《極端氣候不只是警告！它已成新常態：Ida風暴襲擊紐約，地鐵街道成河流：紐澤西州南方龍捲風將一排房屋夷為平地》

* 紐約週四凌晨宣布進入緊急狀態。美東北地區因艾達颶風帶來的暴雨，造成嚴重洪災，紐約及紐澤西地方政府，在許多淹水地區包括華人聚居的Queens等地區進行多次水上救援。

* 颶風Ida肆虐美國南部各州後，繼續北上。周三晚上襲擊美國東北部，週四早上紐約市政府宣布紐約為重大危險區。

Ida在中央公園下了傾盆大雨，地鐵被洪水淹沒，整個城市系統幾乎皆癱瘓。直到清晨，洪水才慢慢退去。

*紐約鄰近的紐澤西州紐瓦克市，出現有氣象記錄以來，最大單日降雨紀錄。

* 紐約市從1日入夜開始禁止民眾出門，禁令持續至當地時間2日清晨5時，所有非緊急車輛，不得上路。

全紐約市地鐵，幾乎皆因洪流灌入停擺，只剩7號線與史塔登島線（Staten Island Railway）營運，但班次也延誤。

紐約市長白思豪（Bill de Blasio）推文：「今夜我們遭逢歷史性的極端氣候事件，全市降雨破紀錄，洪流湧入市內，街道狀況危險。」

* 「紐約時報」報導，昨晚紐約中央公園記錄到時雨量3.1英寸（約78.7毫米）的降雨強度，打破上週才締造的1.94英寸（49.2毫米）紀錄。

*美國國家氣象局破天荒地向紐約市、紐約州、紐澤西州發出暴洪緊急警報。

* 紐約地區周四努力克服颶風艾達殘餘帶來的毀滅性和致命暴雨，紐約市長白思豪説或許這個城市得面對及適應極端氣候事件，已成為常態的現實。

這場風暴至少造成 20 人死亡，導致紐約、紐澤西和賓州共150,000 多所房屋斷電。紐澤西州南部甚至出現龍捲風，將一排房屋夷為平地。

截至週四中午，政府宣布的緊急狀態命令在整個地區仍然持續生效，官員試圖處理許多意外損失。

週四上午在洪水重災區皇后區舉行的新聞發布會上，紐約州州長凱西·霍赫爾 (Kathy Hochul) 表示，她接到了拜登總統的電話，在評估艾達 (Ida) 造成的破壞時，拜登總統表示“將提供任何幫助”，她說這場風暴代表了一種紐約的新常態。

“我們需要提前預見這些極端氣候，並做好更多的準備，”她說。

“全球變暖已經到來，”民主黨紐約市長候選人埃里克亞當斯說。

週三的大雨——在短短幾個小時內下降了半英尺多——把街道和地鐵站變成河流。緊急救援人員從汽車和屋頂救出人們，數百人從火車和地鐵中緊急疏散。

這場雨打破了熱帶風暴亨利在 11 天前創下的紀錄。這突顯了氣候科學家一個月前的警告：地球變暖將出現更多極端氣候新常態：而更熱的空氣會集中更多的水份，使風暴更快地聚集雨量，並且變得風越來越大，降雨量愈來愈驚人。

https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/09/02/nyregion/nyc-storm#ida-new-york-flood

New York declares a state of emergency as the Northeast is slammed by flooding from Ida's remnants https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/01/weather/ida-flooding-tornado-forecast/index.html

* See dramatic footage from New York subway after Ida https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2021/09/02/flooding-in-new-york-new-jersey-from-ida-aftermath-lc-lon-orig.cnn

* At least 9 killed in US Northeast floods https://edition.cnn.com/us/live-news/ida-aftermath-09-02-21/h_6553ab3339b8a7aacf8617b7d08b2dac

