【TL;DR】Daron Acemoglu 認為，美國一廂情願咁，想由上而下咁幫阿富汗建國，無考慮當地具體嘅限制。一個自由開明嘅社會，只可以有一個好狹窄嘅條件下先可能出現，亦即係佢所提出「自由的窄廊」（The Narrow Corridor）。

https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/afghanistan-top-down-state-building-failed-again-by-daron-acemoglu-2021-08

＝ ＝ ＝ 廣告時間 ＝ ＝ ＝

唔好意思，都係要推介我新開嘅自家平台 Unsubject

自從開始經營自媒體，最受歡迎嘅內容，就係 TL;DR 導讀系列：每個月，我會揀幾本新舊好書、經典作品，寫導讀；等大家位可以睇完，先決定係咪投資時間去開新書。

下個星期，不如就一次過介紹晒《國家為什麼會失敗》（Why Nations Fail）同《自由的窄巷》（The Narrow Corridor）。

有興趣嘅朋友，可以先免費登記 https://www.unsubject.me ；覺得值得支持，再訂閱都未遲。

【力量訓練的「訓練量」該如何設定？】

跑者的訓練量俗稱「跑量」，單位是「公里」，所以月跑量三百是指一個月總訓練距離300公里。在力量訓練圈的「訓練量」（Training Volume）常是「總反覆次數」 （Total Repetition）的同義詞；而「月總量」就是指一個月的總反覆次數，像我們會建議初跑者的月跑量最好不要超過100公里一樣，在做重訓時，有沒有一個區間可以讓大家參考呢？下面是《The System》的作者群建議：

#以下為譯文：
以剛接觸訓練的新手來說，月總量最好從750次（總反覆次數）開始；而菁英運動員的上限設在1,600次。在前蘇聯時代，我們親眼看到他們運動員以更高的月總量進行訓練。然而，我們後來也發現這跟他們使用加強運動表現的補給品有關，那使運動員能更快恢復。

總反覆次數是指在單一個週期中（這裡是指中週期）所有基本力量動作重複次數的總合。因此總反覆次數750的意思是在不同的訓練強度與動作中總共累計的次數，但這個數字不包括輔助訓練的動作。

從帳面上來看，750這個數字分配到一個月十二到十六次課表當中，看起來似乎很小，但我們這們所定的750這個數字比較像是「基本量」，而非下限，如果總反覆次數低於750下，就不會為運動員的成長帶來實質的影響。表 4.14 中的數值並不是意味著高水平或菁英運動員在四週內的總反覆次數永遠不會有低於1,000次情況發生，那只是維持成長的基本量。對運動員的恢復能力影響最大的是訓練量，因此這些範圍中比較需要注意的是上限的數值。若月總量超過上限值，恢復能力將快速到受到侵害，而且侵害的速度比任何其他因素都快。

一位菁英水準的運動員可以在一個月的時間裡完成1,000次以下的訓練，就算在恢復期也經常發生。然而，訓練新手若超過1,000次的上限，大都要承擔受傷或嚴重過度訓練的風險。

許多教練擔心他們的運動員練不夠，所以無法有效獲得力量和爆發力的進步。他們不想因為目標定得太低而有所保留，這讓他們感覺是「浪費」了一個月的訓練時間。剛開始採用這個方法來訓練時有這種感覺很自然，我們系統中的每一位教練也都曾經歷過相同的掙扎。

美國的力量教練已經把「訓練要用盡全力」當作一種信念，訓練完還有餘力好像就會覺得不夠認真。但請相信我們。我們說的方法很少失敗，也幾乎沒有過度訓練的風險，這些區間已被證明能最有效地幫助運動員進步。

在調整運動員的訓練量時，需要考慮到他們的技巧、經驗、過去的醫療史、訓練史、性別、實際年齡與訓練年齡。

我們過去的慘痛教訓可以讓你少走許多彎路。當你在訓練量的拿捏上猶豫不決時，原則是寧少勿多。寧可因量太少沒進步，也不要犯下過量訓練的錯誤。

總訓練量不包括輔助訓練或是特別針對「局部效果」的練習次數。那些動作主要是為了強化特定肌肉或是使全身力量動作能做得更好的輔助性訓練，所以我們不會把它們算在總訓練量中。
最受我們重視的力量訓練動作不只對身體的負擔很大，技術要求也很高；正因如此，我們才會嚴格限制訓練量。

雖然輔助訓練不會被計算在總訓練量裡，但你不要因此失控，開始加練很多你想練的輔助動作。永遠記住：效率第一。

#原文如下
The absolute floor of volume for a novice athlete is 750 total exercise repetitions per month, and the ceiling for the elite athlete is 1,600 total reps. During our time in the former Soviet Republics, we witnessed athletes performing even higher monthly training volumes. However, as we found later, that was often with the benefit of performance-enhancing substances that allowed for more rapid recovery.

