🔤 同義詞

昨天提到同義詞，今天再來聊聊。

學齡前多讀多聽就好，不需要刻意學習，但也不要避開難字只學分級教材。很多看似「無用」的韻文，為了押韻、排比，會用上較少看到的同義詞，這些都是養分。

小學以上有一定程度，或是大人想精進英文的，可以繼續往下看。

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同義詞是 synonym，反義詞是 antonym，同義詞並不是 100% 可互換通用的（不然就不用造這麼多詞了），而是有細微的差異，或有慣用的搭配，用得好可以表達得更適切道地。

英美的小學生就開始會學同義詞和反義詞。一開始低年級可能會以 "In other words..." 或是 "Power Words" 表示，也有簡單的學習單配對 "same" or "opposite"。到了三四年級就會特別引導學生閱讀時留意收集，也練習查詞典，探究詞義，運用在寫作和口說。

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第一張圖片的 Super Synonyms Sheet 標示給 7~11 歲母語孩子用的。可以免費下載：
＊ https://www.teachingideas.co.uk/synonyms-and-antonyms/super-synonyms-sheet?utm_medium=social&utm_source=pinterest&utm_campaign=tailwind_smartloop&utm_content=smartloop&utm_term=23834556

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用 "The Good, the Bad, and the Nice" Word Webs 列出同義反義形容詞的練習，四年級以上，完整教案可以在這裡看到，可以下載模板檔案：
＊ http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/using-word-webs-teach-282.html

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Fancy Nancy 這套繪本裡面的主角 Nancy 是小學生，特別喜歡用 fancy words，就是用比較漂亮高級的詞，也用一些法語詞彙。I Can Read 第一級裡面有，書末會匯總那一冊出現過的 fancy words，敦煌書店有進。

迪士尼也出了動畫片，比較適合小學生（或大人）看。
＊Fancy Nancy 播放清單：
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2m1vjiMH_hMdDZ-m0dbLwdHa5qvPDvqM

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專門的同義詞典叫做 Thesaurus，有大人用的，也有兒童和中學生附插圖版本。Amazon 上排名第一的兒童同義詞典是 DK 的 Children's Illustrated Thesaurus，有 Kindle 版。
＊ https://www.amazon.com/Childrens-Illustrated-Thesaurus-DK/dp/1465462376

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高階一點的學習詞典都會列出同義、反義詞，我最推薦牛津的 Oxford Advanced Learners' Dictionary (OALD)，有 app 版本，功能齊全，一年訂閱價格三百多台幣，一生大推。也有免費的網頁版。
＊網頁版：https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
＊iOS app: https://apps.apple.com/app/oxford-advanced-learners-dict/id1469549281
＊Android app: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.oup.elt.oald10_gp

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以上。有其他疑問再留言給我。

同義反義詞有其他心得的朋友們，或是英文老師們，也歡迎留言分享！

📘【Ken的高頻單字筆記 I】
購買辦法：https://is.gd/H8W7Qj

📰 今天我們來讀讀【華爾街日報】
🖐🏽 五分鐘來關心國際時事 — 墨西哥治安 🇲🇽

📰 Mexico Reports Slight Decline in 2019 Homicides
Nation’s murder rate remained at highest level in decades despite fall in number of killings

MEXICO CITY—Mexico registered 209 fewer homicides in 2019 than a year earlier, the first decline in five years, though the murder rate remained at its highest level in decades, the National Statistics Institute said Wednesday.

📌 這篇文章討論墨西哥 (Mexico) 的殺人罪 (homicide) 數字的微小下降(slight decline)。nation是國家的意思，在這裡是指墨西哥，這是常用修辭方法之一。作者也用同義詞提高文章的可讀性： homicide vs murder vs killing。

The country registered 36,476 homicides last year, down from 36,685 in 2018, according to preliminary data based on death certificates. The homicide rate was unchanged from 2018 at 29 per 100,000 inhabitants, the highest level on records stretching back 30 years.

📌 這段交代有關數據，register (登記)、down from (從...下降)、according to preliminary data (根據初步資料) 和 unchanged (不變的)是常見用語。

“The important thing is that the government doesn’t rest on its laurels by saying we’ve slowed the rise in homicides,” said Cassius Wilkinson, a security analyst at political-risk consultancy Empra. “A plateau at historic highs still isn’t good for Mexico’s public security.”

