#EZTalk #你不知道的美國大小事 #聊天限定 #此OP非彼OP
📌 Internet Slang 📌 Part 2
老外聊天必知！『線上聊天限定』縮寫

📣貼心提醒：本篇縮寫請勿用在客戶寫信等正式場合喲！💙

如同中文論壇（如批踢踢或Dcard）有固定的縮寫用法，國外聊天室也一樣。有時候同一個縮寫，中英用法可是大不同～

1. OP
2. NSFW
3. FYEO
4. BOT
5. FIFY, FTFY
6. TL;DR

-
In addition to abbreviations of common phrases, there are also a lot of abbreviations that are specific to online communication. This most basic is probably 📌 OP (original poster), which refers to the person who started a thread on an online forum.

Another handy term if you want to post a link to something that contains nudity, profanity or other adult content is 📌 NSFW (not safe for work). This is a friendly reminder to people not to open the link at work so they can avoid embarrassment. Or if you don’t want someone to share your message with others, you can use 📌 FYEO (for your eyes only).

If someone goes off topic in a thread, you can use 📌 BOT (back on topic) to indicate that you’re returning to the original topic. And if you want to correct an error that someone made, you can write 📌 FIFY (fixed it for you) or FTFY (fixed that for you) after your correction.

Have you ever followed somebody’s link to an article or post that was long and maybe a little boring? In this situation, you can warn others with 📌 TL;DR (too long; don’t read, or too long; didn’t read). And if you want to be helpful, you can follow the TL;DR with a short summary of the content in question—if you actually read it!

【✍關鍵單字】
1. thread：「討論串」或「發文串」
2. nudity：「裸體」，當名詞。
3. profanity：「髒話」
4. go off topic：「離題」

【📕中譯】
網路縮寫除了來自日常片語外，有更多是專門用來線上溝通。最常見的大概是OP（original poster，指『原po』或『樓主』），跟中文論壇用法不同，這裡的OP指一開始發表言論或文章的人。

另一個好用的縮寫則是NSFW（not safe for work，工作場合不宜），當你轉貼給別人的連結含有裸體、髒話等成人內容，就可以用這個縮寫，善意提醒對方不要在工作場合上點開，以免窘境發生。如果你不希望對方把你的訊息分享給別人時，則可以寫FYEO（for your eyes only，限收件者閱讀）。

如果有人在同一則討論下方離題，你就可以寫BOT（back on topic，回到正題），接下來繼續討論正題。要是你發現前面討論串有錯誤，你想修正，就可以在你更正的內容後面加上FIFY（fixed it for you）或FTFY（fixed that for you，兩者都翻作『幫你更正了』）。

你是否曾經點開某人的轉貼，卻發現那篇文章實在有夠長，甚至有點無聊？遇到這種狀況，你可以在該連結下方寫TD;DR（too long; don’t read，或too long didn’t read，太長勿入）來警告後面的人。如果你想當個好人，你甚至可以在寫出TD;DR之後，加上兩三句你對這篇又臭又長文章的總結──如果你真的看得完的話！

--
🔔 按下「搶先看」，每週五【美國大小事】，由 Judd 編審分享最即時美國新鮮事！想知道更多美國文化，請看 👉 http://bit.ly/EZTalk嚴選

[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。

為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字，我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知，可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙，也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典，更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.

constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的。

-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

在表示“由……材料構成”時，見於被動語態；在用於主動語態時，一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。

-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )

-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，並不能組成一本好書)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

3. account for: 說明（原因、理由等）; 導致，引起; （在數量、比例上）; 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)

(在數量、比例上）占

These products, in total, account for about 80％ of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80％。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:

-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。

-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).

-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10％。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.

consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同

-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。)

-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人，女人和孩子們組成的。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.

comprise 在表示“構成”時，其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*

-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

從這些動詞的意思來看，若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時，我們可用 compose 或 constitute。

England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.

(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時，我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。

(compose 經常用於被動態，而以 be composed of 的型式出現，意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)

-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

*在這幾個字當中，僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思，但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思，所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構，他們期期以為不可，而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語，一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語，如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而，在公說公有理，婆說婆有理，各有堅持的情況下，在此建議：若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握，那麼不妨使用它的同義詞，也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。

*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.

Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose

More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.

-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.

The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.

Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.

-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.

<請提升你的正式英文寫作中之用字精準度！>
到底如何提升英文寫作呢？非常基本的要素之一就是「英文詞彙使用精準度與正確性」。喬今天要分享的是正式英文寫作裡，各位同學應該要避免使用過於weak或者不明確的詞彙，如此一來變提升了用字精准度，例如: say, get, good, bad, very等等詞彙，這些詞彙真的太過於模糊了，在此提供範例以便同學了解此篇分享的精神：

“say”- 在正式文章中若要表達某人士主張/表達某論點，儘量別使用此詞彙
communicate (V.) 交流; 溝通(資訊)
discuss (V.) 討論; 議論; 談輪
affirm (V.) 證實; 確認; 斷言
maintain (V.) 主張
expound (V.) 闡述; 詳細說明
elaborate (V.) 詳細說明
illustrate (V.) (尤指用例子) 說明; 闡明
negotiate (V.) 談判; 磋商
utter (V.) 講; 出聲
indicate (V.) 指出
explain (V.) 解釋