In a single cycle, the total number of repetitions pertains to all exercises performed in the key movements. This means 750 total repetitions are spread between the different exercises among the range of training intensities we want to emphasize.

On the surface, these can seem like small numbers when we consider they may be spread out over 12 to 16 training sessions. That 750-rep total is really more like the basement rather than the floor of total volume—any less than 750 will not budge the needle on gains. That does not mean advanced or elite-level athletes will not have cycles that dip below 1,000 reps. These ranges should be more prescriptive of the ceiling of higher volumes to avoid exceeding. Pushing monthly volume beyond these ranges erodes recovery more rapidly than any other factor.

An elite-level athlete can use a month with a total volume of under 1,000 reps, as will often be the case when returning to training. However, a novice athlete can rarely exceed the 1,000-rep ceiling without risking an injury or a significant overtraining effect.

Many coaches worry their athletes will not do enough work to promote gains in strength and power. They do not want to “waste” a month by aiming too low on total volume and leaving some gains in the tank. That is a natural feeling when adopting this method, and each of us went through the same mental struggle.

Strength coaches in America are not hard-wired to accept less than maximum. However, trust us when we say that without fail, these ranges have proven to be the most effective in generating progress with almost no risk of overtraining.

Fine-tuning where your athletes fall in a volume range takes skill, experience, and consideration of their medical and training history, biological and training age, and gender.
The bloody trail of our mistakes can save you a lot of added stress: When in doubt, it is always better to err on the side of less volume than too much.

The total volume number does not include accessory work or exercises of “local effect.” Those exercises are more targeted muscle strengthening or exercises to support the main movements.

We are mainly concerned about the most physically taxing exercises that demand more of an athlete’s attention to technique—hence, the volume restrictions.

Although the accessory work is not included in the volume calculations, you still cannot go wild, adding as much as you want. Always remember this: efficiency first.
(以上摘錄自原文第132~133)
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若有發現翻譯不到位或有問題的地方，非常歡迎也希望各界指正！

【基礎力量訓練的動作有哪些？】

在我的觀念裡，力量訓練可分為「基礎力量」和「專項力量」。前者是每一種運動項目都要練的，後者跟運動項目有關，例如游泳、自行車、足球和跑步的「專項力量」都會有差別。但「基礎力量」會大同小異，這個大同中就一定有蹲舉……等動作。但除了蹲舉還有哪些？《The System》這本談論基礎力量的專書已經明確回答了這個問題，下面引用原文書第34頁分享如下：
--
#以下為譯文

帕列托法則（Pareto’s Principle），是一項著名的經濟學法則，又稱為「80/20法則」，它也適用於力量訓練動作的選擇。它所要表達的意思很簡單：把80%資源花在能產出最大效益的20%關鍵事情上，而這20%的關鍵又將為你帶來80%的效益。從訓練的目的來看，我們可以把這個法則的內容改寫成：從所有的力量動作中選出最關鍵的20%，而這關鍵的20%訓練動作將為運動員的力量與爆發力帶來80%的訓練效果。

這關鍵的20%訓練動作，作者選列如下：
●蹲舉及其變化式：背蹲舉、前蹲舉、單腿蹲
●爆發力動作：上膊、抓舉、挺舉、推舉
●推與拉：臥推、肩推、上膊與抓舉的拉槓動作、划船及其變化式
●下背與後側動力鏈：羅馬尼亞式硬舉 (RDL)、背挺舉、反向背挺舉、早安動作

以上這份清單很短，但這些動作就是我們認為基礎力量動作中關鍵的20%。雖然我們所設計的力量課表中，不會只有這些動作，但80%的訓練效果無疑都是由它們產生，在跟我們合作過的運動員中只要是認真熟練這幾個動作，進步的效果都很明顯。

簡而言之，把你的重心放在學習與優化這幾種動作的教學上，會比學習眾多「複雜的」和「全面式的」課表，更能有效幫助運動員提升力量和爆發力。

除了上述20%關鍵動作之外，任何其他的舉重與訓練動作都應當作輔助、平衡弱點或滿足專項運動需求的訓練手段。這些動作應只占總體訓練的一小段時間，只是在填補訓練空隙，換句話說，它們只是輔助。有很多教練在動作選擇上太過追求創造力，不斷地學習與搜集那些無法顯著提升力量的訓練動作。

運動的基礎元素是蹲、跳、跑、彎(腰)/屈(膝)、(旋)轉、推、拉。只要你在這些基礎元素中奠定良好的基礎，練就更好的動作品質、穩定度與力量，並逐步提升動作的速度，我們幾乎就能為每一種運動提供所需的專項力量。重要的事先做，把大量的時間反覆花在關鍵動作的技術優化與力量強化上。

#原文如下
We ascribe to the 80/20 rule—attributed as Pareto’s Principle, an economic principle. It states that for many events, 20 percent of the work yields 80 percent of the effects. Adapted for our purposes, 20 percent of all the exercise and movement choices yield 80 percent of the gains in strength and power development.

