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中文字幕：張皓雲
校稿 ：YouTubeLearn
「約翰走路：走遍世界的男人」

You’ve probably seen one of these, a LEGO brick, but have you ever wondered how would it all started, and why is it called LEGO? Actually, the name is much older than this plastic brick. Are you curious? Let me tell you how it all began.
你可能看過這其中之一，一塊樂高積木，但你有沒有想過這一切是如何開始的，以及它為什麼叫樂高嘛？事實上，這名字比這塊塑膠積木老得多了。好奇嗎？讓我告訴你這一切如何開始的。

Many years ago, there was a skilled and hardworking carpenter named, Ole Kirk Christiansen. Ole was a respected carpenter with his own company. But times were hard, so he didn’t have much money and had to dismiss his last worker.
許多年以前，有位技術高超、工作勤奮的木匠，他的名字是Ole Kirk Christiansen。Ole是名受人尊敬的木匠，並擁有自己的公司。但日子很困苦，所以他沒有太多錢，還必須解雇最後一名員工。

“Come on in.”
“ I’ve closed down the workshop and packed my thing.”
“Heh, thank you!”
“I suppose I’d better write you a paycheck.”
“Take care!”
「進來吧。」
「我已經關了木作工坊，也打包了我的東西。」
「啊，謝謝你！」
「我想我最好寫張薪水支票給你。」
「保重！」

“Well, that was the last one. I just didn’t imagine that it would come to this.”
“I know. It’s hard to understand, but at least now it can’t get much worse.”
「嗯，這是最後一名員工。只是我沒有想像會演變成這樣。」
「我知道。很難預料到，但至少不會再更糟了。」

But it did get worse. Shortly after, Ole lost his wife. But Ole was a special person. He wasn’t the type that gave up. And with the responsibility of his four sons, he had to think of something. Ole had gotten an idea. And for him, it never took long to put an idea into action. Ole’s little invention made his boys so happy that he thought maybe he should start making toys. Ole decided to give it a try. Luckily, he had saved up a lot of wood from the carpentry production. He can now use it to make toys.
但事情確實更糟了。不久後，Ole失去了他的妻子。但Ole是個特別的人。他不是那種會放棄的人。為了要對四個兒子負起責任，他必須要想些辦法。Ole想到了個點子。而且對他來說，要將點子付諸行動從來不需花太多時間。Ole的小發明讓他的兒子們非常開心，所以他想也許他應該開始做玩具。Ole決定要試一試。幸運的是，他曾儲存了許多製作木器用的木料。他現在可以用這些來做玩具。

Time passed by, and even though Ole was a skilled carpenter and had a good eye for quality and detail, sales were very slow. Luckily, one of his sons, Godtfrey, started helping out his dad after school. Together, they just barely managed to keep up the production. Eventually, word began to spread that wooden toys of the finest quality were being made in a little workshop in Billund.
時光流逝，而且即使Ole是名技術高超的木匠，並對品質及細節有好眼光，銷售還是非常緩慢。幸運地，他其中一個兒子Godtfrey開始在放學之後幫助他的父親。他倆一起還是只能勉強維持產量。最後，開始口耳相傳在Billund有間小木作工坊生產品質最好的木製玩具。

One day, a man drove into town — a man who would change Ole’s future. He was a wholesaler from Frederitia.
有一天，一名男子開車到城裡來–一個將會改變Ole未來的男人。他是從Frederitia來的批發商。

“I’ve heard that you’re making some very nice wooden toys.”
「我聽說你生產非常精美的木製玩具。」

“Well, one does his best.”
「這個嘛，竭盡我所能囉。」

The wholesaler was very impressed with all the wooden toys and placed a big order before he left.
這批發商對所有木製玩具印象非常深刻，並在離開前開出一筆大訂單。

“Now there’s finally someone who can see the opportunities and what we are doing.”
“Look at this. The wholesaler wants to put a lot of our toys into his store for the holidays.”
“It’s going to be a good Christmas this year, but we’ll be busy.”
「現在終於有個人看到這些機會、看到我們在做的事。」
「看這個。那個批發商想在假期期間在他的店裡放上很多我們的玩具。」
「今年的聖誕節會很好過，但我們會很忙。」