“get”- 可以表達太多意思且有時過於模糊，在正式文章寫作中應該避免使用
acquire (V.) 取得; 獲得; 購得; 學到
achieve (V.) 完成; 達到; 實現
accomplish (V.) 完成; 實現; 達到; 做到
fulfill (V.) 實現; 達到; 屢行; 執行
obtain (V.) 得到; 獲得
gain (V.) (尤指經過一段時間逐漸) 取得; 獲得; 贏得; 博得
adopt (V.) 採用; 領養
procure (V.) (努力) 取得; 獲得
attain (V.) 實現; 獲得; 贏得
retain (V.) 保持; 保留; 保有
sustain (V.) 保持; 維持; 使持續; 使繼續

“good”- 單講”好”太模糊了，正式寫作文法要有建設性的說是哪方面的好，此字在正式文章中真的要避免啊！
constructive (adj.) 有建設性的; 有益的; 有用的; 積極的
positive (adj.) 建設性的; 積極的; 懷有希望的
beneficial (adj.) 有益的; 有用的; 有利的
brilliant (adj.) 出色的; 非常好的
gorgeous (adj.) 美麗動人的; 令人愉快的; 極其漂亮的
fantastic (adj.) 極好的
exceptional (adj.) (尤指在技能、才智、品質等方面) 卓越的; 傑出的; 不同凡響的
superb (adj.) 極好的; 超級的; 傑出的
magnificent (adj.) 極好的; 壯麗的; 令人羨慕的
outstanding (adj.) 優秀的; 卓越的; 出眾的
marvelous (adj.) 絕妙的; 好極的
top-ranked (adj.) 頂尖的
terrific (adj.) 極好的
appropriate (adj.) 適當時機的; 適合的
unprecedented (adj.) 空前絕後的; 史無前例的
benign (adj.) 慈祥的; 和善的

“bad”- 是個怎樣的”壞”法呢？正式寫作應明確指出是哪種”壞”
negative (adj.) 負面的; 否定的; 拒絕的
harmful (adj.) 有害的
detrimental (adj.) 危害的; 損害的
damaging (adj.) 有害的; 產生危害的
dangerous (adj.) 危險的; 有威脅的; 不安全的
deleterious (adj.) 有害的; 造成危害的
unfavorable (adj.) 不利的; 反對的; 相反的; 有害的; 令人不快的
disadvantageous (adj.) 劣勢; 不利因素
baleful (adj.) 惡毒的; 威脅的
noxious (adj.) (尤指氣體或其他物質) 有毒的; 有害的
destructive (adj.) 破壞性的; 有害的
malevolent (adj.) 惡意的; 惡毒的; 有害的
subversive (adj.) 破壞的; 動搖的; 顛覆的(尤指已有的政治體系)
pernicious (adj.) 極其有害的; 惡性的; 惡劣的
malign (adj.) 惡意的; 邪惡的; 有害的
lethal (adj.) 致命的; 極其危險的
catastrophic (adj.) 災難性的

“very”- 在正式文章寫作中，實在是個太弱的詞彙，有更多強力的詞彙可表達”很”，真的要少在正式文章中寫"very"
particularly (adv.) 特別; 尤其; 異乎尋常地
exceedingly (adv.) 非常; 特別; 極其
immensely (adv.) 非常; 極其
acutely (adv.) 完全地; 極其
abundantly (adv,) 充足地; 充分地; 很
singularly (adv.) 特別地
mightily (adv.) 竭盡全力地
devilishly (adv.) 非常; 極其
majorly (adv.) 非常; 極
seriously (adv.) 嚴重地; 惡劣地
comparatively (adv.) 相對地; 比較而言
relatively (adv.) 相對而言
extremely (adv.) 非常; 極端; 極其
tremendously (adv.) 巨大的; 極好的
greatly (adv.) (尤指表示強烈感受或體驗) 非常; 很; 大大地
totally (adv.) 徹底
completely (adv.) 完全地; 徹底地; 十分地
literally (adv)
[1] [非正式用法] 確實; 真正地
[2] 名副其實地; 按字面含義來講
[3] [非正式用法] 只是; 僅僅; 就

【寫作文張相關連結】
英文寫作經驗分享 goo.gl/liakLz
英文作文審題技巧 goo.gl/bWkaT2
英文寫作習慣的改變 goo.gl/s55tTJ
英文寫作習慣的改變示範 goo.gl/GaUHu2
英文趣味寫作分享 goo.gl/xk0oHW
寫作必備之轉折詞、比較詞、增補用法 goo.gl/bCJ7q8
寫作必備之表達主張、意見、想法動詞 goo.gl/pWvKd6
寫作必備之換句話說法 goo.gl/oXYCsm
寫作必備之表因果用法 goo.gl/OX3CHN
單字背誦方法分享 goo.gl/Z8OQLa