[時事英文] Trees can talk!
　
今天是地球日，讓我們了解一下我們的星球吧。太神奇了，我從來不知道樹有可以跟彼此溝通的網路，而且竟然是透過真菌！最神奇的是，樹還能透過這個系統幫助彼此，甚至排擠不受歡迎的植物。
　
在閱讀的同時也享受一下森林的照片，來深呼吸！
　
Forest Sounds：https://youtu.be/d0tU18Ybcvk?t=280
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
《ＢＢＣ報導》：
　
It's an information superhighway that speeds up interactions between a large, diverse population of individuals. It allows individuals who may be widely separated to communicate and help each other out. But it also allows them to commit new forms of crime.
　
1. the information superhighway 資訊高速公路
2. speed up（使）加速；提高（……的）速度
3. diverse 多種多樣的
4. help each other out 互相幫助
5. commit a crime 犯罪
　
這是一條資訊高速公路，可使龐大且多元的族群互動加速。這讓相距甚遠的個體得以交流並相互協助。但這也使它們犯下新的罪行。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
No, we're not talking about the internet, we're talking about fungi. While mushrooms might be the most familiar part of a fungus, most of their bodies are made up of a mass of thin threads, known as a mycelium. We now know that these threads act as a kind of underground internet, linking the roots of different plants. That tree in your garden is probably hooked up to a bush several metres away, thanks to mycelia.
　
6. fungus 真菌*
7. mycelium 菌絲體
8. A be made up of B Ａ是由Ｂ組成的**
9. act as 充當；起⋯⋯作用
10. be hooked up to 連接
11. thanks to sb/sth 幸虧；由於
　
不，我們不是在說網際網路，我們說的是真菌。儘管蘑菇可能是真菌中最為人熟知的部分，但它們的主體大部分是由許多被稱為菌絲體的細絲所組成。如今，我們知道這些細絲就像地下網路，聯繫著不同植物的根。得益於菌絲體，你花園中的那棵樹可能已與幾公尺外的灌木叢相連了。
　
*「fungus」為單數名詞，其複數形在英式英文中作「fungi」，在美式英文中則為「funguses」。詳參《劍橋詞典》：https://bit.ly/3cRxoTt
　
**在「A be made up of B」中，Ｂ通常為複數，表示Ａ是由許多Ｂ所組成，如「This group is made up of 40 girls.」。而「A be made of B」則為「Ａ是由Ｂ製成的」，意即物理變化，在製作過程中原料的本質不變，可以從成品Ａ中辨認出原料Ｂ，例如：「木椅」顯然是由「木頭」製成的——「This chair is made of wood.」。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
The more we learn about these underground networks, the more our ideas about plants have to change. They aren't just sitting there quietly growing. By linking to the fungal network they can help out their neighbours by sharing nutrients and information – or sabotage unwelcome plants by spreading toxic chemicals through the network. This "wood wide web", it turns out, even has its own version of cybercrime.
　
12. the more…the more… 愈⋯⋯愈⋯⋯
13. nutrient 養分
14. sabotage 蓄意破壞
15. toxic chemical 毒性化學物質
16. it turns out 原來；結果表明
17. cybercrime 網路犯罪
18. wood wide web 森林資訊網*
　
我們愈瞭解這些地下網路，便愈需改變對植物的想法。它們並不只是靜靜地坐在那裡長大。透過真菌網路的連接，它們可藉由共享營養與資訊來幫助它們的鄰居——或者利用此一網路來散播毒性化學物質以破壞不受歡迎的植物。原來這種「森林資訊網」甚至有它們自己的網路犯罪版本。
　
*由於網址總以「World Wide Web」（全球資訊網）的縮寫「www」開頭，作者遂以「wood wide web」為諧音，來形容植物間的溝通網路。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
It has taken decades to piece together what the fungal internet can do. Back in 1997, Suzanne Simard of the University of British Columbia in Vancouver found one of the first pieces of evidence. She showed that Douglas fir and paper birch trees can transfer carbon between them via mycelia. Others have since shown that plants can exchange nitrogen and phosphorus as well, by the same route. Simard now believes large trees help out small, younger ones using the fungal internet. Without this help, she thinks many seedlings wouldn't survive.
　
19. piece together 拼湊
20. Douglas Fir 黃杉（道格拉斯冷杉）
21. Paper Birch 美洲樺（紙皮樺）