0723紐約時報

*【東京奧運會在擔憂和爭議中開幕】
已有至少91名相關人員新冠檢測呈陽性，包括10名運動員。隨著氣溫升高，許多東京居民正在逃離這座炎熱的城市。緊張局勢沒有止步於疫情和高溫，因調侃納粹大屠殺引發公憤，開幕式導演小林賢太郎被解聘。在今晚7點舉行的開幕式上，僅有950名觀眾將出席這場開幕式，吉爾·拜登將是其中之一，這也是她作為美國第一夫人首次單獨出訪。
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/07/21/sports/olympics-tokyo-updates#at-least-91-people-at-the-games-have-tested-positive-for-the-coronavirus

*【當英格蘭進行“自由日”的高風險賭注時，蘇格蘭選擇謹慎】
蘇格蘭民族主義領袖Nicola Sturgeon表示，蘇格蘭還沒有準備好放棄大流行限制。如果英格蘭的冠狀病毒病例激增，這種立場可能會增加對蘇格蘭獨立的支持。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/world/europe/covid-scotland-england.html

*【新加坡想和冠毒共存，但病例爆發又帶來了限制】
新加坡是亞洲、歐洲和美洲的幾個國家，一直在鼓勵人們恢復日常生活節奏，過渡到一種新的流行病常態。現在，它面臨著如何處理重新開審可能帶來的不斷上升的案件量的艱難選擇。在卡拉OK休息室和一個漁港最近爆發疫情後，新加坡週四重新實施了幾周前剛剛取消的限制措施。在8月18日之前，禁止在餐館就餐和兩人以上的聚會，該市最著名的企業之一Marina Bay Sands casino也被關閉了兩周，以進行大消毒，並阻止冠毒集群蔓延。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/world/singapore-wanted-to-live-normally-with-covid-an-outbreak-has-brought-back-restrictions.html

*【在義大利許多公開場合需要持疫苗接種或陰性檢測證明】
義大利將要求在室內用餐、參觀博物館和參加演出等活動時，提供疫苗接種證明或最近的病毒檢測陰性結果。此前，法國政府也發表了類似的聲明，但西方國家在關於政府應該或能夠在多大程度上，限制未接種疫苗者的生活的爭論，也在升溫。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/world/europe/italy-covid-vaccine-proof-activities.html

*【為什麼接種疫苗的人會受到“突破性”感染】
俄克拉荷馬州的一場婚禮導致 15 名接種疫苗的客人感染了冠狀病毒。喧鬧的七月四日慶祝活動將病毒從麻州普羅溫斯敦傳播到全國數十個地方，有的是完全接種疫苗的民眾也被感染。拜登政府首席流行病顧問佛奇博士在新聞發布會上說，不應將突破性感染的報告視為疫苗不起作用，他說，這絕不意味著你打的是無效的疫苗，因為疫苗的成功基於預防疾病，接種疫苗的人可能會感染，絕大多數無症狀或輕微。但這令許多接種疫苗的美國人感到驚訝，他們通常認為自己完全免受病毒感染。突破性感染增加了尚未解決的可能性，即接種疫苗的人可能會將病毒傳播給他人。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/health/coronavirus-breakthrough-infections-delta.html

*【參加夏令營，31名兒童感染冠毒】
紐約州北部的Camp Pontiac的爆發感染，一開始是在女生宿舍，護士在替參加者檢測後發現一名陽性確診者。很快就會有更多人出現：截至週四上午，該營地的 550 名露營者中有31人的冠狀病毒檢測呈陽性，
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/nyregion/covid-outbreak-camp-pontiac-ny.html