Now, there was a lot to do in the little workshop. And Ole could rehire his former workers. Ole only used the highest quality wood, which was hand-picked and very carefully prepared. They worked day and night to get the order finished, so the wholesaler could get the toys out in stores before Christmas.
現在這間小木作工坊有許多事要忙。而且Ole可以重新聘僱他以前的員工。Ole只用最高品質的木頭，這些木頭都是親手挑選的，並經過非常細心的準備。他們日以繼夜地工作以完成訂單，以能讓那位批發商能在聖誕節以前將這些玩具放到店裡。

“Is there something wrong, Dad?”
“I’m afraid that we’re… in big trouble.”
「發生什麼事了嗎？爸爸？」
「恐怕我們…有大麻煩了」

In the middle of their work, Ole received a letter saying that the wholesaler had filed for bankruptcy, and couldn’t buy the toys that he had ordered.
在他們工作進行到一半時，Ole收到一封信，上面寫著那名批發商已申請破產，不能買下他之前訂的玩具。

“But what are you gonna do? What about Christmas? Now we can’t even afford food?”
“I’ll do it.”
“What are you gonna do, Dad?”
“I’ll do it myself. I’ll drive around selling the toys.”
「但你要怎麼做？聖誕節怎麼辦？現在我們甚至買不起食物？」
「我會做。」
「你要怎麼做？爸爸？」
「我自己做。我會開車兜售這些玩具。」

There was no time to lose. Ole packed the car with all the toys and drove off. Ole was a very good toy-maker but was not a very good salesman. He didn’t like praising himself or talking about how carefully the toys have been made, but he had to keep trying if he is going to sell anything.
沒有時間浪費了。Ole將所有玩具裝進車裡，並開車離開。Ole是名很優秀的玩具製造者，但卻不是位優秀的銷售員。他不喜歡吹捧自己，或說這些玩具是如何細心地製作出來的，但如果想賣出任何東西，他就必須要繼續嘗試。

“This is going to be a blast. Is there anything you are interested in?”
“It looks exciting, but I don’t have a lot of money right now. Maybe we could trade in and call it even.”
“Well, I would prefer money, but…”
「這會造成轟動的。有任何你感興趣的東西嗎？」
「這看起來很振奮人心，但我現在沒有很多錢。也許我們能以物易物然後扯平。」
「這個嘛，我比較想收錢，但…」

In the end, he succeeded in selling all the toys. He didn’t receive as much money as he had hoped. But the family managed, and they had plenty of food for Christmas. Time passed by, but the toys didn’t sell as quickly as they had expected. Ole thought perhaps the company needed a good name.
最後，他成功地賣出所有玩具。他收到的錢並沒有他期望中的多。但家計得以維持，他們也有許多食物過聖誕節。時光流逝，但玩具賣得並不如預期般的快。Ole想，也許公司需要一個好名字。

“What should it be? It has to be a short word. I wanted to convey ‘playing well’.”
「應該叫什麼？它必須要是個簡短的字。我想要傳達『好好地玩』。」

In Danish, “playing well” is called “LEG GODT”.
丹麥文中「好好地玩」叫做「LEG GODT」。

“What should it be? What should it be? Yeah… If only I could get some sort of a sign…”
“LEGO.”
「要叫什麼？要叫什麼呢？對啊…如果我能有個像招牌的東西的話…」
「LEGO（樂高）」

As you can see, Ole himself ended up finding a very suitable name. But what he didn’t know was that in Latin, the word “LEGO” means “I put together”. The name “LEGO” was well received. And the company slowly started to move forward.
你可以看到，Ole最後幫自己找了個非常適合的名字。但他不知道的是，在拉丁文中，「LEGO」這個字的意思是「我組在一起」。「樂高」這個名字的接受度很高。而且公司開始慢慢地向前進。

“We have made 3,000 Krones this year. And we have more orders than usual.”
“Did you say 3,000 Krones? Huh, then you need to see what I’ve been looking at.”
“We have made 3,000 Krones this year. And we have more orders than usual.”
“Did you say 3,000 Krones? Huh, then you need to see what I’ve been looking at.”
「我們今年賺了3,000克朗（丹麥、挪威貨幣單位）。而且我們接到比平常更多的訂單。」
「你是說3,000克朗嗎？哈，那你應該要看看我已經看了好一陣子的東西。」

