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續昨日~

“If you look at cooling degree days for Chennai or Mumbai, these are places that have twice as many cooling degree days as the hottest city in the U.S., Miami,” said Lucas Davis, director of the Energy Institute at the Haas School of Business of the University of California, Berkeley. “It’s unbelievably hot — there’s nothing in the U.S. that compares in terms of heat to these cities in India.”
「如果你看看清奈或孟買，這些地方的冷卻度日是美國最熱城市邁阿密的兩倍之多，」加州大學伯克萊分校的哈斯商學院能源研究院院長Lucas Davis說。「熱得難以置信——美國沒有哪裡能比印度的這些城市更熱。」

And when it gets hot, forgoing air-conditioning can be deadly. The heat wave that plagued Chicago in 1995 killed more than 700 people, while the 2003 European heat wave and 2010 Russian heat wave killed tens of thousands each. Researchers have found that climate change made the European heat wave deadlier and the Russian heat wave more likely.
天氣變熱時，不使用空調可能是致命的。1995年席捲芝加哥的熱浪造成700多人死亡，2003年的歐洲熱浪和2010年的俄羅斯熱浪分別奪走了數萬人的生命。研究人員發現，氣候變化導致歐洲的熱浪更致命，俄羅斯則更可能發生熱浪。

The introduction of home air-conditioning in the United States has cut premature deaths on hot days by 75 percent since 1960, another study has shown. That is why both Dr. Davis and Dr. Birol say the solution lies not in convincing countries to forgo air-conditioners, but in making air-conditioning more energy efficient. That could cut by half the additional energy demand for cooling in the coming years.
另一項研究顯示，自1960年以來，家用空調的引入已將熱天過早死亡的案例減少了75%。因此Davis博士和Birol博士認為，解決辦法不是說服各國不再使用空調，而是讓空調更節能。這可能會將未來幾年的新增製冷能源需求量減少一半。

Many air-conditioners on sale in India today use twice as much electricity to provide the same amount of cooling as more efficient units, Dr. Davis said.
Davis博士稱，如今印度市面上的許多空調提供相同製冷效果所需的電量比高效空調多出兩倍。

On the other end of the spectrum, air-conditioners sold in Japan and the European Union tend to be 25 percent more efficient than units sold in the United States and China.
而在做得較好的地方，比如日本和歐盟，市面上的空調效率往往比美國和中國市面上的空調高出25%。

Governments should set efficiency standards for air-conditioners and provide incentives for manufacturers and consumers, Dr. Birol said. Some countries are already passing energy efficiency standards. And as part of an agreement known as the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol, other countries are working to phase out refrigerants used in air-conditioning units that are also potent greenhouse gases.
Birol博士表示，政府應該制定空調的能效標準，為製造商和消費者設定激勵措施。有些國家已經通過了能效標準。作為《蒙特婁議定書》(Montreal Protocol)中吉佳利修正案的一部分，其他國家正在逐步淘汰在空調機組中使用製冷劑。製冷劑也是一種強效的溫室氣體。

Dr. Davis said electricity prices must also play a role in developing countries. “It is hard to make more progress on any of those fronts without more rational pricing for electricity,” he said. Accounting for emissions in the cost of electricity and removing subsidies would encourage more efficient air-conditioning and more sustainable buildings, he said.
Davis博士表示，電力價格也應該在發展中國家發揮作用。「如果沒有更合理的電價，就很難在這些領域取得更大進展，」他說。他表示，讓人們通過支付電費的方式為排放負責，再加上取消補貼，將會鼓勵人們使用更高效能的空調，修建更有利於可永續發展的建築。

The report also envisions a role for renewable energies — especially solar power, which to some degree aligns the peak of its energy generation, in the middle of the day, with the peak demand for cooling.
該報告還展望了再生能源在未來的角色，尤其是太陽能。從某種程度上講，在正午時分製冷需求最旺盛的時刻，太陽能的發電量也是最高的。

No matter what, air-conditioning will be a major issue in the fight against climate change, Dr. Birol said.
Birol博士表示，不管怎樣，空調將是對抗氣候變化的一個主要問題。

“When I look at the next few years to come, air-conditioners are only second to the entire industrial sector,” he said. “Twenty-one percent of the total world electricity growth is coming from the need to meet the growth of air-conditioner electricity demand.”
「展望未來幾年，我發現，空調是僅次於整個工業領域的第二大因素，」他說，「全球電力增長的21%是用來滿足空調用電需求的增長。」

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