*【冠毒疫情實時更新】
#在感染率上升的情況下，美眾議院共和黨人並不積極地推動疫苗接種。眾議院共和黨領袖和醫生聚集舉行新聞發佈會，表面上是為了敦促美國人在全美感染人數不斷上升的情況下接種冠狀病毒疫苗，但他們利用這一事件攻擊民主黨人，他們說，民主黨人在沒有證據的情況下，掩蓋了冠狀病毒的起源。
#疾控中心主任警告說，美國在這場大流行中“沒有走出困境” 美國疾病控制和預防中心主任週四警告說，美國在這場大流行上“還沒有走出困境”，並且再次處於“關鍵時刻”，因為這種高度傳染性的Delta變種正在肆虐未接種疫苗的社區。
#“pingdemic”正緊抓英國。隨著病毒病例數再次激增，一個由政府贊助的手機應用程式通知了數十萬人，要求他們自我隔離10天，因為他們與檢測呈陽性的人有接觸。在7月8日至15日的一周內，該應用程式發出了超過60萬條警報，給許多企業和公共服務帶來嚴重壓力。
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/07/22/world/covid-variant-vaccine-updates?type=styln-live-updates&label=coronavirus%20updates&index=0&action=click&module=Spotlight&pgtype=Homepage#republican-vaccine-push

*【美國蒙大拿州和達科他州的高溫正在向東移動】
異常高溫天氣預計將在未來幾天，從北洛磯山脈向東移動到中西部上部，而現在奧勒岡州歷史上最大的火災仍在繼續燃燒，西南部地區正為可能的雷暴引發的山洪暴發做準備。美國國家氣象局說，蒙大拿州東部和達科他州西部的氣溫將達到華氏90度以上或100度以下，週五高溫將向明尼蘇達州襲來。今年夏天的酷熱導致了奧勒岡州南部的乾旱，由閃電引起的火災已經燃燒了兩個多星期，燃燒面積達40萬英畝，通常，奧勒岡州的野火季節要到夏末才會達到高峰期。
https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/07/22/us/climate-wildfires-heat

*【中國鄭州洪災已造成33人死亡，300萬人受災】
罕見的暴雨吞噬了道路和橋樑，淹沒了中國中部的城鎮。極端天氣已造成33人死亡，25萬人流離失所，並造成大面積破壞。官方表示，至少還有八人失蹤。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/world/asia/china-flood.html

*【氣候危機使世界的地鐵變成了洪災區】
鄭州的致命洪水淹沒了一個甚至不到十年歷史的地鐵網路；而從倫敦到紐約，地鐵站進水的新聞也屢見不鮮。這突顯了全球各大城市面臨的風險：各地的地鐵系統都在努力適應氣候變化帶來的極端天氣時代。它們之中有些是從一個多世紀以前開始設計和建造的，但即使是鄭州這樣最新的系統也可能不堪重負。當下一次洪水來臨，我們的城市準備好了嗎？
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/climate/subway-design-flooding-china.html

*【WHO提議再次調查武漢病毒所，中國稱“不可能接受“】
世衛組織秘書長譚德塞近日提出對武漢病毒所進行新一輪新冠溯源調查，中國官員對此表示強烈反對，稱該提議“既不尊重常識，也違背科學”，中國“不可能接受”。
https://cn.nytimes.com/china/20210722/china-wuhan-lab-who/

*【駭客攻擊新常態下，我們將迎來一個什麼樣的時代？】
與政府有關的駭客攻擊一度被認為是一種新的戰爭，但如今已是一種被廣泛使用的工具，被各國政府用來治國、鎮壓和獲取經濟利益，可能成為全球秩序的一個永久特徵。
https://cn.nytimes.com/world/20210722/global-cyberattacks/

*【中情局局長稱將增派人手，應對外交官神秘聲波怪病】
中情局已成立特別工作組，旨在解決駐中國、古巴、俄羅斯等國中情局官員和其他政府官員神秘受傷事件。為明確“哈瓦那綜合症”的致病原因、找出襲擊背後元兇，該機構還將增派醫務人員，並指派曾經成功追捕本·拉登的資深情報工作者領導工作。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/us/politics/cia-havana-syndrome.html

*【流亡中的白俄羅斯反對派領袖積極保持自己的影響力】
流亡中的白俄羅斯反對派領導人Svetlana Tikhanovskaya正努力爭取西方領導人的支持，試圖建立一個反對盧卡申科的政治聯盟雖然她聲稱盧卡申科的獨裁統治已經“奄奄一息”，但現在她面臨的挑戰是如何保持在國內的影響力。西方領導人的支持可能會有所幫助，但也僅限於此。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/world/europe/belarus-opposition-svetlana-tikhanovskaya.html

