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February 26, 2020
研究表明基礎設施的改變鼓勵可持續行為
Study Shows Changes to Infrastructure Encourage Sustainable Behaviour
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Summary:
To overcome various environmen...
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February 26, 2020
研究表明基礎設施的改變鼓勵可持續行為
Study Shows Changes to Infrastructure Encourage Sustainable Behaviour
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Summary:
To overcome various environmental challenges that our world is facing, radical changes in the way we consume goods and travel are required. While this statement holds true, a new study published in the journal One Earth reveals that even slight changes to infrastructure can trigger a tipping point where people collectively adopt sustainable behaviours.
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Using computer simulation of interactions between individuals and environments, the study examined how sustainable behaviours are shaped by available infrastructure as well as personal factors like attitudes, lifestyles, and interpersonal relationships. Copenhagen, a city with well-developed cycling infrastructure, was used as a case study.
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The results indicated that as long as individuals are given more opportunities to behave sustainably, such as an increase in the number of cycling paths, they are more likely to do so – even if it is just a small increase. This is because the environment encourages them to develop such good habits. Better still, others tend to copy their behaviour. In the long term, important societal shifts can be achieved.
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In view of the above findings, city planners are advised to design environments in ways that promote sustainable behaviours. Since our planet is degenerating at an alarming speed, what has become clear is that we do not need another shopping mall which encourages excessive consumption.
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Language Enhancement:
tipping point (n.) (臨界點)
tipping point「臨界點」即是忍受極限的意思，常配合 reach/approach/near 等動詞使用。
e.g. The workers’ discontent with their company has reached a tipping point.
e.g. Medical staff shortage is at a tipping point. —————————————————
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indicated意思 在 Gavin職場英文 Facebook 的精選貼文
分享一個有趣的詞：off-putting
off-putting 是「討人厭的，令人不快的，令人煩惱的」的意思。
比方：
When you indicated how hard you had worked, it was off-putting.
當你在那邊暗示你有多努力在做時，那還滿討人厭的。
indicated意思 在 Gavin職場英文 Facebook 的最佳解答
分享一個有趣的詞：off-putting
off-putting 是「討人厭的，令人不快的，令人煩惱的」的意思。
比方：
When you indicated how hard you had worked, it was off-putting.
當你在那邊暗示你有多努力在做時，那還滿討人厭的。
indicated意思 在 區諾軒 Au Nok-hin Facebook 的最佳貼文
這樣的組合
只是剛好一年前的事...
今天出席樹仁大學和演藝學院《抗爭模式與出路 – 和平非暴力與勇武之辯》論壇，因為校方不予借出場地，弄至要在學生會室舉行，恰似金魚缸一樣，供同學圍觀。
原本以為，這類論壇多為各自泛泛表述，席間卻有一段久違了的政治哲學討論，關於羅爾斯（John Rawls）理解「公民抗命」（Civil Disobedience），由本民前梁天琦提及，我覺得頗有意思，特此節錄。
幾位嘉賓當時討論非暴力抗爭是否適合今天香港的問題，梁天琦表示不知我以哪位學者理解公民抗命，他引用羅爾斯，表示羅爾斯也認為公民抗命只能在民主國家實踐，香港沒有民主，示威者屢遭打壓，沒有條件實踐非暴力，沒有條件實踐公民抗命。
說實的，我已經很久沒接觸政治哲學，但依稀記得羅爾斯在《正義論》對公民抗命有一堆定義，其中應該有包括非暴力（Non-violence），遂立刻翻查章節，果然沒錯，便回應道羅爾斯對公民抗命的定義應該包括非暴力，質疑為甚麼會說非民主社會便沒有條件實踐呢？難道梭羅罷稅，甘地採鹽運動，也是在未民主甚至是殖民地行，也不合乎公民抗命？
梁天琦隨即在他筆電，也在翻查《正義論》。他讀出Civil Disobedience的章節首段，便提到：「I now wish to illustrate the content of the principles of natural duty and obligation by sketching a theory of civil disobedience. As I have already indicated, this theory is designed only for the special case of a nearly just society, one that is well-ordered for the most part but in which some serious violations of justice nevertheless do occur. Since I assume that a state of near justice requires a democratic regime, the theory concerns the role and the appropriateness of civil disobedience to legitimately established democratic authority. It does not apply to the other forms of government nor, except incidentally, to other kinds of dissent or resistance. I shall not discuss this mode of protest, along with militant action and resistance, as a tactic for transforming or even overturning an unjust and corrupt system.」（P.363）的確，係有講到requires a democratic regime，他給了那段給我看。
這下子確實我沒有清楚理解羅爾斯對公民抗命的前設。但儘管如此，梁天琦其實過分解讀羅爾斯的說法：因為這前設不等於證成在非民主社會，就不可以用非暴力式的公民抗命。我亦提出兩點質疑。第一，香港是other forms of government，但政治形勢而言是否真的再沒有條件實踐非暴力抗爭，我存有懷疑。( Albert Wai Yip Chan 也提出極權國家固然難非暴力 )我常說年初一不論是示威者還是警察，都應該問自己一個問題：是否所有手段已經窮盡，才逼不得已訴諸暴力。我想沒有人可以證明將來暴力還是非暴力可行，但不主張傷害他人人身，是我的底線，若果非暴力不可行，那過往03七一、反國教等等儘可推翻，或許雨傘運動令大家認為非暴力不成功，但是否將來便必須跳到勇武，非暴力抗爭的手段又是否已窮盡，我抱有懷疑。
第二，即使羅爾斯認為民主國家應用非暴力，不代表證明非民主國家便不可行，他也沒有證明暴力便適用於非民主國家。主張勇武抗暴者，應該有責任舉證勇武抗暴可以達致成果，但現在的困境是，不論是主張非暴力還是暴力者，至少也無法證明，自己的手段足以使政權退讓。
其實，我們只能以行動說明自己的路線正確。我及梁只同意這是基於現有政治形勢的不同判斷以及不同選擇。
無庸置疑，我沒有想過在院校搞的論壇會聽到羅爾斯三字。我們常常說行動者要多讀理論，甚或雨傘以來，常常對好些抗爭者，竟在被捕後與警察大講羅爾斯曉以大義而扼腕，用我們在網台常說的形容詞便是：拎住條變身皮帶就當自己係超人，結果一出黎就比怪獸打死。
我與梁天琦固有不同取態，但他肯定不是上述的人，至少讀TJ比我清楚，在論壇可見他論述有理。我明白為何很多人說他在本土派之中較得尊重。
至於我，書到用時方恨少，（希望沒）有辱門楣，各位FB的政哲朋友見笑了。
撐起非暴力抗爭的路線，可能很傻，希望算上我一個。