Even though Godtfred wasn’t comfortable spending money on a milling machine, he could see that it was useful, and that the quality of the toys improved.
即便Godtfred對於花錢買刻磨機感到很不舒服，他還是知道那很有用，而且也改善了玩具的品質。

“Could you finish the last batch and get it ready for shipping?”
“I will.”
“Dad…. dad, I saved a lot of money for the company today.”
“Really!? How?”
“I figured we could save money in the lacquer. Just like only coated the ducks twice instead of three times.”
“You What?”
「你可以完成最後一批並準備好裝運嗎？」
「我會的。」
「爸…爸，我今天為公司省下了很多錢。」
「真的嗎？怎麼做的？」
「我想到我們可以省下亮光漆的錢。像是在鴨子上只塗上兩層，而不是三層。」
「你做了什麼？」

Unfortunately, Godtfred’s idea didn’t go over well with Ole. Ole made Godtfred unpack all the ducks himself, give them the last layer of lacquer and bring them back to the train station. Ole believed in high quality and not cheating his customers. When Godtfred returned, Ole explained that that wasn’t the way to create a good brand. This little lesson opened Godtfred’s eyes to the fact that every detail matters and only the best is good enough.
不幸的是，Godtfred的主意並沒有過Ole那關。Ole要Godtfred自己從箱子取出那些鴨子，塗上最後一層亮光漆，並將它們運回火車站。Ole相信高品質，以及不能欺騙他的顧客們。當Godtfred回去時，Ole解釋那不是個創造好品牌的方式。這小小的一課打開了Godtfred的眼界，讓他知道每個細節都很重要，而且只有做到最好才算夠好。

In the late 1930s, LEGO was making a profit, even when The Second World War broke out. They tried to make the best out of a difficult time. It seemed nothing could go wrong. But a stormy night in 1942 changed their luck.
在1930年代後期，樂高開始賺錢，甚至第二次世界大戰爆發時也有盈利。他們試著充分利用這艱鉅的時期。似乎沒有任何事可以出錯。但1942年一個暴風雨的夜晚改變了他們的命運。

“There’s a fire. The workshop is on fire.”
「發生火災了。木作工坊起火了。」

But when the firemen arrived, they were unable to save the workshop. It burned to the ground, and all the drawings and models were destroyed. Ole was beginning to lose hope. All that he had worked for was gone, and he almost lost his company. But being responsible for his children and workers inspired him to rebuild LEGO. A new factory was constructed. Soon the production of wooden toy started again. The little company fought its way back into the market. Gradually, the LEGO factory began to run smoothly, and Ole started looking for new challenges.
但當消防隊員抵達時，他們已經無法救回木作工坊了。它被燒毀夷為平地，所有的草圖和模型也都被破壞殆盡。Ole開始失去希望。他所有的心血都沒了，他還差點失去他的公司。但對他的孩子和員工負起責任這件事，鼓勵了他重建樂高。他建了一座新的工廠。很快地再次開始木製玩具的生產。這間小公司奮力找到重回市場的路。漸漸地樂高工廠開始順利地營運，而Ole開始尋找新的挑戰。

One day, he went to Copenhagen to look at a new machine that had just arrived in Denmark. It was a plastic molding machine, and Ole was very excited about it.
有一天，他到哥本哈根去看一台剛送到丹麥的新機器。那是台塑膠成型機，Ole對此感到非常興奮。

“Should we buy it? It sure is a good bargain, and it would give us a lot of opportunities.”
“Well, it does sound interesting, but it is a lot of money.”
“I’ll take that as a ‘yes’.”
「我們應該買嗎？它確實很划算，而且會帶給我們很多機會。」
「這個嘛，聽起來很有趣，但這是很大一筆錢。」
「我就當你答應了。」

When the plastic molding machine finally arrived, Ole started making little plastic Teddy Bears and rattles. But he still had the plastic brick that he had received at the fair. There was something about them that he couldn’t stop thinking about. And even though no one else could see the potential in them, Ole decided to redesign and put them into production. But it was when LEGO first launched the great Ferguson Tractor that the plastic toys became a success. Unfortunately, the sales were dropping during the summer, and the company had too many toys in stock.
當塑膠成型機終於送達時，Ole開始製作小塑膠泰迪熊和波浪鼓。但他仍留著他在商展上拿到的塑膠積木。他就是無法停止思考有關這些塑膠積木的可能性。即使沒有人能在它們之中看到潛力，Ole還是決定要重新設計並生產它們。但直到樂高首次推出大Ferguson拖拉機的時候，塑膠玩具才取得成功。不幸的是，銷售量在夏天時開始下跌，而公司有太多的玩具庫存。