*【你是“貝佐斯”嗎？】
亞馬遜創始人貝佐斯戴著牛仔帽、戴著定制歐米茄腕表把自己送上了太空，但在時報風尚版記者伯恩斯坦看來，他太空之旅的這套行頭可不怎麼樣。他寫道，由於擁有2000億美元的身價，加上很少有人願意告訴他真話，貝佐斯已經成為了愚蠢版本的道林·格雷，像哈哈鏡一樣照射出一個以白人男性為主、深陷“中年危機”的群體形象。
https://cn.nytimes.com/style/20210722/jeff-bezos-space-image/

*【NASA公開首張火星內部結構圖】
洞察號火星探測器著陸後一直在監聽火星地震，並跟蹤它們穿越地表的地震波。根據這台探測器過去兩年收集的資料，科學家們繪製了火星的內部結構圖，包括三層外殼，和一個大而堅硬的核心。
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/science/mars-nasa-insight.html

「地獄空」攝影集即將在八月中元節前出版，由知名設計師與攝影家黃子欽設計，內附在下二位高徒精美繪製符咒、心經版畫書籤、愣嚴咒牌、尊勝咒語...等，感恩十方大德助印，希望疫情退散，平安喜樂，後記如下：

野放台灣五十餘年，貪狼獨坐，三方四正殺破狼格局，少年多舛，白手起家，隨展覽雲遊四海，如閒雲野鶴常持各類底片機流連廢墟、山川、宮廟忘返，遂設幻影堂自詡堂主，一日三省「凡所有相皆是虛妄」，常宅於暗房沖片放大通宵、鍾情黑白世界之單純，彩色照片俗世繽紛花俏做作甜美甚至比現實更現實故少拍也。知天命之年有餘，了悟人生一瞬、眨眼即逝，雖非仙人，亦無道骨，初聞離垢地生清淨心，但離華嚴「不動地」尚遠，待修持也。
2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

三十八歲的彭于晏，出道十八年，從愛情戲中的陽光大男孩，到後來成為台灣男神的代表。

在這賣臉的年代，這種不怕苦、沒負面新聞、人又謙虛，確實是難得。更值得學是他人生價值觀。他曾經說過「我就是沒有才華，所以才拿命拼。我不怕吃苦，就怕學習不到東西。」

《聽說》，他學會了手語，練了三個月，每天練到手抽筋。《翻滾吧，阿信》，他苦練了八個月，幾乎每天都進行10個小時以上的體操練習。《激戰》，和真正的拳擊手練打了三個月，練到體脂只有3%。《黃飛鴻之英雄有夢》，他學會了工字伏虎拳、虎鶴雙形拳。《破風》，他每天騎行六七個小時，考到了場地專業賽車手證。《湄公河行動》，他學會了泰語、緬甸語、射擊，還參加了泰國皇家御用保安的特訓。《緊急救援》，彭于晏又花了很多的時間把自己培養成一個有資格的救生員。

有人說他靠運氣？他也不是一帆風順的。他也試過一整年沒工作、沒收入、欠下巨額的債務、人生也試過低落谷底。所以他靠的不是運氣而是人品，無時無刻帶著一種樂觀、感恩、做好自己、正面的態度看待每一天。我們能學到及做到的話，或許都可以創造屬於自己的輝煌時代。

影片內講者的言論純屬個人意見，有關資料只供參考。有興趣就訂閱我的channel支持一下。感謝大家！

For this video, we will be discussing about why Eddie Peng has become the heartthrob of Taiwan. In this video, you will understand Eddie's life and work philosophy and how he spreads this amazing positive charisma that makes him so likable. Furthermore, you will also find other inner qualities as he takes on new challenges in his movies such as: Optimism, Confidence, Authenticity, Gratitude, Persistence.