📌 這段引述一位保安分析員 (security analyst) 的意見。rest on one’s laurels (不求進步) 是道地用語。plateau的原意是高原，在這裡引申指有關數字維持於高位不降。

Monthly police reports for 2020 show that homicides were up 1.5% in the first eight months of this year from a year earlier, although the numbers have been overshadowed by more than 74,000 deaths of people infected with the coronavirus.

The drop in the preliminary number of homicides for 2019 will likely become a small increase when final data are released at the end of October, said security analyst Alejandro Hope. “The good news is that it’s not growing, the bad news is that it’s not falling,” he added.

📌 這兩段繼續分析有關數字的走勢。overshadowed by (因為...失色的) 是生動的用語。preliminary 跟 final 是異義詞，the good news is that…the bad news is that… 是平行結構，也是很好的修辭方式。

Lowering the level of violence, much of it by organized-crime groups, is among the main concerns of President Andrés Manuel López Obrador whose strategy has been to reduce direct confrontation between security forces and heavily armed criminal gangs.

Since taking office at the end of 2018, Mr. López Obrador has disbanded the Federal Police and replaced it with a National Guard drawn mostly from the ranks of army and naval police. The National Guard has close to 100,000 members, and is expected to increase to 140,000.

📌 這兩段介紹墨西哥總統其中一項主要關注 (main concern) 就是降低暴力的水平 (lower the level of violence)。他的策略 (strategy) 是減少保安部隊 (security forces) 和犯罪集團 (criminal gang) 之間的直接對抗 (direct confrontation)。

Homicide rates last year fell in 15 of the country’s 32 states, including Baja California Sur and Quintana Roo—home to tourism hubs Los Cabos and Cancún—and Mexico City.

Among the most violent states was Guanajuato in central Mexico, which has been the site of fighting between the Jalisco New Generation Cartel and a gang of fuel thieves called the Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel. Authorities arrested José Antonio Yépez, the alleged head of the fuel theft gang, in early August.

While violence increased in Guanajuato, the homicide rate fell last year in neighboring Jalisco state. The number of murders could be masked by an increase in forced disappearances in the state as the Jalisco cartel consolidates its control of the area, said Mr. Wilkinson.

“A lot of the states that lead the rankings are leading for different reasons,” he added, noting increased killings in northern states such as Sonora and Chihuahua. “I wouldn’t be surprised if the 2020 numbers are much higher.”

📌 這四段詳細分析墨西哥不同州的殺人罪率 (homicide rate)去年的情況。the rankings的意思就是排名。在旅游樞紐 (tourism hub)的州殺人罪率下降，個別州份因爲幫派的打鬥變得最暴力的。

未完待續...
📰 全文請至
https://reurl.cc/Md4Ra3
📰 作者
Anthony Harrup
📰 訂閱請至
https://bit.ly/3j82Q3W

🔔 進度報告：
🚚 09/21依訂單順序開始出貨，選擇【店到店】寄送的學員，已開始寄送。近期務必留意手機簡訊，攜帶證件至門市取貨哦！

📰今天我們來讀讀【華爾街日報】
🖐🏽 五分鐘來關心國際時事— 美國奧勒岡大火 🇺🇸

📰 West Coast Fires Fueled by Winds as Dangers Continue
Blazes tear through small towns; ‘It looks like a bomb went off’

📌 這篇文章關於美國西岸 (West Coast)大火，這些大火是被風激起的 (fueled by winds)，危險持續存在 (dangers continue)。blaze (烈火) 是fire的同義詞。

TALENT, Ore.—Residents and officials have begun surveying the vast destruction in Oregon’s small towns while gusty winds and low humidity continue to propel wildfires that have burned millions of acres and displaced thousands of people across the Western U.S.
Conditions remain dire, and a top Oregon official said Tuesday that control of the conflagrations—two of which have been burning since mid-August—could still be weeks away.

📌 這兩段說明居民 (residents) 和官員 (officials) 已經開始調查(survey) 美國 Oregon 的小鎮 (small towns) 廣泛破壞 (vast destruction)。大風 (gusty winds) 和 低潮濕 (low humidity) 繼續推動(propel) 野火wildfires）。displace是常見的動詞。當地一位高級官員說還要幾個星期才可以控制大火災O (conflagrations)。

At least 34 people have been killed so far in the wildfires in California, Oregon and Washington state, part of a wider outbreak that has scorched more than 4.7 million acres in 11 states, according to the National Interagency Fire Center. In California alone, an area larger than the state of Connecticut has been burned this summer.
The National Weather Service issued a Red Flag Warning early Tuesday for parts of Northern California and Oregon, indicating extreme fire conditions exacerbated by wind and drier air.

