[關於反芻動物全身麻醉的風險，反芻動物中，全身麻醉的弊大於利。] 有興趣的朋友可以多了解一下喔! (中文翻譯的部分為Google翻譯的，能夠閱讀英文的朋友建議看原文會比較清楚喔)
還有很多很多相關的學術發表，就不貼那麼多出來啦!

Cooper結紮的日期是4月26日，他現在很健康很調皮。

(德叔真的超級超級愛看這些學術發表的文章，但是我還是相信醫生的專業。)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334673867_The_Use_of_Epidural_Anaesthesia_over_General_Anaesthesia_in_Ruminants
全身麻醉是現代醫學的重要組成部分。它是一種藥物誘導的可逆病症，包括特定的行為和生理特徵，包括無意識、健忘症、鎮痛和運動不能——伴隨自主神經、心血管、呼吸和體溫調節系統的穩定性。
[反芻動物全身麻醉具有內在風險，如瘤胃內容物反流、唾液分泌過多和肺部誤吸的可能性；因此並不總是推薦使用本地或區域技術。硬膜外麻醉是一種中樞神經阻滯技術，經常用於獸醫實踐中，用於治療家畜會陰、骶骨、腰椎和尾椎部位的不同產科和外科手術干擾。關於在反芻動物和其他物種的各種外科和實驗室程序中使用硬膜外麻醉的科學研究已經有幾項。總之，全身麻醉的弊大於利，特別是在反芻動物中。因此，硬膜外麻醉是首選。

General anaesthesia is an essential component of modern medicine. It is a drug induced reversible condition that includes specific behavioral and physiological traits unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and akinesia- with concomitant stability of the autonomic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory systems.
[General anesthesia in ruminants has inherent risks such as regurgitation of ruminal contents, excessive salivation and the possibility of pulmonary aspiration; therefore it is not always recommended and local or regional techniques may be used instead. Epidural anaesthesia is a central neuraxial block technique which is used regularly in veterinary practice for treatment of different obstetrical and surgical interferences in the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and caudal parts of the thoracic region of domestic animals. There have been several scientific researches on the use of epidural anesthesia in ruminants and other species for various surgical and laboratory procedures. In conclusion, the disadvantages of general anaesthesia outweigh the advantages especially in ruminant specie. Therefore, epidural anaesthesia is the most preferred.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118886700.ch1
瘤胃鼓脹、腹脹、反流和吸入性肺炎是與家畜全身麻醉相關的常見問題，應通過適當的預防措施和必要的麻醉前考慮來預見和解決。家畜在麻醉期間可能會出現胃內容物反流和誤吸，尤其是未禁食的動物。反芻動物在麻醉期間通常會大量分泌唾液。惡性高熱的觸發因素包括壓力（例如興奮、運輸或麻醉前處理）、鹵化吸入麻醉劑（例如氟烷、異氟烷、七氟烷和地氟烷）和去極化神經肌肉阻滯藥物（例如琥珀膽鹼）。同樣，氟烷似乎是豬惡性高熱的最有效和最常見的觸發因素。麻醉前禁食可能不能完全防止反流，但會減少瘤胃內容物中的固體物質數量。獸醫應將這些知識與適當的麻醉前準備和適當的圍手術期管理相結合，以確保這些動物的麻醉成功。
Ruminal tympany, bloat, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia are common problems associated with general anesthesia in farm animal species that should be anticipated and addressed with proper precautions and the necessary preanesthetic considerations. Regurgitation and aspiration of stomach content can occur in farm animal species during anesthesia, especially in nonfasted animals. Ruminants normally salivate profusely during anesthesia. The triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia include stress (e.g., excitement, transportation, or preanesthetic handling), halogenated inhalation anesthetics (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane), and depolarizing neuro-muscular blocking drugs (e.g., succinylcholine). Similarly, halothane appears to be the most potent and most frequently reported trigger of malignant hyperthermia in pigs. Preanesthetic fasting may not completely prevent regurgitation, but it will decrease the amount of solid matter in the rumen content. Veterinarians should incorporate the knowledge with proper preanesthetic preparations and appropriate perioperative management to ensure successful outcome of anesthesia in these animals.

#Crux 點解可以等於 #戲肉
//• The crux of Hong Kong's crisis is Beijing's excessive emphasis on "one country" over "two systems". 香港危機的癥結，就是北京過分着重 「#一國」#先於「#兩制」。//
—————————————-
2019-12-09 明報
A20 | 英文 English | 毛孟靜
Crux 與「戲肉」
許多事故、每 個爭議，都會有個中心點。這個癥結 所在，英文叫 the crux of the matter。

曾多次聽到有人把 crux 講成crust，這肯定是錯的。Crust 是指任 何物體硬的外層，像a thin crust of snow；而bread crust，就是 我們口語的麵包「皮」。

Crux，拉丁文中指十字，但與宗教的十字架無關，用於英文，解作困難difficulty 或puzzle 疑團， 包含一點在十字路口 （crossroads）徘徊的意思。

• The rule of law should have been the crux of democracy. 法治精神原應是民主制度的 核心。

• The crux of Hong Kong's crisis is Beijing's excessive emphasis on "one country" over "two systems". 香港危機的癥結，就是北京過分着重 「一國」先於「兩制」。

• The crux of Hong Kong's problems is that we need true universal suffrage — minus Beijing's power to screen out candidates who are politically "unfit" in its eyes. 香港問題的 核心，是我們要有真普選—— 除去北京可篩走政治「不適當」候選人的權力。

• The crux of the trial is his whereabouts at the time of the murder. 這場審訊的重點，是謀殺發生之際，他到底身在何處。

• Never mind the wedding ceremony. The crux is do you really love her ? 不必理會婚禮。重點是，你愛她嗎？

