[關於反芻動物全身麻醉的風險，反芻動物中，全身麻醉的弊大於利。] 有興趣的朋友可以多了解一下喔! (中文翻譯的部分為Google翻譯的，能夠閱讀英文的朋友建議看原文會比較清楚喔)
還有很多很多相關的學術發表，就不貼那麼多出來啦!

Cooper結紮的日期是4月26日，他現在很健康很調皮。

(德叔真的超級超級愛看這些學術發表的文章，但是我還是相信醫生的專業。)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334673867_The_Use_of_Epidural_Anaesthesia_over_General_Anaesthesia_in_Ruminants
全身麻醉是現代醫學的重要組成部分。它是一種藥物誘導的可逆病症，包括特定的行為和生理特徵，包括無意識、健忘症、鎮痛和運動不能——伴隨自主神經、心血管、呼吸和體溫調節系統的穩定性。
[反芻動物全身麻醉具有內在風險，如瘤胃內容物反流、唾液分泌過多和肺部誤吸的可能性；因此並不總是推薦使用本地或區域技術。硬膜外麻醉是一種中樞神經阻滯技術，經常用於獸醫實踐中，用於治療家畜會陰、骶骨、腰椎和尾椎部位的不同產科和外科手術干擾。關於在反芻動物和其他物種的各種外科和實驗室程序中使用硬膜外麻醉的科學研究已經有幾項。總之，全身麻醉的弊大於利，特別是在反芻動物中。因此，硬膜外麻醉是首選。

General anaesthesia is an essential component of modern medicine. It is a drug induced reversible condition that includes specific behavioral and physiological traits unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and akinesia- with concomitant stability of the autonomic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory systems.
[General anesthesia in ruminants has inherent risks such as regurgitation of ruminal contents, excessive salivation and the possibility of pulmonary aspiration; therefore it is not always recommended and local or regional techniques may be used instead. Epidural anaesthesia is a central neuraxial block technique which is used regularly in veterinary practice for treatment of different obstetrical and surgical interferences in the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and caudal parts of the thoracic region of domestic animals. There have been several scientific researches on the use of epidural anesthesia in ruminants and other species for various surgical and laboratory procedures. In conclusion, the disadvantages of general anaesthesia outweigh the advantages especially in ruminant specie. Therefore, epidural anaesthesia is the most preferred.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118886700.ch1
瘤胃鼓脹、腹脹、反流和吸入性肺炎是與家畜全身麻醉相關的常見問題，應通過適當的預防措施和必要的麻醉前考慮來預見和解決。家畜在麻醉期間可能會出現胃內容物反流和誤吸，尤其是未禁食的動物。反芻動物在麻醉期間通常會大量分泌唾液。惡性高熱的觸發因素包括壓力（例如興奮、運輸或麻醉前處理）、鹵化吸入麻醉劑（例如氟烷、異氟烷、七氟烷和地氟烷）和去極化神經肌肉阻滯藥物（例如琥珀膽鹼）。同樣，氟烷似乎是豬惡性高熱的最有效和最常見的觸發因素。麻醉前禁食可能不能完全防止反流，但會減少瘤胃內容物中的固體物質數量。獸醫應將這些知識與適當的麻醉前準備和適當的圍手術期管理相結合，以確保這些動物的麻醉成功。
Ruminal tympany, bloat, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia are common problems associated with general anesthesia in farm animal species that should be anticipated and addressed with proper precautions and the necessary preanesthetic considerations. Regurgitation and aspiration of stomach content can occur in farm animal species during anesthesia, especially in nonfasted animals. Ruminants normally salivate profusely during anesthesia. The triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia include stress (e.g., excitement, transportation, or preanesthetic handling), halogenated inhalation anesthetics (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane), and depolarizing neuro-muscular blocking drugs (e.g., succinylcholine). Similarly, halothane appears to be the most potent and most frequently reported trigger of malignant hyperthermia in pigs. Preanesthetic fasting may not completely prevent regurgitation, but it will decrease the amount of solid matter in the rumen content. Veterinarians should incorporate the knowledge with proper preanesthetic preparations and appropriate perioperative management to ensure successful outcome of anesthesia in these animals.