“This can’t be right. Of course, our products can be sold the whole year, not only for Christmas.”
「事情不該是這樣。當然，我們的產品全年都可以銷售，不只有在聖誕節時才能賣。」

Godtfred decided that he would go out and sell the toys himself. Godtfred brought his wife Edith as company and moral support.
Godtfred決定他要自己出去賣這些玩具。Godtfred帶著他的妻子Edith作伴以及精神支持。

“If you can’t get cash then… hmm… We need butter and eggs.”
「如果你不能換到現金那麼…嗯…我們需要奶油和雞蛋。」

Well, it wasn’t that bad. Godtfred was a success in his trip around the country which helped LEGO to get out of its financial crisis. They reached home just in time for Ole’s birthday party. Ole turned 60 and the whole family was gathered to celebrate with him.
這個嘛，事情沒那麼糟。Godtfred環遊全國的兜售行程很成功，這幫助樂高度過財政危機。他們到家時正好趕上Ole的生日派對。Ole 60歲了，全家都聚在一起為他慶祝。

“Well, I guess it was a long trip around the country.”
“Hey, I got an idea. Ugh, listen! Listen! What about a picture with the three generations?”
「嗯，我猜這趟環遊全國的旅程很漫長。」
「嘿，我有個想法。喂，聽好！聽好！拍張三代同堂的照片如何？」

Everyone thought that was a good idea, and we were placed on the sofa with all the presents and flowers around us. On a business trip to England, Godtfred met the head of a big shopping center on his way home. They discussed the toy industry, and the conversation would be very important to the future of LEGO.
每個人都覺得那是個好主意，我們坐在沙發上，四周都是禮物和花。在英國出差的時候，Godtfred在回家路上認識了一個大型購物中心的領導人。他們討論了玩具產業，那段對話對於樂高的未來會是非常重要。

“Damn this industry! I just think that toys are no good nowadays.”
“What do you mean? I think they are working very well.”
“Oh, they work fine, sure! But there’s no system in anything.”
“System?”
“System? Hmm, there isn’t any system…”
“What in the world are you doing, Godtfred?”
“There isn’t any system. The toys need an idea and a system built around it.”
“I wanna put system in the play. Children have only been offered ready-made solutions.”
“They need something different that will strengthen their imagination and creativity.”
“So, you are trying to put LEGO into a system? Interesting.”
「該死的產業！我就是覺得現在的玩具都不好。」
「你是什麼意思？我覺得他們運作得很好呀。」
「喔，他們運作的還可以。當然啦！但沒有任何東西是有系統的。」
「系統？」
「系統？嗯，沒有任何系統…」
「Godtfred，你究竟在做什麼？」
「沒有任何系統。這些玩具需要有一個概念，並要建立一個環繞的系統。」
「我想要在遊戲中放進系統。孩子們一直以來都只接受現成的解決方式。」
「他們需要一些不同的東西來增強他們的想像力及創造力。」
「所以，你要將樂高系統化？這有趣了。」

That same year, LEGO started producing the first LEGO system of play. Children could now build houses from the LEGO bricks. The Town Plan gave play a realistic town setting, and with this, children learned about traffic safety. My sisters and I could play with the new LEGO system for hours. Some people said we were the luckiest children in the world, because we grew up in a toy factory. It was a huge breakthrough, and Godtfred decided to try selling it outside of Denmark. The system of play was so popular that they managed to sell it to many countries.
同一年，樂高開始生產第一個樂高系統遊戲。孩子們現在可以用樂高積木蓋房子。「城鎮計畫」讓遊戲有真實的城鎮背景設定，孩子可以從中學到有關交通安全的事。我和姊妹們可以玩新的樂高系統玩好幾個小時。有些人說我們是世界上最幸運的孩子，因為我們在一個玩具工廠裡長大。那是個很大的突破，而Godtfred決定要試著在丹麥以外的地方銷售。這種系統遊戲非常受歡迎，使得他們能在許多國家販售。