📌 這兩段告訴讀者，在美國三個州的野火，到目前為止，至少奪走34條人命。這些野火是更大的爆發 (wider outbreak)，影響了美國11個州。國家氣象局 (the National Weather Service) 發出紅旗警告 (Red Flag Warning)，表示極端大火狀況 (extreme fire conditions)，會因為風和乾燥的空氣 (drier air) 而惡化 (exacerbate)。

On Tuesday, Sandra Spelliscy, Talent’s city manager, toured the streets, passing by whole neighborhoods and commercial areas that were destroyed last week. “Half of Talent is gone,” she said.
About 700 homes and businesses were leveled in the city of 6,400 people, and officials estimate that as many as 20% of them are now without a place to live. Ms. Spelliscy and her staff are still tallying up the financial losses. “I cannot even begin to wrap my head around what it’s going to take for the city to get through this, to recover financially,” she said.

📌 這兩段報導城市經理 (city manager) (即負責管理城市的官員) 參觀街道，經過上周被破壞的鄰近地區 (neighborhoods) 和商業區(commercial areas)。市内約7000個家 (homes) 和事業(businesses)被夷平 (leveled)，其中20%無家可歸 (without a place to live)。tally up (計算)、financial losses (財務損失) 和 wrap one’s head around something (明白某東西)是道地用語。

A day earlier, Michael “TonTon” Antonopoulos surveyed the twisted metal, charred beams and piles of ash that were the remains of TonTon’s Artisan Affections, his cafe known for its vegan Mediterranean food and lively parties.

“It looks like a bomb went off,” the 50-year-old Mr. Antonopoulos said.
The cafe was wiped out along with hundreds of other businesses in Talent and neighboring Phoenix by last week’s fast-moving Almeda Drive Fire, which also killed four people. A downtown stretch where TonTon’s once stood along with several other shops is now a smoky ruin. The bookstore, the antique store and another building that Mr. Antonopoulos was turning into an event space are all gone.

📌 這三段引述一家咖啡店 (cafe) 老闆一天前視察 (survey) 店的殘餘(remains)。他說破壞像炸彈爆發 (a bomb goes off)。wipe out (徹底摧毀)也是常見的片語。

未完待續...

📰 全文請至
https://is.gd/YII4z8
📰 作者
Zusha Elinson and Alicia A. Caldwell
📰 訂閱請至
https://bit.ly/3j82Q3W

【一個專為香港人而設的廣東話課程】
➜更多內容: https://www.cantonesecollege.com/course
讓廣東話發揚光大！

【廣東話教學】你必學的地道廣東話俚語（揸Fit/花Fit/ Fit人/符Fit）
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大家好，我是殿下。
香港有些很道地的用語，不住上十年八年是不會學到的，你會用的話，聽到的人一定會覺得驚訝，對你另眼相看。
希望大家看完我的影片後，可以學到最道地的廣東話！

1.揸Fit
意思：
負責人／話事人／主持人
據說來源：
因為拿著塵拂的多數是得高望重的道觀高人，甚至是觀主或是掌門人，例如《倚天屠龍記》的滅絕師太，其形象就是經常拿著塵拂了，揸拂者，就是話事人。

2.花Fit
意思：
花心
據說來源：
人穿著打扮款式多變，從而引伸為形容人同時與很多對象關係親暱，是花心的同義詞。

3.Fit人或物件
意思：
鞭打的動作
據說來源：
鞭打的動作在空中發出”fit”“fit”的聲音，引伸為鞭打的動作。

4.符Fit
意思：
方法
據說來源：
符紙含有法力，因此當道士亮出道符，就意味著有辦「法」。
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劉殿下のFacebook：
https://www.facebook.com/RyuDenka/
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廣東話教學的前輩影片XD:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOpr1R6RmbQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c7YbA2dYJRg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGEHYVlmzRQ
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殿下推薦的廣東話Youtuber!!:
HuhuuuTV /廣東話教學
點點dimdim
HenHen TV
香格拉 Shangrilayt
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