●SQUAT VARIATIONS—back squat, front squat, single-leg squat
●EXPLOSIVE MOVEMENTS—clean, snatch, jerk, push-press
●PUSHING AND PULLING—bench press, military press, pulls (clean and snatch), row variants
●LOW BACK AND POSTERIOR CHAIN—Romanian deadlift (RDL), hyperextension and reverse hyperextension, good morning

That very short list of fundamental lifts compromises our particular 20 percent. Although we dedicate much more than 20 percent of our programming to these basic lifts, there is no doubt that well over 80 percent of the results we have seen in our athletes can be attributed to mastering this handful of movements and lifts.

Made even simpler, placing the primary focus of your coaching on learning and refining your teaching of the fundamental lifts will yield far greater and more sustained gains in your athletes’ strength and power than many more complex and “comprehensive” programs.

Any additional lifts or movements should be considered assistance or accessory work, which serve to address specific needs or deficits. Those exercises make up just a fraction of our time, as they fill gaps, rather than form the base of training—in other words, to provide assistance. Too many coaches try to be creative in exercise selection and end up with a collection of movements and lifts that improve nothing to any significant level.

The fundamental movements of sport are squatting, jumping, running, bending, twisting, pushing, and pulling. By building proficiency in the quality, the stability and strength, and then the speed of those movements, we provide almost all of the sport specificity we need. This is how we put first things first, and spend the greatest amount of time and repetition on refining and strengthening movements.
(以上原文出自《The System》第34頁)
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若有發現翻譯不到位或有問題的地方，非常歡迎也希望各界指正！

歡迎光臨~我是樂筆！

我有一個單身27年的朋友，每天嚷嚷著想結婚，但既然這麼想結婚，為什麼從來沒交過女朋友呢？這天終於邀請他來上節目分享這些年間他是如何保守自己、預備自己、認識自己的～(但真心祝福幼稚的他可以變得符合實際年齡些)

你怎麼看待單身呢？會不會有點害怕、有點著急？有時候覺得自由自在，但有時候又忍不住懷疑自己的價值？單身不代表你不好，只是屬於你的季節尚未到來，不論單身或進入關係，你永遠值得被愛！趁著單身，趕快KO人生的各樣待辦事項，修正自己生命的bug！願每個人都成熟的進到關係中，成為祝福並且建立美好的家庭。

最後，跟聽眾說聲抱歉！不好意思我們平常太熟所以節目裡面講太多幹話，非常很努力才把它們修掉，所以時長只剩下30分鐘😂😂😂

註：基督徒數據王們應該有發現老易說撒拉99歲生以撒，是錯的！以撒在撒拉90歲、亞伯拉罕100歲時出生！這段老易口誤，懇請他的組員、朋友、粉絲(？)與未來老婆不要懷疑他的專業度(嗯，我被逼迫加上這段)。

創世紀17:19你妻子撒拉要給你生一個兒子，你要給他起名叫以撒，我要與他堅定所立的約，作他後裔永遠的約。

Welcome to Sunlight!
My friend, single for 27 years, is always yelling that he wants to get married. Why he never gets a girlfriend although he wants to get married? Finally I ask him to share how he keeps himself, prepares himself and knows himself these years~(Wish him meets the actual age)
What do you think about singledom? Are you a little afraid of or anxious? Sometimes you feel free but sometimes feel worthless? Being single doesn’t mean you’re not good enough, instead, meaning that it’s not quite ready yet. No matter you’re single or not, you’re always worthy of love! Get your to-do list down ASAP when you’re single, and “debug” your life! Hope you guys become mature first and then take off the single, bless others and found families.
Lastly, I’m sorry! Because we’re so familiar that we talk trash too much. I’m trying hard to delete so there are only 30 minutes left in the episode. 😂😂😂
Note: If you’re Christians, you may find that Ethan is wrong for saying “Sarah bore Isaac when she was 99 years old.” Isaac was born when Sarah was 90 years old and Abraham was 100 years old. It’s a slip of the tongue. Hope his group members, friends, fans(?) and the wife in the future believe his professionalism(Well, I’m forced to add it.)
Genesis 17:19 King James Bible
And God said, Sarah thy wife shall bear thee a son indeed; and thou shalt call his name Isaac: and I will establish my covenant with him for an everlasting covenant, and with his seed after him.

