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February 15, 2020
Wuhan Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Reignites Concerns over Food Safety
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Summary:
Foodborne illness outbreaks occur rather frequentl...
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February 15, 2020
Wuhan Novel Coronavirus Outbreak Reignites Concerns over Food Safety
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Summary:
Foodborne illness outbreaks occur rather frequently in this day and age. The recent Wuhan novel coronavirus outbreak has once again alerted us to the dangers posed by our broken food system, especially when it comes to meat production.
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Today, around the globe, meat, eggs, and dairy are mainly produced in factory farms. These establishments are notorious for confining animals in extremely crowded conditions. Not only are the animals severely restricted in their movement, but they are also given a wide range of animal drugs and inflicted with cruel physical alterations to reduce their chances of getting sick or injured.
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Heavy reliance on animal drugs, however, can create food safety threats from resistant bacteria and drug residues, greatly increasing the risk of widespread foodborne illness outbreaks. In the past few years, a number of devastating E. coli outbreaks have been attributed to manure runoff from factory farms.
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In the long term, for the sake of public health and animal welfare, we must crack down on factory farming and replace it with a sustainable and humane system. How can individuals help to achieve this goal? Simple! Eat as little meat as possible. Remember that every bite you take is a vote.
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Language Enhancement:
crack down (ph.) (取締)
crack down 是短語動詞，即是「取締」或「制裁」的意思，是十分强烈的字眼，後接介詞 on。它的名詞版本是 crackdown「鎮壓」。
e.g. The ICAC was established in 1974 to crack down on corruption.
e.g. The school is having a crackdown on cheating. —————————————————
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occur名詞 在 Hunter 物理治療師 Facebook 的最讚貼文
【踮起腳尖痛，腳踝也會有夾擠問題？】
(這次文章內容稍長，若懶得看文字內容可直接觀看影片)
大家應該對於肩夾擠、髖夾擠這兩個名詞不陌生，但你有聽過腳踝夾擠嗎？夾擠指的是我們的骨頭過度擠壓到周遭的軟組織，可能是肌腱、韌帶或是滑液膜等等，造成疼痛或角度受限。夾擠是一個症候群，並非一個特定的病症，夾擠症候群底這個名詞底下，可能夾到的組織不同，造成的原因歧異度也非常大，造成評估上其實並不是那麼容易。腳踝夾擠雖然沒有像肩夾擠一樣有被正式分類成不同的夾擠類型，但仍能根據症狀呈現的方式跟解剖構造簡單分為前夾擠跟後夾擠，若還要再細分還會分前內側、前外側夾擠，以及後內側、後外側夾擠。
前側夾擠的症狀主要出現在腳踝背屈末端角度的時候，脛距關節 (Tibiotalar joint) 前側的組織受到擠壓。腳踝前側的有不少脂肪、滑囊組織，正常情況，這些組織會在腳踝背屈15度過後受到擠壓，但如果在遠端脛骨前側或是距骨頸有增生的骨頭的話，便可能限縮前側的空間，讓組織提早受到壓迫。如果長期在這角度下活動，就可能進一步造成慢性的發炎，或是造成關節囊韌帶的增生。除此之外，如果腳踝曾經扭過傷，造成韌帶或皺襞增厚的話，也是可能造成前側夾擠的原因之一。
