書名 Word Origins,The Secret Histories of English Words from A to Z(2nd Edition)
作者：John Ayto
出版社：A&C Black,London
（檔案下載）大陸愛問網站：
http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/9721243.html
本書是一本好用的英文字源學的書，推薦給大家下載使用。


另外一本則是　JOSEPH T. SHIPLEY 所寫的 (Dictionary of Word Origins)
http://0rz.tw/GyU6y　　（此為該書為線上全文網址，可直接用檢索查閱）
　　　　　　　　　　　 （本書的好處是會把相關意義的字放在一起，
　　　　　　　　　　　　 就這一點來說，free與slave之間的關連在本書更明顯）


以下我以friend與free為例來說明使用上述查字源的有趣之處。

首先我們先以 John Ayto的書為例：
譬如friend
[OE] Etymologically, friend means ‘loving’.
It and its Germanic relatives (German freund, Dutch vriend,
Swedish frände, etc) go back to the present participle of
the prehistoric Germanic verb *frijōjan ‘love’　　　　　　　　
(historically, the German present participle ends in -nd, as in
FRIDAY, FRIENDmodern German -end; English -ng is an
alteration of this). *Frijōjan itself was a
derivative of the adjective *frijaz, from which
modern English gets free, but which originally
meant ‘dear, beloved’.

相關的字彙為free，我們再查查free

free free [OE] The prehistoric ancestor of free was a
term of affection uniting the members of a
family in a common bond, and implicitly
excluding their servants or slaves – those who (free是指免於奴役）
were not ‘free’. It comes ultimately from Indo-
FREEEuropean *prijos, whose signification ‘dear,
beloved’ is revealed in such collateral
descendants as Sanskrit priyás ‘dear’, Russian
prijatel’ ‘friend’, and indeed English friend. Its
Germanic offspring, *frijaz, displays the shift
from ‘affection’ to ‘liberty’, as shown in German
frei, Dutch vrij, Swedish and Danish fri, and
English free. Welsh rhydd ‘free’ comes from the
same Indo-European source.

相關的字為friday與friend，我們再查查friday。

Friday [OE] Friday was named for Frigg, in
Scandinavian mythology the wife of Odin and
goddess of married love and of the hearth (Frigg,
or in Old English Frīg, is thought to have come
from prehistoric Germanic *frijaz ‘noble’,
source of English free). ‘Frigg’s day’ was a
direct adaptation of Latin Veneris dies ‘Venus’s
COGNITION, IGNOBLE, KNOW, NOTORIOUS,
RECOGNIZEday’ (whence French vendredi ‘Friday’), which
in turn was based on Greek Aphrodítēs hēméra
‘Aphrodite’s day’.

這裡引起我注意是love和noble兩個字。
上述的friend提到beloved。

noble和社會階層有關，也和知識有關。
我們來看看字源。

noble [13] Etymologically, to be noble is simply
to be ‘well known’. The word reached English 博學之人。
via Old French noble from Latin nōbilis. But this
was only a later form of an original gnōbilis
(preserved in the negative form ignoble [16]),
which was derived from the base *gnō- ‘know’,　　　　　　 知
source also of English notorious. It thus
originally meant ‘knowable’, hence ‘known’,
and only subsequently broadened out via ‘well
known’ to ‘noble’ (which in ancient Rome　　　　　　　　在古羅馬指屬於
denoted ‘belonging to a family of which many　　　　　　　state之中位居高
members had held high office in the state’).　　　　　　　位之成員。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 或者就是指貴族(?)

這邊就讓我們看到了自由人與貴族之間的關係。
只有自由人能夠免於奴役，能夠「知」（有知識）。

朋友之間則是自由的、高貴的，
自由是指免於奴役，免於工具性的目的，即把人當人，不是當成實現一己目的的手段。
高貴的。我則比較從階層的角度來看，只有免於互相奴役的人才能當朋友，
在羅馬時代的條件底下，只有貴族，或高貴身份的人有這種可能性。

以上大概是我透過friend, free, 以及friday所作的示範。

另外相關的字源的討論，最好可以配合Oxford English Dictionary
或者其他字源學字典，因為每位學者的書寫方式與表達方式會有些微差異
譬如JOSEPH T. SHIPLEY 所寫的 (Dictionary of Word Origins)
（本書的好處是會把相關意義的字放在一起，因此，free與slave的比較在本書更明顯）

譬如說，該書對於free與friend的討論如下：

free.

The man that calls himself heart-
free is not talking in terms of origins.
Free (OF..freon, to love, cognate with
Sansk. priya, dear : thus OE. freond,
whence Eng. friend) meant beloved. In
the early home were those one loved,
and the slaves — hence free came to mean,
not enslaved. Note that slave (Fr. esclave. 這裡順便解釋了slave
from LL. Sclavus) is the name of the
central European race, the Slav or
Slavic, which in their own tongue
means "glory ;" but they had been con- 　　　　　　指出slave與征服的榮耀有關
quered, and from them the Romans
and even the Franks drew their ser-
vants. Hence frank, from the tribe 　　　　　　　　再釋frank，是France名之源
that in tiie 0th c. conquered Gaul and 　　　　　　為free, open。
gave its name to France: free, open. 　　　　　　　加上en，成為「使自由」
From this come franchise and en-
franchise (Fr. affranchir, to set free) ;
also the application of frank as the
privilege of jree mailing. Frankincense
(OFr. jranc encens: noble incense . . .)
from incendere, incensus, to blaze, to
set afire, from in, intensive + ^aw^^''^*
to glow. The inceptive of this, incan-
descere, gives us incandescent. To in-
cense is to set one's temper blazing.

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※ 編輯: godsound 來自: 140.112.156.65 (11/06 17:23)
※ 編輯: godsound 來自: 140.112.156.65 (11/06 19:52)