How to protect yourself from novel coronavirus

How does the coronavirus spread?
‧ The COVID-19 coronavirus outbreak is a new illness and scientists are still assessing ( ) how it spreads from person to person, but similar viruses tend to ( ) spread via cough and sneeze droplets ( ).

‧ When an infected person coughs or sneezes, they release droplets of saliva ( ) or mucus ( ). These droplets can fall on people in the vicinity ( ) and can be either directly inhaled or picked up on the hands then transferred when someone touches their face, causing infection. For flu, some hospital guidelines define exposure as being within 2 meters of an infected person who sneezes or coughs for 10 minutes or longer.

‧ Viruses can also be spread through droplets landing on surfaces such as seats on buses or trains or desks in school. However, whether this is a main transmission route depends on how long viruses survive on surfaces – this can vary ( ) from hours to months.

‧ There is anecdotal ( ) evidence that the virus can be spread by people before they have symptoms. Some other illnesses such as flu can be passed from one person to another before symptoms occur — but the extent ( ) to which this is happening with COVID-19 is not well understood yet.

How to protect yourself and others
‧ Wash your hands: wet your hands with clean, running water and apply soap. Lather ( ) your hands, including the backs, between your fingers, and under your nails and scrub ( ) for at least 20 seconds. Rinse ( ).

‧ Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue in the bin ( ) and wash your hands. If you do not have a tissue to hand, cough or sneeze into your elbow ( ) rather than your hands.

‧ Face masks offer some protection as they block liquid droplets. However, they do not block smaller aerosol particles ( ) that can pass through the material of the mask. The masks also leave the eyes exposed and there is evidence that some viruses can infect a person through the eyes.

‧ Seek early medical help ( ) if you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, and share your travel history with healthcare providers.

‧ If visiting live markets in affected ( ) areas avoid direct, unprotected contact with live animals and surfaces that have been in contact with animals.

‧ If you are in an affected area avoid eating raw or undercooked ( ) animal products and exercise care when handling raw meat, milk or animal organs to avoid cross-contamination ( ) with uncooked foods.

‧ If you have returned from an affected area in the last two weeks, stay indoors and avoid contact with other people for 14 days. This means not going to work, school or public areas.

‧ If you have returned from an infected area and develop ( ) a high temperature, cough, runny nose, sore throat or difficulty breathing do not leave your home until you have been given advice by a doctor.

如何預防新型冠狀病毒感染

冠狀病毒是如何傳播的？
‧ 爆發疫情的COVID-19冠狀病毒是一種新疾病，科學家仍在評估它是如何在人與人之間傳播的，類似的病毒常是透過咳嗽和打噴嚏的飛沫傳播。

‧ 感染者咳嗽或打噴嚏時，會噴出唾液或黏液的飛沫。這些飛沫可能會落在附近的人身上，被直接吸入或沾到手上，然後在觸摸臉時帶到臉上而導致感染。就流感而言，一些醫院指南將「暴露」定義為：與連續打噴嚏或咳嗽十分鐘或更久的感染者，距離兩公尺以內。

‧ 病毒也可以透過掉落在物體表面的飛沫傳播，例如落在公共汽車、火車或學校課桌椅上的飛沫。但是，這是否成為病毒之主要傳播途徑，取決於該病毒在物體表面可存活時間之長短──從數小時至數月不等。

‧ 有傳聞證據顯示，該病毒可能有無症狀傳播的情況。有些疾病（例如流感），可以讓被感染的人在出現症狀前就傳染給別人──但COVID-19冠狀病毒無症狀傳染的程度仍然不明。