“Look what I just built!”
“That is really nice, Cal.”
「看我剛剛蓋了什麼！」
「這真的很棒，Cal。」

Even though LEGO was meant for only building houses, there was still a lot of opportunity. There was just one problem.
雖然樂高只供蓋房子用，仍然有許多可能性。只有一個問題。

“Hmm, I can’t lift it up. It keeps falling apart.”
「噢，我不能把它拿起來。它一直垮掉。」

That made Godtfred wonder. He wanted to find a way to make the LEGO bricks stick together, but that was easier said than done. Godtfred noticed that the LEGO bricks got a better clutch powers with tubes inside. Now, it was no longer just bricks but a whole construction system with endless possibilities. This was groundbreaking for the LEGO product. With a child’s imagination, LEGO could be anything in the world over and over again. The imagination is the limit.
這讓Godtfred感到好奇。他想找出方法讓樂高積木能卡在一起，但說的比做的容易。Godtfred注意到樂高積木在內裡有管狀結構時能有更強的抓力。現在，這不只是積木而已，更是一個有無限可能性的整個建築系統。這為樂高產品的新紀元奠基。有了孩子的想像力，樂高可以一次又一次地做出世界上任何東西。想像力就是極限。

“Look, Dad! Now, I can build everything.”
「看，爸！現在，我可以蓋出所有東西。」

Unfortunately, Ole never got to see how successful the little brick actually became. Godtfred was left on his own, and he had to go through another fire at LEGO that destroyed most of the wood production. Just like his father, Godtfred knew that he had to try to get the best out of any situation and never give up. Godtfred took the hard times with his head held high. As sales grew, the company also got bigger. He had to think ahead, and he decided not to resume the production of wooden toys and to only focus on the LEGO system. It turned out to be a great decision. Many new models were built, and LEGO got stronger in the toy industry.
不幸的是，Ole再也看不到這些小積木竟然變得多麼的成功。Godtfred只剩自己了，而且他必須要走過另外一場燒毀樂高大部分木製產品的大火。但就像他的父親，Godtfred知道他必須要嘗試充分利用任何情況，並永不放棄。Godtfred抬頭挺胸的度過這困難的日子。隨著銷售成長，公司也日益壯大。他必須要預作打算，而他決定不再製造木製玩具，只專注在樂高系統。結果這是個重要的決定。許多新的模型被建造出來，樂高在玩具產業越加壯大。

“Sir, which one of these do you think is the best?”
“Hmm… Errr… that one!”
「先生，你認為哪一個最好？」
「嗯…嗯…那個！」

Even though it got busier at LEGO, Godtfred still had bigger plans. Now, he wanted to build an airport. So, it would be easier to sell his toys to the whole world. Like father, like son. It didn’t take long to put his idea into action. Only three years later, Billund airport was opened. The many guests and business connections who visited the company always wanted to see the modeling department. Gradually, it got so crowded that it was hard for the employees to keep up their work.
即使樂高變得更忙了，Godtfred仍有更偉大的計畫。現在，他想要建一座機場。這樣就能更容易向全世界銷售他的玩具。有其父必有其子。要將他的想法付諸行動並不用花太長時間。短短三年後，Billund機場開張了。許多曾到訪公司的賓客及商務往來的客戶總是想要看模型樣品部門。漸漸地，公司變得太擁擠，使得員工很難繼續他們的工作。

“I think we’d better wait a while.”
「我認為我們最好等一下。」

Godtfred could see that something had to be done. He needed a bigger place to display the LEGO models.
Godtfred發現還有些待辦事項。他需要更大的場地來展示樂高模型。

“Err, I don’t wanna interrupt. So, I’ll just put this package of our new LEGO train, err… on the table.”
“Just put it there. Train?”
「阿，我不是想打斷你。所以，我只要把這盒新的樂高火車放到，啊…桌上？」
「就放在那裡。火車？」

The idea grew quickly from an exhibition room to an amusement park.
這個點子很快地就從一間展覽室發展成一座主題樂園。