22. nitrogen 氮
23. phosphorus 磷
24. by the same route 藉由相同的途徑
25. seedling 幼苗；苗木
　
拼湊真菌網路的作用已花費數十年。１９９７年，溫哥華英屬哥倫比亞大學的蘇珊・西馬德發現了首要證據的其中之一。她證明黃杉與紙皮樺可藉由彼此間的菌絲體轉移碳。此後，其他人證明了植物亦可以相同途徑交換氮和磷。西馬德現在認為，大樹可以真菌網路幫助年紀較輕的小樹木。她認為，沒有這種幫助，許多幼苗或將無法生存。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
Another report suggests that tomato plants can 'eavesdrop' on defense responses and increase their disease resistance against potential pathogen. So not only do the mycorrhizae allow plants to share food, they help them defend themselves. It's not just tomatoes that do this. Broad beans also use fungal networks to pick up on impending threats – in this case, hungry aphids. It was found that broad bean seedlings that were not themselves under attack by aphids, but were connected to those that were via fungal mycelia, activated their anti-aphid chemical defenses. Those without mycelia did not.
　
26. eavesdrop on 竊聽
27. defense response 防禦機制
28. disease resistance 抗病性；抗病力
29. pathogen 病原體
30. mycorrhizae 菌根（複數）；mycorrhiza 菌根（單數）
31. broad beans 蠶豆
32. pick up on 注意到（他人未注意到的事物）
33. an impending threat 迫近的威脅
34. aphid 蚜蟲
35. under attack 遭受攻擊
36. chemical defense 化學防禦
　
另一份報告顯示，番茄植物可以「竊聽」防禦機制，並增強它們對潛在病原體的抗病力。因此，菌根不僅可使植物共享食物，還可幫助它們保護自己。不是只有番茄能做到這點。蠶豆也會利用真菌網路來探知即將來臨的威脅——在此一情況下，是飢餓的蚜蟲。蠶豆幼苗本身並不會受蚜蟲攻擊，但藉由真菌的菌絲體與受到襲擊的蠶豆相連接，則會啟動其抗蚜蟲的化學防禦。那些沒有菌絲體的植物並無此一機制。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
But just like the human internet, the fungal internet has a dark side. Our internet undermines privacy and facilitates serious crime – and frequently, allows computer viruses to spread. In the same way, plants' fungal connections mean they are never truly alone, and that malevolent neighbours can harm them. For one thing, some plants steal from each other using the internet. Some of these plants, such as the phantom orchid, “steal” the carbon they need from nearby trees, via the mycelia of fungi that both are connected to.
　
37. have a dark side 有黑暗的一面
38. undermine 損害
39. facilitate 促使
40. in the same way 同樣地
41. never truly alone 從未真正獨自一人
42. malevolent 有惡意的；歹毒的
43. for one thing 首先；一方面
44. steal from 偷竊
45. the phantom orchid 雪蘭（幻影蘭花）
　
但就像人類的網路，真菌的網路也有黑暗的一面。我們的網際網路破壞了隱私並助長了嚴重的犯罪——使電腦病毒經常得以傳播。同樣地，植物間的真菌連結意味著它們並非形單影隻，因此歹毒的鄰居便可傷害它們。一方面，一些植物透過網路相互偷竊。其中如雪蘭，藉由連接彼此的真菌菌絲體從鄰近樹木「竊取」自身所需的碳。
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
Overall, these fungal networks make communication between plants, including those of different species, faster, and more effective. We don't think about it because we can usually only see what is above ground. But most of the plants you can see are connected below ground, not directly through their roots but via their mycelial connections.
　
46. overall 總體而言
47. fungal networks 真菌網
　
總體而言，這些真菌的網路使植物（包括那些不同種類的植物）之間的通訊更快、更有效率。我們沒想過，因為通常我們只能看見地面上的東西。但多數你可見的植物並非逕由根部而是透過菌絲體的聯繫在地底下相互連接。
　
《ＢＢＣ報導》： https://bbc.in/2zCsLOR
　
圖片出處：之前在溪頭和阿里山拍的 🙂
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
我們的星球是不是超棒的！下次可以試著跟樹木說話。
　
Video：https://youtu.be/yWOqeyPIVRo
　
★★★★★★★★★★★★
　
CLIL（Content and Language Integrated Learning）是將學科內容和外語學習相結合，用外語教授科學、地理、歷史、藝術等內容，從而促進語言和學科知識的雙重學習：http://bit.ly/2K5l3PM
　
CLIL英文詞彙——Math：https://bit.ly/2YdERbc
　
Earth Day 2019：https://bit.ly/2ShSjY4

