等一下坐車時再讀。 C15 C17 很有趣。

C15 ：(Wiki)

Pentadecanoic acid is a saturated fatty acid. Its molecular formula is CH3(CH2)13COOH. It is rare in nature, being found at the level of 1.2% in the milk fat from cows.[2] The butterfat in cows milk is its major dietary source[3]

C17：(Wiki)

Heptadecanoic acid, or margaric acid, is a saturated fatty acid. Its molecular formula is CH3(CH2)15COOH. It occurs as a trace component of the fat and milkfat of ruminants,[2] but it does not occur in any natural animal or vegetable fat at high concentrations.

心血管代謝疾病:超越卡路里的影響

高糖加上高脂飲食,或許才是增加心血管代謝疾病風險最主要的原因.

高糖加上高脂飲食透過影響大腦相關
獎勵系統(reward system)及腸道菌態平衡(gut microbiome),擾亂能源平衡系統(Energy balance).

Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories.
obesity reviews:2018 May 14.
doi: 10.1111/obr.12699.

Conclusion
1.Evidence suggests that consumption of n-6 fatty acids
results in lower cardiometabolic risk factors/risk compared
with isocaloric amounts of SFA. However, differences
exist between individual SFA, and the food matrix needs to be considered; e.g. dairy foods such
as cheese and yogurts are associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk. More research is needed to clarify the differences among the individual SFA and SFAcontaining
foods.

2.Evidence strongly suggests that consumption of
fructose-sweetened, HFCS-sweetened or sucrosesweetened beverages increases cardiometabolic risk factors/risk compared with isocaloric amounts of
starch. More research is needed comparing the metabolic
effects of SSB versus sugar in solid food and sugar
in solid food versus refined or whole grain starch.

3.There is currently insufficient evidence that a highCHO
diet affects weight gain or weight loss to a different
extent than a high-fat diet. Susceptibility to weight
gain when consuming diets high in refined CHO/glycaemic load may be affected by the metabolic status of the individual (i.e. glucose tolerance/insulin
sensitivity). More studies focused on strategies to prevent
weight regain in weight-reduced subjects are
needed.

4.RCTs ranging from 4 weeks to 3 years in duration
demonstrate that consumption of aspartame does not
promote body weight gain in adults. Well-controlled
and long-term RCTs in adults are warranted to assess
the effects of saccharin, acesulfame K and steviol glycosides on body weight and other health outcomes. More
studies to assess the effects of all types of NNSs in children
are needed.

a• Continued research on the following topics could provide
important insights and strategies for slowing the
obesity epidemic.

b• The high-sugar, high-fat palatable Western diet
could be perturbing both sides of the energy balance
equation through effects on brain regions associated
with reward and/or on the gut microbiome.

c• Susceptibility to weight gain may be affected by exposure
to sugar and/or NSS during critical periods
of development from pre-conception to adult life