📁節目收聽方式：
Apple Podcast、KKBOX、Spotify 🔍歡迎光臨

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主持人兼編輯 Host/Editor/：樂筆
剪接師 Sound Editor：Papa.H
翻譯 Translator：Youli

現代人的娛樂大多是使用3C產品解悶，
依賴電腦、手機，上網聊天或打電動遊戲，
看似豐富的生活，
但人與人之間，真實面對面的互動反而減少了。

不丹卻用一種特別的全民運動兼娛樂活動，
維持著整個社會的向心力。

在不丹有句諺語，
『不會射箭的人就不是不丹人』，
意思是每位不丹人都會射箭。

然而現代的的不丹人使用弓箭並不是為了狩獵或打仗，
而是延續了傳統文化，
更將它提升為不丹的代表性運動，
甚至是會派代表參加奧運比賽的少數項目之一。

更是凝聚家庭、社會的重要社交活動
到底多重要呢？
讓我們繼續看下去~

補充說明：
本第十集內容所採用之照片及影像蒐集自網路，
如有侵權，敬請告知刪除，
謝謝！

Nowadays, our entertainment mostly comes from electronic devices.
We rely on computers and phones for chats or playing games.
Although our lives seem busy,
there is less face-to-face connection between people.

Bhutan has a special social activity, which is also their national sport, to keep people connected.

In Bhutan, there is a saying that
“one who cannot fire an arrow is not a Bhutanese”
meaning each Bhutanese can play archery.

However, today’s Bhutaneses use bows and arrows not for hunting nor battles.
It is a continuation of the traditional culture, which became a national sport.

It is one of the few Olympic Games that the country participates in.

It is also an important family and social event.
How important is archery to Bhutan?
See this video to learn more.

Notice:
The photos and videos in this episode are
collected from the internet.
If there is any copyright infringement, please notify us for removal.
Thanks.

#不丹 #Bhutan #射箭 #archery #archer #TsheringChoden #Karma #奧運
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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If you like our videos, please like, subscribe + share 🥰

Have something to share with us? Welcome to leave us a message or private message 😉

Copyright © ️ Question: If there is any infringement of your copyright, please notify us to deal with it, and we will take it off. Thanks.
E-mail：bctbhutan@gmail.com

The way I feel
作词作曲&和音：许静雯Lisa Hui 编曲混合：Awesome Studio

Lisa 的創作心靈：

當你不被你的愛人認可，卻想要引起他的對你注意力，那就只能盡你所能展示你魅力了吧。
只有18歲的Lisa愛唱歌，寫歌，跳舞，Lisa寫這首歌時候是想運用阿拉伯曲風與西班牙風格組成混合，希望藉着異國風情的熱情舞曲展示出她對愛人的那份熱愛。
這曲寫給她的愛人，他會欣賞嗎？
可惜那時候那位愛人已經愛上了另一位女生，而他卻沒男子漢的擔當，不敢勇敢的承認。還取笑Lisa 為他寫的歌，說Lisa寫的歌詞沒意思而且還很搞笑，哈哈大笑地取笑Lisa。其實對Lisa是滿諷刺的，只是Lisa 放不下那段感情，畢竟那時候已經拍拖3年半，雖然感情上的分分合合，讓Lisa心靈有重重的挫敗感，但Lisa 根本不想放棄。
Lisa還是把滿滿的愛意寫給這位愛人。 打從心底希望愛人能夠欣賞。只可惜最後都是有緣無分。

這也是Lisa 專輯裡面唯一的一首英文歌曲。



The way I feel
Melody, Lyrics & Harmonies : Lisa Hui Mixing & Arrangement : Awesome Studio

Lisa's creative mind soul:
When you are not recognized by your lover, but want to attract his attention to you, then you can only show your charm as much as you can.
The 18-years-old Lisa loves to sing, write, and dance. When Lisa wrote this song, she wanted to use a mix of Arabic style and Spanish style, hoping to show her love for her lover through exotic passionate dance music.
Will this song be written to her lover?
Unfortunately, at that time, the lover had fallen in love with another girl, he did not have the responsibility of a man, and dared not to admit the relationship bravely. Also making fun of Lisa’s song for him, saying that Lisa’s lyrics are boring and funny, and do not make sense, and made fun of Lisa with a loud laughter.
In fact, Lisa is full of irony, but Lisa can't let go of that relationship. After all, she has been dating with him for 3 and a half years. Although the separations and combination of emotions made Lisa's heart frustrated as a teenager, true love is what she longs for. Lisa didn't want to give up at all.
Lisa still wrote a lot of love to this lover. From the bottom of her heart, She hope this lover can appreciate it. It's a pity that in the end they were all destined apart from each other.

This is the only English song on Lisa’s album.