Overview of mitochondria and their functions
Mitochondria consist of four compartments: outer membrane (OM), intermembrane space (IMS), inner membrane (IM) and matrix. A large variety of functions have been assigned to mitochondrial proteins and protein complexes and are indicated in the figure: energy metabolism with respiration and synthesis of ATP; metabolism of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides; biosynthesis of iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters and cofactors; expression of the mitochondrial genome; quality control and degradation processes including mitophagy and apoptosis; signalling and redox processes; membrane architecture and dynamics; and the import and processing of precursor proteins that are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes. AAA, ATP-dependent proteases of the inner membrane; E3, ubiquitin-protein ligase; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; Ub, ubiquitin.

From: Mitochondrial proteins: from biogenesis to functional networks Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

藥物，化妝品都有可能有 Parabens
而這會生出 ROS ，影響精子質量，破壞 DNA

#Parabens and HIS fertility -- Antimicrobial #preservatives are actually #preservatives: #ROS increase may harm human sperm

We already know that they have weak oestrogenic and antiandrogenic activities, the antimicrobial preservative agents from many commercial products including cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, now research indicates that a mixture of common parabens is "capable of stimulating the generation of mitochondrial and cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting sperm motility and viability in a dose‐dependent manner".

"Taken together, [our] data underline the potential cytotoxic and genotoxic impact of such compounds in a clinical setting," the authors highlight.

suppversity.com | Samarasinghe, S. V., Krishnan, K. , Naidu, R. , Megharaj, M. , Miller, K. , Fraser, B. and Aitken, R. J. (2018), Parabens generate reactive oxygen species in human spermatozoa. Andrology.doi.org/10.1111/andr.12499

Dysfunction of autophagy — an intracellular degradation pathway for cytosolic material — has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Rubinsztein and colleagues review recent progress in this area, focusing on macroautophagy, and discuss how this process may be manipulated to protect against neurodegeneration. http://bit.ly/1QnFgPh