#EZTALK #你不知道的美國大小事 #ratVSmouse
🇺🇸 Idioms 美國生活用語：老鼠 rat╱mouse 🐁

說到美國老鼠，你會想到可愛的米老鼠，還是《料理鼠王》裡頭的老鼠？趁鼠年第一天，來介紹老美眼中的老鼠！

💪順便搞懂 rat 跟 mouse 的不同之處吧！

1⃣ rat
2⃣ rat out/on
3⃣ smell a rat
4⃣ the rat race
5⃣ quiet at a mouse
6⃣ poor as a church mouse
--

As we enter the Year of the Rat, it’s a good time to think about rodents and their cultural significance. The first animal in the Chinese Zodiac, rats are associated with intelligence, diligence and ambition. And people born in the Year of the Rat can look forward to being wealthy and successful.

鼠年即將到來，正好來介紹一下鼠類跟其文化意涵。身為十二生肖排名第一，老鼠通常會讓我們想到聰明、勤勞且有野心。鼠年出生的人可望成功富有。

In America, however, rats don’t have such a positive image. They are seen as dirty pests that steal food and spread disease. It’s therefore no accident the rat-related idioms are all negative. 1⃣ First, the term “rat” itself. In colloquial American English, a rat is a deceptive, disloyal person or an informant. Ex: Don’t trust Tommy—he’s a rat!

不過在美國，老鼠可就沒有這麼正面的形象。牠們被視為髒東西，愛偷食物並且散播疾病，所以沒有意外地，跟老鼠有關的美國用語都是負面的。首先來看看 rat 這個字，在美式口語英文中，講某人是 rat，就是說他是「騙子、不忠實」，或是「告密者」。如：Don’t trust Tommy—he’s a rat!（別相信湯米，他是個騙子！）

2⃣ “Rat” can also be used in the verb phrase “rat out/on,” which means “to inform on sb.” Ex: The thief ratted out his accomplices to avoid jail time. 3⃣Another phrase is “smell a rat,” which means “to suspect an instance of wrongdoing, deception or betrayal.” Ex: The witness smelled a rat when he saw the suspect leaving the scene of the crime. 4⃣Finally, “the rat race” describes the intense competition and long hours of the urban work environment. Ex: Eric dreamed of leaving the rat race and buying a small farm.

因此 rat 也可延伸作為動詞：rat out/on，指「出賣某人」，如：The thief ratted out his accomplices to avoid jail time.（那個小偷出賣他的同夥逃避坐牢。）另一個片語則是 smell a rat，指「發覺有可疑之處」，如：The witness smelled a rat when he saw the suspect leaving the scene of the crime.（目擊者看到嫌犯離開案發現場時覺得行為可疑。）最後是 the rat race，用來形容職場競爭激烈且工時長的現象。如：Eric dreamed of leaving the rat race and buying a small farm.（艾瑞克夢想著離開這競爭激烈的工作環境，去鄉下種田。）

While the Chinese “shu” is usually translated as “rat,” it can also refer to mice. And mice have a slightly better reputation in English than rats. Mice are small, quiet and shy, so 5⃣ “quiet at a mouse” refers to someone who is shy and timid. Ex: The new student in our class is quiet as a mouse. 6⃣And if someone is “poor as a church mouse,” they’re really poor. This is because churches usually don’t usually store food, so mice who lived in them would have nothing to eat. Ex: My parents were poor as a church mouse when I was born.

雖然中文字「鼠」常常翻作 rat「大老鼠」，不過也可以指 mouse（複數形 mice）「小老鼠」。在英文中，小老鼠的形象比大老鼠稍微好些。小老鼠體型較小，安靜又害羞，所以 quiet as a mouse 可以用來形容某人「害羞膽怯的」，如：The new student in our class is quiet as a mouse.（我們班新來的學生很害羞。）要是說某人 poor as a church mouse，就是說他們「非常窮」。由來是因為教堂通常不會儲藏食物，所以住在教堂裡的老鼠根本沒東西可吃。如：My parents were poor as a church mouse when I was born.（我父母在我出生時候非常窮。）

【✍重點單字】
1. rodent「嚙齒類動物」
2. Chinese Zodiac「十二生肖」：zodiac指西洋占星的十二星座。
3. diligence「勤奮」：當名詞，形容詞 diligent。
4. it’s no accident that…「沒有意外，……」
5. colloquial「口語的」：相對於書寫文字而言，較不正式的說法。
6. deceptive「愛騙人、說謊的」：當形容詞，名詞 deception。
7. informant「告密者」
8. urban「都市的」：相反詞為 rural「鄉下的」。
9. reputation「名聲」

#鼠年行大運 #鼠錢鼠不完
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🔔 按下「搶先看」，每週五【美國大小事】，由 Judd 編審分享最即時美國新鮮事！想知道更多美國文化，請看 👉 http://bit.ly/EZTalk嚴選