Some may say that he just got lucky but I think it's his character and positive attitude that brought him to where he is now. Perhaps we can also take a page out of Eddie's experiences and understand that we should be looking for answers from within, as opposed to always chasing for that tangible matter on the outside. That personal truth (i.e. personal happiness / thoughts / integrity / desires) cannot be defined by anyone other than yourself.

This video is only used for commentary purposes. Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.

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#古早味
外地真的沒有一種糕點如港式的紙包蛋糕一樣美味。
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西方有牛油磅蛋糕，日本有鬆軟的雪芳蛋糕，但牛油味和鬆軟的程度，好像紙包蛋糕略勝一籌，可能是童年回憶作祟，好吃的紙包蛋糕永遠是在連鎖餅店裏找不到，屋邨裏的麵包舖已買少見少，越是吃不到，越是覺得從前記憶的味道，永遠是最好的。
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喜歡的味道，根本就是一種主觀的感覺，有時是毫無道理。
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既然在外頭吃不到，就自己動手做吧，反正現在想吃也不能輕易到外面買到。
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自己做的食譜沒有加添防腐劑和化學物質，吃的是原材料的味道，所以買的雞蛋要新鮮，牛油不是太差便可以了。
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當然要處理打發蛋白，還是有一點點技巧而不會像Muffin一樣把所有材料混合便可以，但是步驟仍然是非常簡單的。
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新鮮出爐的紙包蛋糕真的非常好吃，很多時候友人到我家，晚上即興做也可以，還發現小朋友特別喜歡這個蛋糕呢。
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由於一邊拌麵糊一邊拍攝，再加上首爾的家那焗爐的穩定性好像我還在掌握之中，所以效果並非如我之前的做得那麼滿意，但是味道還是很好吃的。
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這個週末，就是吃着這個只能在香港找到的紙包蛋糕渡過。
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對家鄉的食物，家鄉的人和事，就算身在遠方，永遠不能忘卻而置之度外。

材料 （四個份量）
雞蛋4隻 （如之前放在雪櫃，要先在室溫放30分鐘以上）
無鹽牛油65克
糖 （分別打蛋白和蛋黃用）33克兩份共66克
麵粉65克

工具
牛油紙
紙包蛋糕模具4個，杯口直徑X杯底直徑X高度 為  7.5 X 5 X 6.5 cm

做法
1. 牛油先置於容器並放在熱水中，溶化成為液體狀
2. 牛油紙剪成18x18cm，然後摺好放入蛋糕模內
3. 焗爐預熱至170度
4. 麵粉過篩
5. 蛋白及蛋黃小心地分開，注意蛋黃不可以掉到蛋白內
6. 先將蛋白用打蛋器的中低速打發，直至全部打成小泡沫後，放入三份一的糖（約11克），同時將打蛋器轉至高速，然後打至蛋白轉成白色後，再放入三份一的糖，最後當糖完全溶化及蛋白開始「企身」，加入最後的三份一
7. 蛋白打至「修長」尖峰下垂 （soft peak) 的狀態
8. 洗乾淨打蛋器後，用高速打發蛋黃，糖分數次慢慢加入，直至轉成淡黃色
9. 蛋白分三段加入至蛋黃液，用接疊（fold）的方式攪拌
10. 分批加入麵粉，再用接疊（fold）的方式攪拌，成為麵糊
11. 將一點麵糊（約四湯匙）加入牛油內，稍為混合後，分三次倒入麵糊內，輕輕用接疊（fold）的方式攪拌
12. 將麵糊平均放到蛋糕模內，大約八分滿左右
13. 放入焗爐170度焗30分鐘


Hong Kong Style | Paper wrapped cake
Paper wrapped cake is commonly found in Cha Chaan Teng (cafe serving quick meals) in Hong Kong. These cakes are wrapped with baking paper which had a traditional old Hong Kong look.

These little sponge cakes are made from 4 ingredients only, which are flour, sugar, egg and butter. We can make it anytime at home.

