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並前往http://www.math.umd.edu/~millson/teaching/MATH405spring2020/MATH405lectures/Lecture13directsums.pdf

Lecture 12: Direct Sums and Projections

Direct Sums. Lemma. Let V be a vector space, U, W ⊆ V subspaces. Then V = U ⊕ W if and only if. (i) V = U + W. (ii) U ∩ W = {0}. Proof.

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