美國一周內連續發生三起大規模槍擊案件。

CBS NEWS：「在美國一起大規模槍擊事件的24小時後，位於俄懷俄州的戴頓市發生另一起槍殺案，9人死亡」；
USA TODAY：「艾爾帕索槍擊案嫌犯可能面臨死刑及遭指控仇恨罪」；
THE HILL：「聯邦調查局視艾爾帕索的大屠殺為國內恐怖攻擊行動，嫌犯將處以死刑」；
Bloomberg：「兩起大規模的槍擊事件將美國的焦點轉向重視槍枝控管及種族歧視」；
abc NEWS：「戴頓市中心發生大規模槍擊事件，至少9死26傷，嫌犯身份確認」；
CNN：「另一個週末，美國再發生兩起大規模槍擊事件」；
The Washington Post：「艾爾帕索槍擊案中至少20人死亡」。
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🗞 俐媽新聞英文—槍擊事件篇：
🕊 gunman (n.) 持槍歹徒；職業殺手
🕊 armor (n.) 盔甲
c.f. ammo (n.) 彈藥；子彈
🕊 open fire (ph.) 開火；發射子彈
反：cease fire 停火
🕊 rampage (n.) 騷動；橫衝直撞
🕊 authorities (n.) 官方，當局 [常用複數]
🕊 law enforcement (n.) 執法機關，部門
🕊 prosecutor (n.) 檢察官(sequ-: follow)
🕊 penalty (n.) = punishment 懲罰
—> death penalty (ph.) 死刑
🕊 capital murder (ph.) 惡意謀殺；蓄意謀殺(cap-: head, take)
🕊 hate crime (n.) (因種族、宗教等的)仇恨罪
🕊 intimidate (v.) 威嚇
—> timid (a.) 膽小的
🕊 rock (v.) 使震驚
🕊 magazine (n.) (槍上的)彈倉，彈盒(❗️它不只是雜誌哦~)
🕊 fatality (n.) 死者
—> fatal (a.) 致命的
🕊 discharge (v.) 出院
🕊 rhetoric (n.) 花言巧語，浮誇之詞 [貶義]
🕊 Representative (n.) 眾議院議員，州議員 [常大寫，縮寫：Rep.]
🕊 divisive (a.) 引起不合的
🕊 Congress (n.) 美國國會(-gress: walk, go)
—> Congressman (n.) 美國國會議員（尤指眾議院議員）
🕊 asylum (n.) 政治庇護權；庇護所
🕊 thump (n.) 砰然聲
🕊 half-mast (n.) 半旗；(a.) 半旗的
= half-staff (n.) 半旗
🕊 homicide (n.) 他殺；兇殺案
🕊 offender (n.) 違法者
🕊 press conference (ph.) 記者發佈會
🕊 manifesto (n.) 宣言；告示
🕊 search warrant (ph.) 搜索令；逮捕令
🕊 peripheral (n.) 次要的
🕊 campaign trail (ph.) 競選造勢活動
🕊 rifle (ph.) 步槍；來福槍
🕊 conviction (n.) 定罪
—> convict sb of 罪
🕊 entail (v.) 使承擔
🕊 carnage (n.) = massacre = slaughter = butchery = genocide 大屠殺
🕊 cowardice (n.) 膽小，懦弱
🕊 extremity (n.) 絕境
🕊 abdominal (a.) 腹部的(❗️英模Round 5)
🕊 laceration (n.) 撕裂傷；破皮擦傷
🕊 scattered (a.) 混亂散布的
🕊 pope (n.) 羅馬教皇
🕊 worship (n.) 禮拜；膜拜
—> worshiper (n.) 參拜者；崇拜者
🕊 episode (n.) (整個事情中的)一個事件
🕊 panic (n.) 恐慌(pan-: 泛)
—> prompt panic (ph.) 引起恐慌
🕊 federal (a.) 聯邦的
—> FBI = Federal Bureau of Investigation 聯邦調查局
🕊 attorney (n.) 律師
🕊 scramble (v.) 爭先恐後
🕊 heinous (a.) 可憎的
🕊 sb’s heart go out to sth (ph.) 某人的心與某人/某物同在
🕊 custody (n.) 拘留，監禁；監護權
🕊 anti-immigrant (n.) 反移民(❗️EEC Unit 1)
🕊 condemn (v.) 宣告...有罪；判...刑
🕊 conspiracy (n.) 陰謀；共謀(-spir-: breathe)
🕊 chaos (n.) = pandemonium 混亂
—> chaotic (a.) 混亂的
🕊 anonymity (n.) 匿名者
🕊 mosque (n.) 清真寺
🕊 diatribe (n.) 惡罵；誹謗
🕊 atrocity (n.) 殘暴的行為 = brutality = cruelty (❗️英模Round 3)
🕊 governor (n.) 州長 [縮寫：Gov.]
c.f. sheriff (n.) 警長
🕊 hearing (n.) 審訊；聽證會 [法律用語]
🕊 bigotry (n.) 盲從，偏執，頑固
🕊 hatred (n.) 憎恨
🕊 adjacent (a.) 毗鄰的
🕊 curtail (v.) 縮減
🕊 recount (v.) 詳細敘述
—————————————————
It may sound like a cliche...
WORLD PEACE!
.
#俐媽新聞英文 #俐媽新聞英文槍擊事件篇 #感謝愛徒欒為整理編輯