Here I would like to share the video about how to bake the paper wrapped cake, with English subtitle. Hope that you will like this Hong Kong old style recipe.


Ingredients (4 servings)
4 eggs （brought to room temperature)
65g unsalted butter
33g sugar x 2 (total 66g)
65g all purpose flour

Tools
Baking paper
4 cake molds (top width x bottom width x height 7.5 X 5 X 6.5 cm)

Directions
1. Melt the butter with the hot water bath
2. Cut the baking paper into 18x18cm dimension, put it inside the cake mold
3. Pre-heat the oven to 170 degree celsius
4. Sift the flour
5. Carefully separate egg white and egg yolk
6. Whisk the egg white with electronic eggbeater, start with the medium-low speed, add 1/3 portion of sugar (11g) until foams are formed. Increase the speed at the same time.
7. When the egg white becomes white in color, put 1/3 portion of the sugar, keep whisking in high speed
8. While the sugar is totally melt and the foams become stable, put the rest of the sugar
9. Whisk the egg white until the soft peak is formed
10. Wash the eggbeater, whisk the egg yolk with high speed, add the sugar gradually. Whisk until it becomes pale yellow in colour
11. Fold the egg white into the egg yolk in 3 portions
12. Fold the sifted flour into the egg mixture in serval times
13. Put 4 tablespoons of batter into the melted butter and mix well
14. Fold the mixture into the batter in 3 portions
15. Pour the batter into the cake mold until 80% full
16. Put the cake mixture into the oven and bake for 30 minutes with 170 degree celsius