“And then, we could have a tower so you could look over the whole park from above — the whole town.”
“It would be a land made out of LEGO — LEGO Land.”
“Well, it looks interesting. But how many visitors are you actually counting on?”
“Well, I guess… uhmmm… two hundred, three hundred thousand?”
“Three hundred thousand?”
「然後，我們可以蓋座塔，這樣你從上面就能俯瞰整座遊樂園–整個城鎮。」
「這會是個用樂高做出的樂土–樂高世界。」
「嗯，這看起來很有趣。但你究竟期望有多少遊客？」
「這個嘛，我猜…嗯…二十，三十萬？」
「三十萬？」

Even though it sounded like a lot, my dad was actually pretty far off the mark. There were six hundred thousand guests the very first year. My family and I were there to greet the guests. We’ve kept up this tradition ever since. Now, you know how it all began. LEGO wouldn’t be what it is today if it hadn’t been for my grandfather’s sense of quality and search for perfection. My father firmly believed in the endless possibilities of the LEGO system. I seek to take the LEGO idea even further. Encouraging children to explore, experience and express their own world — a world without limits. And we are still convinced that only the best is good enough, because children deserve the best.
雖然這聽起來好像很多，我的父親確實離這個目標很遠。在開始的第一年就有六十萬名遊客。我和家人都到場招呼遊客。自此之後我們一直維持這個傳統。現在，你知道這一切是如何開始的。如果沒有我的祖父對品質的意識以及對完美的追求，樂高不會有今天的成就。我父親深深地相信樂高系統中無限的可能性。我尋求更進一步地推動樂高理念。鼓勵孩子探索、體驗及表達他們自己的世界–一個沒有限制的世界。而我們仍然相信只有最好才算夠好，因為孩子們應該得到最好的。

本集主題：「錢包裡的世界史：從黃金、白銀到比特幣，貨幣如何改變我們?」介紹
　　　　　　　
訪問編輯：李韻
　　　　
內容簡介：
世界史的每個轉變關鍵，都有「貨幣」在搞鬼！
★NHK電視台強力推薦！日本知名歷史學家帶你透過金融解讀全球大趨勢
★3大通貨演進脈絡╳12堂鑑古知「金」的世界史講座╳29個解讀貨幣的重點，一本搞定
★貨幣是經濟的血脈，血往哪裡流，世界往哪裡走。洞悉貨幣體系，你的視野從此完全不同

　　整個世界的今昔洪流、未來走向，
　　只要一枚小小錢幣就能解答。

　　．波斯遊牧民族只靠硬幣，就打造全世界第一座帝國？
　　．每個月最期待的「薪水」，原來是古羅馬人的發明？
　　．為何中華文化圈的貨幣不是金銀，而是銅鐵？
　　．荷蘭之所以成為大航海霸主，全拜鯡魚所賜？
　　．全球政經一團亂，追根究柢都是美元的問題？
　　．比特幣為什麼無法成為合法貨幣？　

　　貨幣，是理解世界的最好方式。

　　至今，我們對世界史的理解皆以民族、國家，甚至當權者的意識形態為出發點。我們熟讀戰爭年表、各國外交關係，卻忽略足以左右世界潮流的兩大基礎——貨幣與經濟。

　　日本歷史學家宮崎正勝說：「當今，貨幣是最強的武器，經濟的變化才是最重要的關鍵。」

　　經濟由人類的交易行為所構成，而交易行為透過貨幣來推進。自古至今，貨幣是經濟的命脈，牽動著國家的榮盛興衰。從貨幣系統的變化了解世界的變遷，方能窺知我們的現在與未來。

　　◢ 貨幣，象徵君王權威
　　「沒有造錢更賺錢的生意了！」西元前六世紀，利底亞國王首創在錢幣刻印圖紋，賦予其信用與價值的保證，一舉征服商業市場，將經濟的血液注入社會。其後兩千數百餘年，東西方君王皆透過貨幣強化統治、主宰經濟。

　　◢ 貨幣，代表國家野心
　　十九世紀，英國運用淘金熱潮來挑戰銀本位制，以英鎊重組世界經濟；二十世紀，美國在戰後趁勢建立霸權，各國貨幣都向美元看齊；一九七一年貨幣價值回歸各國中央銀行，全球走向幣值浮動的不穩定局勢。貨幣是國家的支柱，同時也指向無以計量的劇烈波瀾。

　　◢ 貨幣，反映人心盤算　
　　二〇〇八年金融海嘯爆發，人們開始不信任過往的貨幣，促成電子貨幣快速發展。其中，比特幣憑藉其能夠祕密且快速轉移資產的特性，一舉成為富人的寵兒，更是時下最熱門的投資遊戲工具。從古至今，我們所生活的世界秩序不斷被貨幣重組，與貨幣連動。

