【每日國際選讀：六大災難專題報導】
No.3 #美國911事件
🚨911的啟示——美國的警鐘到全球的喪鐘？

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🛩When al Qaeda terrorists flew jetliners into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, they delivered an unprecedented shock to the nation’s sense of security and its economy. Commercial aviation was grounded for three days. The destruction to lower Manhattan closed the stock markets. Heightened security slowed trade with Canada and Mexico to a crawl. Nervous shoppers stayed away from stores and malls.
當蓋達組織駕駛著噴射客機撞向紐約世貿中心及五角大廈時，他們給美國的安全感以及經濟帶來了前所未有的衝擊，航空業因此停業三天，曼哈頓下城區的毀壞導致股票休市，高強度的安檢使得跟加拿大及墨西哥間的貿易停滯不前，焦慮的民眾因此不敢到商店及購物中心消費。

-unprecedented: 前所未見的（最近很常出現的用字！）
-ground: 常見用法是名詞為地板，此做動詞是禁足、限制的意思
-crawl: 爬行，此作名詞使用

🛩Economists predicted the attacks would tip a slowing economy into recession. People would be more reluctant to fly, work in a tall building or base their office in New York City.
因民眾將愈發不願搭乘飛機、在高樓工作，或是將辦公室設於紐約，當時經濟學家預測這將使當時已放緩的美國經濟進入衰退。

-tip: 使傾倒，這邊是個很生動的用法，搭配介係詞into，表示將當時已經搖搖欲墜經濟給再推了下，推入衰退中，這也是近期在專欄中第二次出現的字了！
reluctant: 不情願的

📉But the U.S. bounced back remarkably quickly. It was later determined that a recession triggered by the technology bust had begun six months before the attacks and ended two months afterward.
但隨後美國經濟卻迅速反彈，事後發現當時經濟已經因為半年前的科技泡沫而開始衰退，隨後在911事件兩個月後，這波衰退就結束了。

-bounce back: 反彈
-determine: 確定、查明
-trigger: 作名詞是槍上的板機，動詞則引申為觸發之意
＊technology bust: 又名為Dot-com bubble，網路泡沫，從1995年開始至2000年三月到達高點，期間納斯達克指數大漲400%，2000年三月後開始回跌，到2002年十月時將泡沫期間的漲幅全數吐回。

🚀One reason was the aggressive policy response. The day the markets reopened, the Fed and its counterparts in the Eurozone, Canada and Sweden all slashed rates. Low rates inspired auto manufacturers to roll out zero percent financing, sending sales skyrocketing. Fears of terrorism faded when new attacks didn’t materialize.
經濟反彈的主因為積極的政策應對，在市場重啟的那天，聯準會以及歐元區、加拿大與瑞典的央行都紛紛降息，低利率促使汽車製造商推出零利率貸款，因此讓銷量飛昇，後續也沒有新的恐攻發生，民眾因此對恐怖主義的懼怕也逐漸消退。

-slash: 名詞就是斜槓，動詞可以想像就是畫一條斜線，有砍下去的意思，因此搭配rates(利率)就是降息的意思喔！
-roll out: 推出、實施（新的方案等）
skyrocket: 飛向天空的火箭，做動詞用就是有如火箭升空一般，表示迅速飆漲、飛昇

💵Within two weeks Congress approved $40 billion for emergency rebuilding and defense and $5 billion in cash assistance and up to $10 billion in loan guarantees to airlines. Both parties agreed more stimulus was needed but negotiations soon bogged down over its composition. When a package worth $51 billion over one year and $94 billion over five years finally passed in March, a recovery was already well under way.
在兩週內美國國會就通過了400億美元的緊急重建與國防資金、50億美元的現金援助，以及高達100億美元的航空業擔保貸款，當時民主與共和兩黨都同意需要更多的經濟刺激方案，但不久後方案協商即陷入僵局，到了三月才終於通過一年510億的預算以及五年內940億美元的預算，到了此時經濟已進入復甦階段。

-approve: 通過、核可
-bog down: 阻礙、攔阻
-composition: 本為作曲、作文之意，此處為方案的產出

To be continued…
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原文連結請見留言
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❓❓Quiz: The outbreak _____ the economy into ______.
🙋🏼‍♀️🙋🏻‍♀️💁這場疫情使經濟陷入衰退。
A. tip, recession
B. tipped, recession
C. tripped, recess
D. Batman, Spartan
(第一版出題有誤，已修正）

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9 common phrases you didn't know have dark origin stories
九個擁有不為人知黑暗背景的英文片語