雖然這些解剖構造上的變化已有多篇文章有所描述。但造成這些組織增生的原因卻仍不是很清楚。因為運動員有比較高的比例有這樣的問題，有些學者認為前側夾擠可能是因為頻繁地做出大角度的背屈，或是因為運動過程中受到的外力，讓前側軟骨邊緣反覆受到衝擊所造成。也有些學者認為，踝關節的不穩定，造成關節有不正常的微小滑動，也是一個可能造成骨質增生、或是軟組織受到夾擠的的原因。另外在比較早期的文章，一開始學者認為前側的骨質增生可能是來自於頻繁地蹠屈，牽拉到關節囊，進而造成關節處的增生，只是這樣的假設被後來的研究給推翻了。
因為前側夾擠症狀大多是在腳踝背屈的末端角度下出現，上樓梯、跑步、走上坡、爬梯還有深蹲是幾個比較容易會加劇前側疼痛的活動。若未接受妥善治療，在症狀後期可能會因為組織的增生或疼痛，造成更進一步的活動度受限、夾擠和周圍組織的傷害，再回頭限制關節活動度與功能，形成惡性循環。
後側夾擠的症狀主要出現在腳踝蹠屈到末端角度的時候，脛距關節與距跟關節後側的組織受到擠壓。後側夾擠常出現在需要頻繁把腳踝往下壓的人身上，像是芭蕾舞者、需要頻繁跳躍的運動員等等。與前側夾擠雷同，後側夾擠可能是骨質或是軟組織的夾擠，或是兩者同時存在。距骨後外側 (trigonal process) 的骨質增生是比較常被認為導致後側夾擠的原因。除此之外，頻繁的將腳板大幅度的往下踩，可能會導致後側關節囊、後下脛腓韌帶、三角韌帶的後側韌帶發炎，產生疤痕組織，進而造成組織增厚。另外我們的屈足拇長肌的肌腱經過距骨後側的內、外骨突中間的凹槽，也很容易因為過度使用，或是周遭骨質的增生，造成肌腱病變，像是肌腱或腱鞘炎的問題。
與前側夾擠的疼痛大多較為淺層、可觸摸的到相反，後側夾擠的症狀通常較為模糊，比較難有一個特定的單點疼痛，而且位置較深，通常落在阿基里斯腱底下。這也讓後側夾擠不容易和阿基里斯腱或是腓骨長肌的問題做區分。因為症狀出現在腳踝往下踩的時候，走下坡、下樓梯或是穿鞋跟較高的鞋子是幾個容易誘發症狀出現的活動。芭蕾舞者之所以比較容易出現這樣的症狀，被認為是因為需要頻繁的做出踮腳站，承重在前足的關係。
雖然影像檢查出來的骨質、軟組織的病變被認為是可能導致腳踝夾擠的原因之一，但實際上研究還是有提到，我們仍然不能光靠這些影像結果證據就判斷踝關節是否夾擠。影像檢查與我們的症狀表現之間的相關程度有限，仍需要結合其他理學檢查做綜合判斷才行。針對踝關節夾擠的介入，目前比較常見的作法仍是先採取保守治療，若在急性疼痛期，需要先避免會造成疼痛的動作，有必要的話也會使用消炎藥來控制疼痛。在非急性期，甚至是已經是慢性問題的個案，我們則需要著重在踝關節穩定、本體感覺的訓練上，畢竟前面有提到，踝關節不穩、扭傷都是可能造成夾擠的原因之一。與其他肌肉骨骼問題一樣，即使解剖構造上的異常也會被認為是造成踝關節夾擠的原因，但大多數的個案都能在不開刀的情況下有很好的進步。若有類似的狀況，一樣記得先找醫療人員的協助，避免症狀隨著時間越變越嚴重。底下的影片 (6:52) 將跟大家分享幾個簡單的踝關節穩定與本體感覺的訓練。
Impingement syndrome is a common musculoskeletal problem in shoulder and hip joints. But have you ever heard of ankle impingement? Impingement syndrome refers to abnormal contact of bony structures or soft tissue, e.g., tendon, ligament, synovial tissue, resulting in pain and restriction. Through different causes of impingement syndrome, it includes different medical signs or symptoms. Therefore, causes of impingement syndrome differ from person to person, making it more difficult to make a right diagnosis. Although ankle impingement is not officially classified into different types like shoulder impingement, researchers still sort it into anterior and posterior impingement according to anatomical structures are involved. More specifically, it can be classified into anteriomedial, anteriolateral, posteriomedial and posteriolateral impingement.
Symptoms of anterior ankle impingement are generally induced by compression of anterior margin of tibiotalar joint in terminal dorsiflexion. There are adipose and synovial tissues in the anterior joint space. Normally, these tissues are compressed after 15 degree of dorsiflexion in healthy individuals. However, if there is osteophyte at anterior distal tibia or talus neck, it will take up the space and limit ankle movement, causing early compression. This will result in chronic inflammation, synovitis, and capsuloligamentous hypertrophy. Apart from this, ankle sprain, thickened anterior tibiofibular ligament and synovial plica are also possible causative factors.