#香港懷舊 #童年回憶 #簡易焙焙

[旅行的旅行] 行動傳播技術空間中的旅行：#當我們用GoogleMap找路時 / 李長潔 🚎
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時常有人問我，你每次去日本的那些超級冷門的風景、傳說地點、氛圍氣喫茶老店，到底怎麼找到的，聽都沒聽過這些地方。剛開始，我會查詢中文與外文的旅行資訊，像是旅遊手冊、觀光網站，都是基本工作，可以給旅客一點基本的地理想像，如方位、氣候、規模、人文特色等。接著，我會做一件事—大量地運用google map細查地方資料。
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地圖，是一種人對空間權力的掌握，當旅人們從地圖繪製者的手中，搶回擁有地圖的權力，這將如何改變我們的旅行生活？然而，我們真正因為google map而搶回了對空間的掌握嗎？我們先從紙本地圖的使用開始。
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▓ #紙本地圖的時代
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不只是到了旅遊的當下才使用google地圖來找路，而是平常沒事時，就打開地圖滑呀滑，細察預計拜訪的地點，了解地理資訊。不過，在2005年以前，旅行時掌握地理環境的技術大都依賴紙本地圖，旅客與觀光客在出發前，會購買旅遊手冊、旅行文學，透過特定旅行專家與旅遊資訊編輯的視野，來觀看地方（林子廉，2009）。在那時之前，各種「旅遊天書」隨著出國人數的增加，而銷售量大增。
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出國旅行度假，不單僅是選好地方、買張機票、然後去就可以說「#這是我的旅行」，旅行的體驗是由生活中的不同媒介內容（電視、廣告、電影、書籍、旅遊手冊，現在還有社群網站）與你的真實旅程所交織而成（Urry, 2002）。當然也包含地圖。
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地圖是一種地理狀態的再現。我們覺得地圖模擬了真實的環境樣貌，但事實上，地圖是一種「#簡化」、「#挑選」、「#裁切」，尤其是紙本地圖，在有限的平面版面上，地圖的終極目標並不是一比一的還原，而是透過地圖繪製與資料整理，表現製圖者對大地的擁有權、解釋權。
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在從前的旅行中，我會在行前買一份巴黎的城市地圖，在台灣時就把旅行手冊上看到的景點標示在地圖中；並在旅程中逐一刪除，有時候還會用紅筆將散步走過的路徑畫上，以展示我對巴黎的熟稔程度。基本上，整張巴黎地圖我都畫滿了。
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▓ #google地圖的出現
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2005年，Google Map正式上線，一開始只是電腦版，同一年裡很快地推出手機版本，並且加入Google Earth的服務，直至今日，google的地圖是Google公司流量第二大的營運項目。Google Map運用了地理資訊系統（GIS），整合地表空間幾何特性以及地理屬性等兩種資訊之資料庫， GIS 中記錄的資料藉由適當的軟體解譯後可重現地表相關地形與地貌，使用者可以免費且自由地在地圖檔上標記並添加註記。這個地圖很快地成為旅行者的最佳找路工具，可以用微觀與巨觀的視野，審視空間樣態（廖酉鎮、陳均伊，2013）。
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相對於傳統紙本繪製，#地理資訊系統（Geographic Information System，GIS）的廣泛應用，省卻了實物儲存的難處，也使我們可以在同一空間的地圖上看到不同的主題的重叠和互動，我們更能按照我們的想法，在給定的地圖框架上任意標籤，製作對我們有意義的地圖（Lo, 2012）。
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Google不斷推出越來越豪華的地圖服務，像是「#交通資訊」、「#街景服務」、「#旅行規劃」，最近更加入虛擬實境的概念，將導航升級成「#AR導航」，透過 GPS 獲取用戶的位置，並使用街景資料產生「視覺定位系統」（Visual Positioning System，VPS），快速辨識周遭地標建築定位用戶位置，並在手機相機中以巨大的動畫箭頭結合街景，藉以更清楚地告知方向。這些方便的工具是積累在行動通訊技術、運算技術與人群使用習慣的大量應用與快速進步上，嶄新的地圖技術深刻地改變了旅行、旅人與城市的互動關係。
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▓ #人與機器結合下的旅行：地理媒介
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人與機器在移動技術空間中，被結合成一種人機複合體，或是Bruno Latour行動網絡理論中的「人—物」，這讓人的體驗更加複雜。你有沒有一種經驗，就是打開Google Map後，隨著指標轉動身體，試圖協調數位與真實的空間方向。或是，跟著導航行走，耳畔響起「向左轉」，就毫不猶豫地走向左方的街道。又或是，最一般的情況下，使用者會打開軟體，了解地理定位下自己與週邊資訊（店家、車站等）的關係。
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進入到隨身行動傳播科技時代，人與物結合下的移動與定位本身就是一種資訊，這些資訊詮釋了流動空間、網絡連結、移動過程的具體樣態。一方面，機器深刻地鑲嵌入人類的生活世界中，反過來說，人們亦透過機器產生全新、方便、延伸的特殊經驗。這種人機合一、日常鑲嵌的 #地理媒介（geomedia）（McQuire、潘霽，2019），在旅行實踐中更顯鮮明。