Riding shotgun真的跟霰彈槍有關
"Riding shotgun" is the ideal place to ride during on a road trip. But in the Old West, the person sitting in the passenger seat was required to do a whole lot more than find the perfect radio station.
在現代，riding shotgun指的是汽車上路旅行的理想座位，也就是副駕駛座。在從前的美國西部，副駕駛座上的人要做的可不僅僅是調到一個好電臺那麼簡單。
Stagecoach drivers in the Old West needed a person to literally "ride shotgun." The passenger would carry a shotgun in order to scare off robbers who might want to attack them, according to Reader's Digest.
根據美國雜誌《讀者文摘》的文章表示，過去在美國西部趕馬車的人需要有人在旅行途中保護駕駛。副駕駛座上的人要手持霰彈槍來嚇阻想要攻擊馬車的強盜。

Highway robbery真的是搶劫
Most people would agree that paying $10 for your favorite cup of coffee is highway robbery. But the original definition of highway robbery once meant literally robbing travelers on or near the highway. The first known usage of the phrase was in 1611.
多數人會認同一杯可口的咖啡要價10美元（310元新台幣）是highway robbery（敲竹槓）。但是highway robbery原來的意思就是在公路上或公路附近搶劫旅客。這個片語的使用最早出現於1611年。

Painting the town red來自醉鬼的惡行
For you and your crew, "painting the town red" probably means getting glammed up for a fun night of drinks and dancing. However, the phrase originates from a night out that makes dancing on the bar seem tame.
對你和你的朋友們來說，painting the town red的意思是打扮得光鮮亮麗，晚上出去喝酒、跳舞。但是，這個片語原本的意思比在酒吧跳舞還要勁爆多了。
Back in 1837, the Marquis of Waterford went out for a night of drinking with some of his friends, according to Phrases.org. Afterward, the group went through the streets of a small English town destroying property. They broke windows, knocked over flower pots, and damaged door knockers. But things got really crazy when they got their hands on some red paint and literally painted the town red, including doors, a tollgate, and a swan statue.
http://xn--phrases-901ow6v.org/ 網站的記載，1837年，沃特福德侯爵和幾個朋友夜出喝酒，後來他們經過一個英格蘭小鎮的街道時開始搞破壞：砸碎窗戶、打翻花盆、損壞門環。這些酒鬼拿到了一些紅油漆後，局面就開始失控了，酒鬼們把整個城鎮都塗成了紅色，包括門、一道關卡和一座天鵝雕像。

Pulling someone’s leg並不總是在開玩笑
You probably think that pulling someone's leg is all in good fun. After all, what's the harm in a little joke, right? This commonly used phrase that today means playing an innocent joke meant something a lot more sinister years ago.
你大概以為pulling someone's leg（開某人的玩笑）都很好玩。畢竟，開個小玩笑無傷大雅。這個常用片語在今天的意思是開個沒有惡意的玩笑，但多年前的意思卻邪惡得多了。
Thieves in 18th and 19th Century London would drag their victims to the ground by their legs in order to rob them, according to Phrases.org.
http://xn--phrases-901ow6v.org/ 網站的記載，18和19世紀時，倫敦的小偷會拉住受害人的腿將其拖倒在地，然後搶劫財物。

Paying through the nose北歐海盜真的做得出
You won't be happy if you think you're paying through the nose for something. Although you may feel like you're getting ripped off, at least you get to keep your face intact. The roots of this commonly used idiom come from a brutal tactic of The Dane Vikings of slitting someone's nose from tip to eyebrow if the person refused to pay their tax, according to Grammarist.
如果你覺得自己paying through the nose for something（為某件東西花了很多錢），肯定高興不起來。不過，就算被「剝皮」，至少你的臉是完好無損的。根據Grammarist網站記載，這個常用片語來自於北歐海盜的一種殘酷手段，如果有人拒絕交稅，就將此人的鼻子從鼻頭到眉毛間劃開。

如果有人read you the riot act 那你就有大麻煩了
After your parents "read you the riot act" for breaking curfew, you might have been facing a few weeks in your room without a television. But in 18th Century England, being read the Riot Act meant you could be facing time behind bars.
如果你的父母因為你深夜不歸而read you the riot act（責罰你），你可能將面臨幾星期的禁足，還不能看電視。但是在18世紀的英格蘭，being read the Riot Act（宣讀《暴動法案》）代表著你可能要進監獄。
The Riot Act was implemented in 1715 and stated that the British government could consider any group of 12 or more people a threat to public safety and be ordered to break up, according to Atlas Obscura. Anyone refusing to disperse could be arrested or forcibly removed from the premises.
據Atlas Obscura網站記載，1715年實施的《暴動法案》指出，英國政府將會把任何12人以上的團體視為對公共安全的威脅，並勒令其解散。任何拒絕解散的人將被逮捕或強行驅逐。