Even though structural pathologies are well described in much research, their exact etiologies are still less understood. Research showed that athletes are tend to affected by anterior impingement, and it led to hypothesis that pathologies are caused by repetitive impact injury to anterior chondral margin from hyper-dorsiflexion or direct impact during sports. Chronic ankle instability has also been hypothesized to be the causative factor of anterior impingement, because abnormal repetitive micromotion may develop bony and soft tissue lesions. In addition, early research hypothesized anterior osteophyte is caused by traction to the anterior capsule during repetitive plantar flexion, but this theory was disproved by later anatomic studies.
Anterior impingement symptom typically presents as anterior ankle pain during terminal dorsiflexion. Climbing stairs, running, walking up hills, ascending ladders and deep squat are common aggravating activities. If anterior impingement doesn’t get treated well, in the later stage, joint mobility may be further restricted due to mechanical block or pain, resulting in vicious circle.
Posterior ankle impingement symptom typically occurs in terminal plantarflexion, due to compression of tissues posterior to the tibiotalar and talocalcaneal joint. Posterior impingement tend to occur in athletes who need to plantarflex frequently, like ballet dancers, etc. Similarly, posterior impingement can result from compression of bony or soft tissue in isolation or in combination. Trigonal process of posterior talus is the most common cause of posterior impingement. Besides this, repetitive hyper-plantarflexion may cause posterior capsule, inferior tibiofibular ligament, and posterior fiber of deltoid ligament inflammation, scarring, and thickening. Lastly, tendinitis and tenosynovitis are easily found in flexor hallucis longus tendon, running between the medial and lateral posterior process of the talus. This probably results from overuse or irritation from surrounding abnormal bony tissue. The tissues mentioned above are all possible causative factors to the posterior ankle impingement.
In contrast to patients with anterior impingement pain that are accessible to palpation, posterior impingement pain is less specific, deep to the Achilles tendon. This makes it difficult to differentiate from Achilles tendon or peroneal tendon pathology. Since posterior impingement symptom is usually irritated by repetitive plantarflexion, walking downstairs, downhill running, and wearing high-heeled shoes are some common exacerbated activities to posterior impingement syndrome. Ballet dancers are commonly affected by posterior impingement syndrome due to weight bearing on forefoot in plantarflexion position over and over again.
Though osseous or soft tissues abnormality in radiography is seen to be one of the causes of ankle impingement, it doesn’t mean that we can simply blame patient’s symptom on these structural pathology. In fact, there is a limited correlation between medical image findings and our symptom. We should integrate patient’s history, physical examination, imaging studies, etc., for accurate diagnosis. Conservative treatment remains first option to manage ankle impingement. In acute stage, patient should avoid from doing provocative activities. If it is necessary, NSAIDs can be used for pain management. In chronic stage, clinicians should focus on ankle stability and proprioception training because ankle instability and sprain are both causative factors of ankle impingement. Just like other musculoskeletal disease, even though structural abnormality is thought to be a possible cause of ankle impingement, most ankle impingement cases still respond well to conservative treatment. If you have any similar medical problem, please find medical professions for help. The video below will show you some simple ways to train our ankle stability and proprioception.
參考資料：
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27608626/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-019-04459-5
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5065672/
#腳踝夾擠 #踝關節不穩 #腳踝扭傷 #本體感覺訓練 #物理治療 #ankleimingement #ankleinstability #anklesprain #proprioception #physiotherapy #hunterptworkout
occur名詞 在 艾比露比外文書店 Facebook 的最佳解答
<艾比露比外文書店。英文小知識> Blue Moon
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今年的10/31萬聖節，適逢西洋小說裡常見到的blue moon，你知道嗎?
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所謂Blue Moon，並非指月亮是藍色的，而是一個月中，有兩個滿月，第二個滿月叫做Blue Moon，"“Be the second of two full moons to occur in a single calendar month”。上次的滿月是10/1中秋節，這個月的第二個滿月是10/31萬聖節。 而這個多出來的滿月(一年有13次滿月)，因為這個名詞，蒙上了神秘的面紗。事實上，如果肉眼真要看到藍色的月亮，大多在火山爆發後，或從茫茫大霧中，才有可能看到這種奇景。這是因為當空氣中塵粒的大小與光的波長相同時，人們肉眼所見的月亮便會呈現淺藍的顏色，
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因為每2.7年才發生一次雙滿月，或火山爆發後才能肉眼看得到真正的藍色月亮。所以英文裡的"Once in a blue moon"，指的不尋常發生的事，也可以引申為千載難逢的機會，你知這個片語嗎?