　　◢ 來點貨幣世界史的冷知識　
　　☆十八世紀南海泡沫事件，沒有人是局外人
　　當泡沫危機來襲，連牛頓也賠了兩萬英鎊。他感嘆：「我雖然可以計算出天體運行，卻算不到人類的瘋狂。」另一方面，音樂家韓德爾卻憑著良好直覺大賺一筆。

　　☆你知道嗎？美國獨立戰爭原來爆發於小酒館　
　　北美殖民地民眾從組織激進派到走上美國獨立戰爭，全都在吵鬧的酒館策畫而成。當時殖民地連釘子都要仰賴母國進口，根本沒本錢打仗。即使如此仍有許多人奮勇赴戰，這可說是藉酒壯膽的結果。

　　☆十七世紀的荷蘭：「世界就是我的後花園～」　
　　有人這麼形容：荷蘭人就像蜜蜂般吸取各國花蜜。挪威是他們的森林，萊茵河、加隆河、多爾多涅河畔是他們的葡萄園；德國、西班牙、愛爾蘭是羊牧場，波斯、波蘭是穀倉，印度、阿拉伯是他們的庭園。　

　　從西元前到近現代；從黃金、白銀、紙幣再到電子訊號的金錢革命，世界史上每個驚心動魄的轉折背後，都由貨幣主宰一切。
　　現在翻開本書，讓我們從錢包裡那枚小小硬幣開始俯瞰世界。
　　　　　　　　
作者簡介：宮崎正勝（Miyazaki Masakatsu）　
　　1942年出生，東京教育大學文學部史學系畢業。曾任都立三田高中、都立九段高中、筑波大學附設高中教師，以及筑波大學講師、北海道教育大學教授等職，現於NHK文化中心等機構擔任講師。著作豐富，尤其擅於透過「經濟」「貨幣」等角度重新解讀世界史，廣受好評。著有暢銷書《世界史圖解》（商周出版）、《51個影響世界經濟的關鍵大事》（時報出版）、《你不可不知的世界金錢史》（暫譯）、《如何解讀世界史》（暫譯）、《從空間解讀的世界史：馬、航海、資本、電子資訊的空間革命》（遠足文化）。　　　　　　　　　
　　　　　　　　
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不管諾貝爾文學獎的長期陪跑者村上春樹歐吉桑在想些什麼，我都絲毫沒有降低難度的意思ㄛ。
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☞〈愛是唯一的存在價值──村上春樹《1Q84》〉全文連結：https://www.egoyanzheng.com/single-post/2018/04/27/愛是唯一的存在價值──村上春樹《1Q84》
☞請記得按讚、分享、訂閱、小鈴鐺喔。
#村上春樹 #存在主義 #書單
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天吾的父親，在晚年中風後，被天吾送進了一座鄰海的療養院。有一天，父親在彌留之際被送去做檢查。此時天吾看見了魔幻的景象：一個空氣蛹突然出現在父親床上，裏頭包覆著十歲的少女青豆。

「空氣蛹」正是「世界觀」的隱喻。天吾直覺認為那是他自己的空氣蛹。雖然裏頭包覆的是青豆，但確實是天吾自己的空氣蛹──那是他重生的契機。為了青梅竹馬的少女青豆，他可以重新定義自己，重新找到自己的世界觀。讓自己有機會在全新世界觀的指引下，「變成另一個人」。
伊格言說，這世界上眾多世界觀，林林總總，或硬或軟，可能兼具不同程度的包容性或排他性。有些世界觀是柔軟包容的；但也有些過於堅硬，非黑即白，極端嚴厲。而《1Q84》暗示的，正是世界觀如何被形塑與改變。