Letting the cat out of the bag可能是陰險的行為
Today, "letting the cat out of the bag" is used to mean spilling someone's secret. But one of the supposed origins of the phrase was rooted in deceit.
在現代，letting the cat out of the bag指的是洩露某人的秘密。但該片語的原意和欺騙有關。
Supposedly in Medieval times, farmers would go to markets to purchase pigs. Most of the time, their bag would contain the animal they paid for. But if they bought from a shady dealer, they would open their bag to find an unpleasant surprise - their pricey pig had been swapped for a much less expensive cat.
據說，在中世紀時期，農民會到集市去買豬。大多數時候，這些農民付錢後就會拿到裝在麻袋裡的豬。但如果他們是從不良商販那裡買的，農民打開麻袋後會驚愕地發現高價買來的豬居然被偷龍轉鳳成不值錢多的貓。
But as Mental Floss notes, there are quite a few holes with this theory.
不過，Mental Floss網站指出，這一說法漏洞百出。

Baker's dozen是為了查驗麵包師傅的誠信
You may be thankful to count on that 13th roll in your baker's dozen, but you can think a rather sinister rule for its creation.
從麵包師傅那裡買了一打麵包，結果一數有13個，你可能會挺感激的，但是baker's dozen的起源卻和一條殘忍的規定有關。
It all traces back to a 13th-century British rule called the Assize of Bread and Ale. The rule stated that if bakers were caught selling smaller or low-quality bread to customers, they could have their hands chopped off.
這要追溯到13世紀英國一項名為《麵包和麥酒法令》的法規。這條法規規定，如果麵包師傅被發現賣給顧客不足量或劣質的麵包，這些師傅們的雙手就會被剁掉。
That's why it was just easier to throw a 13th piece into the pile — thus creating the baker's dozen.
所以往一打麵包裡多放一個就更保險一些，於是，麵包師傅的一打（baker's dozen）就成了13個。

Meeting a deadline曾經真的是「死線」
When you get that big report to your boss on time, "meeting a deadline" is a good thing. But the phrase was coined during the American Civil War and had some deadly consequences.
如果你準時將重要報告交給領導，meeting a deadline就是好事。但這個片語是在美國南北戰爭期間被發明的，當時可是會招來致命的後果。
The deadline was apparently a line inside of the area where Federal prisoners of war were kept. If a prisoner attempted to cross the line, they would be shot, according to Bloomsbury International.
布魯姆斯伯里國際英語學校稱，很顯然，deadline是聯邦監獄中戰犯關押區內的一條線。如果有犯人試圖越過這條線，他們就會被槍斃。

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為方便大家下載溫習，附上筆記／詞彙清單Google Doc ✏️ : http://bit.ly/2owPOkZ

以下是video裡面講解過既字彙：

Based on the context of: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empresses_in_the_Palace#Synopsis

empress (n.) 皇后
An empress is the female counterpart of an emperor. Both an empress and an emperor can be the head of an EMPIRE.
(cf. A queen. A queen is the female counterpart of an king. Both a queen and a king can be the ruler of a KINGDOM)
Subject to exceptions, an empire can have many kingdoms within it kings (or queens) rule smaller kingdoms within the empire
Note: This information is for your interest. There is no need to distinguish between the two for the purpose of taking the DSE.

concubine (n.) 妾侍
harem (n.) 後宮／閨房
consort (n.) 君主的配偶 (例如：王后、親王）
dowager (n.) 貴婦
general (n.) 將軍
nunnery (n.) 尼姑庵
palace maid (n.) 宮女
unorthodox methods (n. phr.) 旁門左道
unparalleled (adj.) 無人能左其右的／無雙的
glory and wealth (n. phr.) 榮華富貴
be rid of sth./sbd. (v. + adj. phr.) 擺脫某事／某人
miscarriage (n.) 流產
contribute to (v. phr.) 令／促使
ointment (n.) 膏／霜
ointment 比 cream (n.) 濃稠
From online research: A cream is a preparation of a medication for topical use (on the skin) that contains a water base. Essentially, it is a preparation of oil (often lanolin or petrolatum) in water. An ointment is a preparation of a medication for topical use that contains an oil base - essentially a preparation of water in oil. - https://www.walgreens.com/topic/faq/questionandanswer.jsp?questionTierId=700008&faqId=1300002
as a sister (adv. phr.) 為姊妹
be given a death sentence (v. + adj. phr.) 被賜死
grant (v.) 賜
decree (v. / n.) 詔令
imperial decree (n. phr.) 聖旨
father (v.) 為父
plot against sbd. (v. + adv. phr.) 謀害某人
enrage (v.) 激怒
ground (v.) 禁足
late (adj.) 已故的
disillusioned (adj.) 幻滅
erode (v.) 削弱
costume drama (n. phr.) 古裝劇