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今年萬聖節，除了和小朋友分享裝扮的妖魔鬼怪，不妨和小朋友們講講Blue Moon的由來吧!
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圖片來源：https://pse.is/39sejb
occur名詞 在 浩爾譯世界 Facebook 的最佳貼文
【每日國際選讀】
#文末挑戰多益選擇題📝
貝魯特大爆炸
黎巴嫩現狀關鍵資訊彙整
開啟「接收通知」和「搶先看」每天吸收雙語時事新知
來讀華爾街日報獨家
❓What happened in Beirut?
貝魯特發生了什麼事？
❗️A giant explosion at a warehouse in the port sent a shock wave through downtown Beirut at about 6 p.m. local time on Tuesday. The force of the blast did tremendous damage to the surrounding neighborhoods and nearby buildings, tearing off balconies and shattering windows. It blanketed the city in debris and ash for miles around.
黎巴嫩貝魯特當地時間週二（8/4）下午約六點，港口一間倉庫發生大爆炸，衝擊波穿透市中心，爆炸威力帶給周圍區域巨大的破壞，陽台斷裂、窗戶震碎，城市數英里內都籠罩在瓦礫和灰塵之中。
-tremendous: 巨大的；同義詞有enormous, immense, stupendous等
-blanket: 名詞是「毛毯」，動詞是「厚厚覆蓋、籠罩著」
-debris: 瓦礫；殘骸；廢墟
❓What caused the explosion in Beirut?
是什麼引發貝魯特大爆炸？
❗️Authorities say the blast occurred when a fire at a warehouse on the city’s waterfront ignited a cache of explosive ammonium nitrate that was being stored inside.
當局表示爆炸源自城市濱水區的一間倉庫起火，引燃倉內存放的一批易爆炸的硝酸銨。
-authority: 當局、官方、當權者
-occur: 發生；同義詞除了happen，也可用take place
-ammonium nitrate: 硝酸銨，是採礦和土木建築中用的爆炸混合物成分之一
❓What is the situation in Lebanon right now?
黎巴嫩現在的局勢如何？
❗️Lebanon’s already fragile economy has deteriorated rapidly amid lockdowns imposed to halt the spread of the coronavirus. The value of the country’s currency has plummeted in recent months, and its overtaxed power system has plunged the capital of Beirut into darkness for hours at a time.
為阻止新冠病毒蔓延而實行的封城，讓黎巴嫩本已脆弱的經濟迅速惡化，該國的貨幣價值在近幾個月暴跌，而負擔過重的電力系統曾讓首都貝魯特陷入數小時的黑暗之中。
-deteriorate: 惡化
-plummet: 暴跌、驟降；plunge也是同義詞
-overtaxed: 負擔過重的；課稅過多的
❗️The explosion comes at a time of escalating tension between Hezbollah and Israel. Israel’s military said last week that it exchanged gunfire with Hezbollah militants. On Monday, Israel said it thwarted an attack from an unidentified militant cell in Syria. Israel said it had no involvement in the explosion and has offered humanitarian assistance through diplomatic channels.
爆炸發生於真主黨和以色列的緊張局勢升高之際。以色列軍方上週表示與真主黨的激進分子交火，週一時挫敗了來自敘利亞境內不明武裝小組的攻擊，以色列表示沒有參與這場爆炸，並透過外交管道提供人道救援。
-escalate: （使）增強、加劇、擴大、惡化
-exchange: 交換；這段形容交戰、交火用exchange gunfire
-humanitarian assistance: 人道援助、人道救援
未完待續...
雪上加霜的黎巴嫩經濟如何受疫情影響？
加入文末每日國際選讀計畫，解鎖完整語音導讀版
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原文連結請看留言
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❓❓多益模擬題❓:
Israel had offered humanitarian ＿＿ to Lebanon, despite the ＿＿ of gunfire with Hezbollah militants last week.
🙋♀️🙋♂️
A. aid / exchange
B. help / switch
C. assistance / change
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