小說中的邪教組織「先驅」，影射的是日本沙林毒氣案的奧姆真理教。不同於主流新聞對此事件一面倒的負面撻伐，村上春樹對此做了更為細緻的批判。「先驅」領袖深田保的作為當然是不可饒恕的重罪；然而在村上的描述中，深田保確實具有神通；但這神力是由「先驅」幕後掌控者Little People所賦予，深田保必須受到Little People的操控，承受常人所不能忍的精神與肉體痛苦。這提示了小說對邪教領袖複雜的同情......
────
格雷安‧葛林（Graham Greene）的名言：童年是小說家的存款。以此標準而言，村上春樹的個人戶頭顯然非常空虛──他出生於平凡無奇的日本關西中產階級家庭，小時家庭關係並不特別（老爸沒小三，媽媽沒小王），學校成績不好不壞，像所有普通學生一般交朋友和女朋友，偶爾結伴出門遊玩，自己一個人在家裡聽音樂看書；唯一稍有殊異之處可能是，他是個獨生子──這在當時的日本並不常見；然而根據他自己的說法，「因為是獨生子所以也沒有糾紛」，「可以說是平穩無事的少年時代，總之，沒有一件想要寫進小說的事情」。然後這樣一位小說家向我們示範了如何白手起家（從空空如也的童年戶頭中硬生生製造出貨幣來，簡直像聯準會印鈔票）──「漸漸知道一件事，就是幼年時代，少年時代，自我其實仍受過各種傷痛」、「我並不是在責備父母。父母也盡了力。任何動物都一樣，都把要活下去該知道的know-how傳遞給孩子。人的情況和其他動物不同，因為運作著非常複雜的社會生活，因此know-how也變得更複雜。不過傳遞know-how這件事，某種意義上是讓迴路閉鎖起來的行為」──何謂「閉鎖迴路」？村上的意思是，那是一種價值體系與世界觀的（半強迫）植入，對一個敏感的孩子而言，無論如何都帶有某種程度的傷害性；因為那等於是將一準備敞開自己，藉以逐步進行自我組構的心靈旅程（出之以《1Q84》的語言：Perceiver＝知覺者之形成）中途截斷。於此，村上含蓄地提示了自己的個人創傷。我個人完全同意這樣的看法──若說《挪威的森林》與《國境之南，太陽之西》的核心都指向虛無，那麼「巨大且無從迴避之傷害」應當就是村上用以將之嫁接於現實（小說的寫實世界）的媒介了吧。───伊格言
────
伊格言，小說家、詩人，《聯合文學》雜誌2010年8月號封
面人物。
著有《噬夢人》、《與孤寂等輕》、《你是穿入我瞳孔的光》、《拜訪糖果阿姨》、《零地點GroundZero》、《幻事錄：伊格言的現代小說經典十六講》、《甕中人》等書。
作品已譯為多國文字，並於日本白水社、韓國Alma、中國世紀文景等出版社出版。
曾獲聯合文學小說新人獎、自由時報林榮三文學獎、吳濁流文學獎長篇小說獎、華文科幻星雲獎長篇小說獎、中央社台灣十大潛力人物等；並入圍英仕曼亞洲文學獎（Man Asian Literary Prize）、歐康納國際小說獎（Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award）、台灣文學獎長篇小說金典獎、台北國際書展大獎、華語文學傳媒大獎年度小說家等獎項。
獲選《聯合文學》雜誌「20位40歲以下最受期待的華文小說家」；著作亦曾獲《聯合文學》雜誌2010年度之書、2010、2011、2013博客來網路書店華文創作百大排行榜等殊榮。
曾任德國柏林文學協會（Literarisches Colloquium Berlin）駐會作家、香港浸會大學國際作家工作坊（IWW）訪問作家、中興大學駐校作家、成功大學駐校藝術家、元智大學駐校作家等。
香港文匯報專訪：
http://paper.wenweipo.com/2019/09/02/OT1909020001.htm
香港明報專訪：
https://news.mingpao.com/pns/副刊/article/20190811/s00005/1565460652324/星期日文學-伊格言-極端的題材-極致的思索
────
小說是什麼？我認為，好的小說是一則猜想──像數學上「哥德巴赫的猜想」那樣的猜想。猜想什麼？猜想一則符號系統（於此，是文字符號系統）中的可能真理。這真理的解釋範圍或許很小，甚至有可能終究無法被證明（哥德爾的不完備定理早就告訴我們這件事）；但藝術求的從來便不是白紙黑字的嚴密證明，是我們閱讀此則猜想，從而無限逼近那則真理時的智性愉悅。如若一篇小說無法給我們這樣的智性，那麼，它就不會是最好的小說。
是之謂小說的智性。───伊格言