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在Web2.0時代，藉由地理媒介所構連起來的網絡式公共空間，展示了人類時空感知的嶄新轉變。透過行動傳播與數位化的技術，遊歷的地點本身不只是被媒介再現，而是，這些地點本身就是媒介，在程式運算的框架下，人與人、人與城市有了全新的關係：Google Map的使用與資料的積累，很大的程度上，人們利用社會實踐、消費行為與協商互動來定義旅行的地方。
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例如這次我們旅行到關東地區，特地前往宇都宮吃餃子。在行前我們藉由Google Map的即時資訊決定乘車的方式，查詢車站附近所有的餃子店以及他的評價、照片、菜單，用街景服務來定位自己如何到達要去的「餃天堂」。然後在這家算是有特色的餃子店鋪，我們竟然在餃子裡吃到了一根鋼刷鐵絲，店家也沒有很認真地看待。就默默地打開Google Map說明了當下的狀況，並給予較低的星級。
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▓ #自願式的地理資訊（volunteered geographic information）
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上述的情境是一種建構主義的場境，使用者們可能自知的情況下，#自願參與地理資訊的建構，這稱做自願式的地理資訊（VGI，volunteered geographic information）（Sieber and Haklay, 2015），Google Map的VGI使得人們更有機會參與城市意義的詮釋，在公共參與的意義上，Google Map也是一種社群媒體，它建築在遊客、居民、店家等大量用戶的傳播意向性上。在McQuire與潘霽（2019）的「地理媒介」評斷便提到中，媒介傳播技術、隨身行動和城市地理元素的深度融合，共同造就了「#成為公共」（becoming public）的體驗，打開城市生活的審美維度，同時推動了「成為公共」的過程。城市中的社會關係和權力關係，不再僅僅依據根植於城市空間結構的生活形態，而是更直接地被轉化為主動的「傳播」過程。
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從知識論的角度來看，Google Map有著三種資訊類型：自然的資訊、技術的資訊與文化的資訊。自然的資訊，如同人們所可以感受到的地形等；技術的資訊則如道路、水系的測量描述；而文化的資訊則指涉各種人類的行為，如駕駛、消費等。透過運算平台，當然也包含IG、FB上的「#社會標註」，像是打卡、分享美照、「#」，使用者、物、與城市風景大量交織成數位形式與真實形式共存的存在，並且在公共性的概念下交往互動。
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可是，我們還是可以想像與批判，一個反烏托邦正在進行。有時候我們不知道自己正是地理媒介的延伸，甚至不得不參與地理資訊的建立。當你想要運用導航系統時，其使用者本身正參與著車流量預測的演算過程。當我們行動時，我們也正經歷一種數據式的物化，個人與機器結合後，個人在時空中的所有作為都有可能面臨資本主義的收編，例如在Google Map上顯示個人化的位置性商業廣告。
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▓ #流動的社群與信任革命
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旅行者們對Google Map的使用，構成了一種流動與移動的社群，這個社群強調的並非穩定的社會記憶，他們更欣賞獲得片刻的超凡體驗，與享受如遊戲般的過程，在虛實間讓自己更能夠掌握旅行的地方。從Google Map的旅遊嚮導設計就可以發現，Google Map將每一位參與地理資料建構的人們都當作「專家」，這個構想在另一個旅行APP「#TripAdvisor」裡也非常鮮明。你可以在「TripAdvisor」裡分享更多評價、文章與圖片，分享你在移動時的超凡體驗，以獲得「#頂尖攝影師」、「#飯店達人」等等標章，以提高個人體驗的可信度。
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不過，有批評家認為，我們太容易把Google Map、Google Earth上的作為，理解為一種全景全知的圖像、透明的秩序，甚至是前面討論的參與和賦權的工具（Kingsbury & Jones, 2009）。閃耀著令人暈眩光茫的球體，反映了人類的戴奧尼索斯的妄想，我們狂亂地航行，歡天喜地地喧囂，我們全心全意、不加思索地信任它，卻低估了虛擬世界對真實世界的集體監控。
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▓ #回歸地方化?
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不過，站在創用的立場，我還是傾向對科技保持信任。信任研究者Bostman（2017）在《#信任革命》中談到，只有「信任」，人類才能在進程上有超越性的變革。當然，對Google Map的信任早在2010年以後就幾乎被廣大的使用者們接受了，雖然偶而還是會看到我父親打開地圖導航後，然後罵導航太笨，繼續走自己的路。但無疑得，Google Map扮演了旅行實踐的重要推動角色，它把商品、交通、約會與各種推薦搓合起來，讓旅行同時是個人的行動，也是集體的社群參與。也因為這些更加錯綜複雜的信任，旅人們才能獲得更多足以創新生活的服務。
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回到McQuire的地理媒介概念中，如果傳統大眾媒體帶給旅行者與地方的是一種想像的、再現的、去地方化的全球化幻覺。那麼這些隨身、隨地的地理媒介，像是Google Map，則在旅行者與地方之間形成更回歸地方化的關係，同時還包含了跨文化溝通的實現，透過這樣的地理媒介技術，更能提高人們對差異性與流動性的接受程度，還可以確保城市網絡中與他者共存的技能。
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#參考文獻:
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