如何保護自己與他人
‧ 洗手：用乾淨的自來水洗手，並使用肥皂。將雙手（包括手背）、指縫以及指甲內搓揉起泡沫，搓洗至少二十秒鐘。然後沖水。
‧ 咳嗽或打噴嚏時，用衛生紙遮住口鼻，然後將衛生紙丟進垃圾桶並洗手。如果你沒有衛生紙，咳嗽或打噴嚏時請用手肘彎掩住，而不要用手。

‧ 口罩可以阻擋飛沫，因此可提供一定的保護。但口罩無法阻隔更小的、可穿過口罩材料的氣溶膠分子。口罩也無法保護到眼睛──有證據顯示某些病毒可透過眼睛感染人。

‧ 若有發燒、咳嗽和呼吸困難之情況，請盡快就醫，並將您的旅遊史告知醫療服務提供者。

‧ 若到疫區的活體市場，請避免直接、無防護地接觸活體動物，也要避免接觸放置動物的表面。

‧ 若您身處疫區，請避免食用生的或未煮熟的動物製品，處理生肉、牛奶或動物內臟時要小心，以免與未煮熟的食物交叉污染。
‧ 若您在最近兩週內自疫區返國，請待在屋裡十四天，並避免與他人接觸。也就是說，不要去上班、上學或去公共場所。

‧ 若您從疫區回來後，出現發燒、咳嗽、流鼻涕、喉嚨痛或呼吸困難之情況，除非徵得醫生同意，請待在家別出門。

#高雄人 #學習英文 請找 #多益達人林立英文
#高中英文 #成人英文
#多益家教班 #商用英文
#國立大學外國語文學系講師

<艾比露比外文書店。英文小知識> Blue Moon
.
今年的10/31萬聖節，適逢西洋小說裡常見到的blue moon，你知道嗎?
.
所謂Blue Moon，並非指月亮是藍色的，而是一個月中，有兩個滿月，第二個滿月叫做Blue Moon，"“Be the second of two full moons to occur in a single calendar month”。上次的滿月是10/1中秋節，這個月的第二個滿月是10/31萬聖節。 而這個多出來的滿月(一年有13次滿月)，因為這個名詞，蒙上了神秘的面紗。事實上，如果肉眼真要看到藍色的月亮，大多在火山爆發後，或從茫茫大霧中，才有可能看到這種奇景。這是因為當空氣中塵粒的大小與光的波長相同時，人們肉眼所見的月亮便會呈現淺藍的顏色，
.
因為每2.7年才發生一次雙滿月，或火山爆發後才能肉眼看得到真正的藍色月亮。所以英文裡的"Once in a blue moon"，指的不尋常發生的事，也可以引申為千載難逢的機會，你知這個片語嗎?
.
今年萬聖節，除了和小朋友分享裝扮的妖魔鬼怪，不妨和小朋友們講講Blue Moon的由來吧!
.
圖片來源：https://pse.is/39sejb

On Taiwan Hashtag hosted by Ross Feingold, we discuss the relevance to
Taiwan of today’s decision by Hong Kong elections officials to deny
Joshua Wong 黃之鋒 eligibility to run in the upcoming District Council
election. President Tsai’s Democratic Progressive Party was formed at a
time when political parties other than the Kuomintang (Nationalist
Party) were banned during Taiwan’s martial law era, and advocacy for
Taiwan’s independence from the People’s Republic of China and the
Republic of China was illegal, making it likely DPP politicians will
support Wong and Demosisto’s right to support autonomy referendums. This
will continue criticisms exchanged in recent days between Hong Kong and
Taiwan government officials over how to facilitate travel to Taiwan of
Chan Tong-kai 陳同佳, wanted in Taiwan for the murder of Poon Hui-wing
潘曉穎 that led to Hong Kong’s extradition bill controversy. With Taiwan
insisting on a judicial cooperation agreement and criticizing Hong Kong
officials for not putting Chan on trial for murder in Hong Kong (a legal
impossibility already made clear by Hong Kong), Chan’s return might not
occur until after Taiwan’s presidential and legislative elections.
Politicization of the matter continues, as does each side’s involvement
in the other’s politics. Watch this episode – recorded in Hong Kong -
for analysis.


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