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🍎 Apple Delays Mass Production of 2020 Flagship iPhones
蘋果推遲2020年旗艦iPhone的量產時間

- mass production 大量生產
- flagship 旗艦產品

🧐 Apple Inc. is pushing back the production ramp-up of its flagship iPhones coming later this year by about a month, according to people familiar with the changes, as the coronavirus pandemic weakens global consumer demand and disrupts manufacturing across Asia, the heart of the consumer electronics supply chain.
亞洲為消費電子產業的核心供應鏈，根據知悉相關變化內情的人士透露，由於新冠病毒大流行削弱了全球消費需求，擾亂了亞洲各地的生產活動，蘋果公司(Apple Inc.)將推遲旗艦iPhone的加大量產時間，從原定今年後半年向後推遲約一個月。

- push back 拖延，推遲
- ramp-up 擴大/加快速度，這裡指的是加大量產。
- supply chain 供應鏈

💰 Apple's annual product refresh fuels the majority of iPhone sales for an entire year, making new phones the linchpin of a business segment that accounts for more than half of the company's total revenue.
蘋果每年的產品更新是iPhone年度銷量的主要推力，推出新款iPhone是其關鍵業務，占了蘋果公司一半以上的總收入。

- fuel 當名詞是燃料或刺激因素，這裡是動詞的「激起；刺激」之意
- linchpin 核心、中樞、關鍵
- segment 部分
- revenue 收益、收入

✏️Apple usually unveils new iPhone models in mid-September and begins selling them before the end of the month. To do so, it usually ramps up mass-production in the early summer, building up inventory around August.
蘋果通常會在9月中旬發布新款iPhone，並在9月底前開始販售，為了做到這一點，蘋果通常會在初夏加緊量產，在8月前後累積庫存。

- unveil （首次）展示、介紹、推出/爲…揭幕
- inventory 商品存貨

🧐This year, while Apple would still be building some of the new phones in the July-to-September period, the mass-production ramp-up will slide back by about a month, the people said.
知情人士表示，儘管蘋果今年仍將在7月至9月期間生產部分新款手機，但加大量產將會推遲一個月左右。

- slide back 直譯是向後滑，但在這其實跟前面提過的push back一樣，是「拖延，推遲」的意思喔

未完待續...
這波疫情究竟對蘋果還有哪些影響？
加入文末每日國際選讀計畫，解鎖完整語音導讀版

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原文連結請看留言
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❓Quiz: As a diehard fan of Apple products, Howard always buys the latest _____ iPhone after the company _____ their new iPhone models.
浩爾是個超級「果粉」，每年蘋果發表完新iPhone，他就必會購入一支最新的旗艦手機。
🙋🏻‍♀️🙋🏼‍♀️
A. flagship/unleash
B. flagship/unveils
C. Frozen/Into the Unknown
-
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[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別

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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B

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在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。

為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字，我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知，可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙，也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典，更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。

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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.

constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的。

-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).

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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

在表示“由……材料構成”時，見於被動語態；在用於主動語態時，一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。

-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )

-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，並不能組成一本好書)

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3. account for: 說明（原因、理由等）; 導致，引起; （在數量、比例上）; 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)

(在數量、比例上）占

These products, in total, account for about 80％ of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80％。).

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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:

-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。

-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).

-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10％。).

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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.

consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同

-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。)

-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人，女人和孩子們組成的。).

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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.

comprise 在表示“構成”時，其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*

-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).

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從這些動詞的意思來看，若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時，我們可用 compose 或 constitute。

England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.

(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)

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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時，我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。

(compose 經常用於被動態，而以 be composed of 的型式出現，意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)

-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)

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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html

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*在這幾個字當中，僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思，但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思，所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構，他們期期以為不可，而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語，一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語，如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而，在公說公有理，婆說婆有理，各有堅持的情況下，在此建議：若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握，那麼不妨使用它的同義詞，也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。

*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.

Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."

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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose

More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.

-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.

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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.

The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.

Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.

-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.

慣用的行話或術語-科技新貴

用法錯誤：
■ highlight
科技業無人不知無人不曉的就是這個字了。據說是從台積電開始流傳的，江湖人稱「嗨賴」。根據科技業的說法，這個詞意思是有人做了甚麼錯事，被點名出來負責的時候，就會用這個動詞。

highlight本來在英文裡的意思是「凸顯，強調」，像是用螢光筆畫重點就是用這個動詞，不管是正面或是負面的強調都可以。但是highlight只會用在事物上，不會用在人。科技業用的「嗨賴」在英文裡應該用single out這個字，single out 也是正面和負面的強調都可以。

正確用法：
Bob made the least sales last month, so he was singled out for criticism at the meeting.
鮑柏上個月的業績最少，所以在會議的時候被點名批評。

用法錯誤：
■ escalate
當工作上出問題或出錯的時候，公司難免要檢討責任歸屬，這時有些人會選擇把問題上報給高層，科技業會說escalate the issue，來表達「把問題的層級提高」。這樣的用法其實有點偏掉了，escalate 正確的意思是「使…逐步上升；使…增強或擴大」。科技業想要表達的意思，正確的說法應該是 report…up the chain of command 。

正確用法：
If you think the manager isn’t treating you fairly, you should report it up the chain of command.
如果你覺得經理對你很不公平，你應該上報給上層的主管們。