千萬千萬要記住，「吃」藥在英文中是 “take” medicine。無論是藥丸，藥粉，或藥水都要用 take 這個動詞喔！
slight動詞 在 喬的英文筆記 Joe's English Learning Notes Facebook 的最讚貼文
<英文寫作必用！「說明、闡述」與「反對」動詞組(附英英解釋及同義字)>
喬今天要分享的是跟英文作文非常相關的動詞字組，「說明」與「反對」動詞組合在英文寫作時表達一個人的意見是必要的。所以喬今天除了分享之外也把所有英英解釋及其相關同義字都打成電子檔筆記，希望對各位同學有幫助。
1. 說明
闡明 elucidate ; illuminate
詳細地說明 elaborate ; expound
* elucidate (V.)
to make (something) clear; explain
同義字- illuminate, clarify, unravel, interpret, explicate, gloss
* illuminate (V.)
to help to clarify or explain (a subject or matter)
同義字- clarify, elucidate, reveal, demystify, exemplify, illustrate
* elaborate (V.)
to develop or present (a theory, policy, or system) in detail
同義字- embellish, embroider, amplify
* expound (V.)
to explain the meaning of
同義字- interpret, explicate, elucidate
2. 反對
反對 object ; oppose
反駁 argue against ; counter/ contradict
駁斥 refute ; repudiate
否決 deny ; veto
質疑 question ; cast doubt on
抨擊 bombard ; vigorously/ vehemently attack
藐視 belittle ; scorn ; defy
*object (V.)
to say something to express one’s disapproval of or disagreement with something
同義字- oppose, condemn
*oppose (V.)
to actively resist or refuse to comply with (a person or a system)
同義字- resist, challenge, dispute, [FORMAL正式用法] gainsay
*refute (v.)
to deny or contradict (a statement or accusation)
同義字- disprove, debunk, discredit, invalidate, confute
*repudiate (V.)
[1] to refuse to accept or be associated with
同義字- renounce, abandon, disown, [FORMAL正式用法] forswear, abjure, [Literary文學用法] forsake
[2] to deny the truth or validity of
同義字- deny, contradict, controvert, rebut, dispute, dismiss, [FORMAL 正式用法] gainsay
[3] (法律) to refuse to fulfill or discharge (an agreement, obligation, or debt)
同義字- revoke, rescind, reverse, overrule, overturn, invalidate, nullify, disregard, flout, disaffirm, [FORMAL正式用法] abrogate
*deny (V.)
[1] to state that one refused to admit the truth or existence of
同義字- contradict, controvert, repudiate, challenge, counter, contest, oppose, rebut, [FORMAL正式用法] gainsay
[2] to refuse to give or grant (something requested or desired) to (someone)
同義字- rebuff, repulse, decline, veto, dismiss
*veto (V.)
to exercise a veto against (a decision or proposal made by a law-making body)
同義字- dismiss, prohibit, forbid, interdict, proscribe, disallow, embargo, ban
*question (V.)
to feel or express doubt about; raise objections to
同義字- query, challenge, dispute, doubt
*bombard (V.)
to assail (someone) persistently, as with questions, criticisms, or information
同義字- inundate, swamp, flood, deluge, besiege, overwhelm
*belittle (V.)
to make (someone or something) seem unimportant
同義字- disparage, denigrate, deprecate, depreciate, downgrade, trivialize, minimize, pooh-pooh
*scorn (V.)
to feel or express contempt(鄙視) or derision for
同義字- deride, disdain, mock, disparage, slight, dismiss
*defy (V.)
to openly resist to refuse to obey
同義字- disobey, flout, disregard, ignore, break, violate, contravene, breach, infringe