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#redskin #football

🏈 The Washington Redskins
美國平權爭議燒向🔥美式足球：華盛頓紅皮隊隊名爭議

在進入文章之前，先來看幾個單字～✍
1. NFL「美式足球聯盟」：National Football League，是世界最大的職業美式足球聯盟，Super Bowl「超級盃」則是NFL的年度冠軍賽，一般在每年1月最後一個或2月第一個禮拜天舉行，當天也稱為Super Bowl Sunday，觀看超級盃足球賽可以說是全美運動。
2. criticism「批評」：當名詞，動詞為criticize
3. activist「社運人士」
4. settler「殖民者，開拓者」
5. negative「負面的」
6. stereotype「刻板印象」
7. offensive「冒犯的，歧視的」
8. poll「民意調查」
9. call on「呼籲，訴求」
10. merchandise「商品」

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If you’re a fan of American football, you’re sure to be familiar with the Washington Redskins. Since joining the NFL in the early 1930s, the Redskins have won two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins—the New England Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, Pittsburgh Steelers, Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers.
如果你是美式足球迷，想必對華盛頓紅皮隊不陌生。從1930年代初期加入美國職業美式足球聯盟NFL以來，紅皮隊已經拿下兩次NFL冠軍以及三次超級盃冠軍。目前只有五個球隊出現在超級盃的次數能超過紅皮隊──新英格蘭愛國者隊、達拉斯牛仔隊、匹茲堡鋼人隊、丹佛野馬隊，以及舊金山49人隊。

In recent years, however, the Redskins have come under increasing criticism. Although the Redskins’ last Super Bowl appearance was in 1992, this criticism isn’t about their performance on the field, but rather their name.
不過最近幾年，紅皮隊卻受到越來越多的批評聲浪。即使紅皮隊最近一次現身在超級盃已經是1992年的事情了，不過這個批評其實跟他們球場上的表現無關，而是跟他們的隊名有關。

Where does the term “redskin” come from? In the 18th century, French settlers in the Mississippi River Valley translated a word used by local Indians to refer to themselves into peau rouge. This was later translated into English as redskin, a term that was used for many years with no negative meaning, even by Indians themselves. But during the civil rights movement of the 1960s, American Indian activists began to feel that words like redskin promoted negative stereotypes about Native Americans.
「紅皮膚redskin」這個詞是怎麼來的？十八世紀移居到密西西比河流域的法國人，將當地印地安人用來自稱的字翻成peau rouge，這個法文詞後來翻成英文redskin「紅皮膚」，當時這個字並沒有任何負面含意，也這樣相安無事用了許多年，連印地安人自己也在用。不過，到一九六〇年代人權運動時期，美國印第安社運人士開始覺得，這個字會引起大家對美國原住民的負面刻板印象。

Today, most dictionaries define redskin as an offensive term, but it’s not that simple. A number of polls have shown that the majority of football fans, the general public, and even American Indians, don’t find the word redskin offensive. And Redskins owner Dan Snyder has said the name was chosen back in 1933 to honor Native Americans, including the head coach—who was part Sioux—and four of the team’s players.
如今，多數字典都將redskin這個字定義成歧視字眼，不過事情可沒這麼簡單。一連串針對美式足球觀眾、一般大眾、甚至對美國印地安人所做的民意調查顯示，他們並不覺得redskin這個字有歧視意味。而紅皮隊老闆丹施耐德也說了，這個隊名是他們在1933年為了表彰隊上的美國原住民隊員而選定的，包含身為蘇族的總教練以及其4名球員。

But following the police killing of George Floyd, a group of investors wrote letters to Redskins sponsors like FedEx, Nike and PepsiCo urging them to put pressure on the team to change its name. On July 2, FedEx publically called on the team to change its name, and Nike removed all Redskins merchandise from its website. The next day, the team announced that it would be reviewing its name, and on July 13 made an official statement that they would retire the Redskins name and logo.
然而，發生佛洛依德之死事件之後，一群投資人寫信給FedEx、Nike、百事可樂等紅皮隊的贊助商，希望他們對紅皮隊施加壓力更改隊名。7月2日，FedEx公開呼籲紅皮隊改名，Nike則是撤下官網上所有有紅皮隊隊徽的產品。隔日紅皮隊宣布會審慎檢討隊名，並在7月13日做出官方說明，表示他們會讓紅皮隊這個名字與隊徽走入歷史。
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討個喜氣不過如此，反正整年也都這麼庸庸碌碌匆匆忙忙ㄉ過了，只有農曆春節時刻可以正大光明ㄉ討個喜氣穿個大紅色以我最搖擺的姿態行走一點也不突兀！
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蘭哈姆法（Lanham Act）的蔑視禁令違反憲法


在過去的幾十年中，美國專利商標局（USPTO）與商標初審上訴委員會（TTAB）多次引用Lanham Act §2（a）中，商標不得帶有蔑視的規定(disparagement provision)做為拒絕或撤銷商標的根據。在過去的兩年中，法院引用這項規定來撤銷某些著名已註冊商標，包括Washington Redskin擁有的商標註冊被撤銷。本案中，美國聯邦上訴巡迴法院（CAFC）解決了關於§2（a）是否合憲性的爭論，和因為該法規允許政府依此法令拒絕商標註冊而確定該條款是違憲的，因為言論自由與商標之間有衝突時，憲法保障言論自由優先。
#USPTO #LanhamAct