也有許多人用heart 心臟來代替crux，以示重要、中心部位，a critical, central point：the heart of the matter。

• Let's stop arguing superficially and get to the heart of the matter. 我們停止表面的爭 執，直接談問題的核心吧。

• Sigh. As expected, money was at the hear t of the matter. 唉！一如所料，講到底也不過是為了錢。

留意以上這句，譯做中文不必 用上重點、癥結、核心之類的 詞語，用回我們的常用語更能達意。

中英文一樣，不管寫作或說 話，最好避免重複用同樣的字。 在英語寫作中，懂得用同義詞 synonyms 非常重要。

譬如說，不想重複crux 或 heart of the matter，可以簡單改說the focus、the focal point 焦點。

• We mustn't digress. We must stick to the focus of the matter. 大家不可離題，必須專注事件的焦點。

更好的說法，可以是：

• We mustn't digress. Let's focus on what really matters. 視乎上文下理，crux 的同義詞另有core 核心、essence 精粹 及gist 主旨。

• Cash flow often lies at the core of the small shop's problems. 資金周轉不靈老是這家小店的最大問題。

• Don't tell me everything. I just need to know the essence/ gist of their argument. 不用什 麼都告訴我。我只要知道他們 論點的撮要/ 重點。

留意上述essence 及gist 的 用法，主旨是不必囉嗦，把重點 「一句過」說明就好。最後還有 許多人都未必知道的：

Meat of the matter，一樣解作事件主題、核心或重點。為什麼會用到meat 肉呢？這 個，也許記得我們口語中「戲肉」的肉就好。

文︰毛孟靜

求國際關注

【民陣對國際社會的緊急呼籲】
CHRF Urgent Appeal to International Society
On the Escalation of Tension in Hong Kong
(English version below)

致世界各地的朋友：

香港作為一個國際大都會，現正面臨人道危機。過去幾個月，香港警察已發射近 10,000 發催淚彈，88% 市民已受到催淚氣體影響，其中日前在香港中文大學單日已發射過千發。催淚彈已令香港陷入化學污染。

現在，血腥鎮壓已不再是夢魘，
而是有實際機會出現的悲劇。

今晚，防暴警察封鎖香港理工大學，圍困在內的抗爭者。隨著形勢及武力不斷升級，我們極度憂慮年輕學子會流血收場。

朋友們，你們可能對電視出現的暴力衝突感到不安。但容我們解釋，政權的暴力才催生了更多暴力。香港反送中運動的暴力升級，是源自於 6.12 警暴、元朗 7.21 黑幫無差別攻擊下的無警時分，以及政府遲遲拒絕回應香港人的五大訴求，包括獨立調查警察濫暴。近 9 成市民支持獨立調查警暴，但特首林鄭月娥依然冥頑不靈，唯恐此舉會損害警隊士氣。

無人希望見到香港理工大學被暴力鎮壓。但更令人憂慮的是，警務處長盧偉聰將於本月 19 日退休，警隊有理由在其卸任前夕做盡暴行，好讓繼任人開脫責任。

阻止香港局勢急速惡化是當務之急，民陣促請香港政府及警隊停止升級行動，以至採取致命武力對付理大示威者。我們同時呼籲國際社會響應，要求港府克制，並撤走包圍理大的防暴警察。

我們已經見到對廣大和理非市民團結一致、支持理大手足的號召，我們呼籲所有對團結、和平、公義有所堅持的香港人互相扶持，絕對不要因現在的危機而放棄。

願榮光歸香港。

民間人權陣線
2019.11.18 HKT 0000

———

CHRF Urgent Appeal to International Society
On the Escalation of Tension in Hong Kong

Dear Friends in the World,

Hong Kong, a modern and civilised metropolitan, is now under humanitarian crisis.
88% of the population have suffered from tear gas. The Hong Kong police have shot nearly 10,000 rounds of tear gas, 1/5 of them were deployed in the Chinese University of Hong Kong last week. The excessive use of tear gas brings Hong Kong into a city of chemical pollution.

Worse still, bloodshed and crackdown are no longer a nightmare but a concrete possibility.

Tonight, the riot police blocked all exit of Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and protestors are now unable to leave. With the tense atmosphere and escalation of the use of force by police, we worry that the protestors, most of whom are our young and future generation, will face arrest with bloodshed.

My dear friends, you may be disturbed by the violent scene on the TV screen. However, we invite you to go to the deep. Violence begets violence. The escalation of violence is inevitably attributed by the excessive use of force by police on 12 June, the inaction of law enforcement agency in the Yuen Long Gangs’ attack on 21 July, and the government’s continuous rejections to fulfil the five demands, including setting up an independent commission of inquiry to investigate police brutality. While this demand has nearly 90% of popular support as reflected in public opinion surveys, Carrie Lam has insisted with her objections in order to keep the morale of police force, in spite of allegations of abuse of power and force.

No one wants to witness a crackdown in Hong Kong Polytechnic University. It is so worrying that, since the current police commissioner will retire from 19 Nov onwards, the police officers do not mind doing ugly jobs that make the police commissioner accountable.

De-escalation is of paramount importance now. We urge the Hong Kong government and Hong Kong police to de-escalate the situation and stop using any lethal force against protestors in the site. We also urge international community to join our appeal for de-escalation of state violence, and the retreat of riot police near the campus.

There are calls for all peaceful protestors in Hong Kong to stand up in solidarity with those who are in Polytechnic University. We call for everyone who are committed to solidarity, peace and justice to support each other in their possible ways, and do not give up in face of this crisis.

May glory and peace be with Hong Kong.

Civil Human Rights Front
2019.11.18 HKT 0000

———
【民陣 TG】 t.me/CivilHumanRightsFront
【民陣 Twitter】 twitter.com/chrf_hk

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