[爆卦]viability醫學是什麼?優點缺點精華區懶人包

雖然這篇viability醫學鄉民發文沒有被收入到精華區:在viability醫學這個話題中,我們另外找到其它相關的精選爆讚文章

在 viability醫學產品中有4篇Facebook貼文,粉絲數超過7萬的網紅Dr 文科生,也在其Facebook貼文中提到, 《臍帶血到底有沒有用?》 在產科門診,很多媽媽都會問臍帶血的功用和臍帶血到底值不值得投資。今日就讓我們一起從醫學角度探討臍帶血移植(Cord Blood Transplant, CBT) 臍帶可說是腹中胎兒的命脈,一般來說臍帶由兩條動脈和一條靜脈組成,讓媽媽能透過臍帶把養份傳給胎兒發育成長。 ...

  • viability醫學 在 Dr 文科生 Facebook 的最讚貼文

    2020-07-13 18:00:01
    有 1,524 人按讚

    《臍帶血到底有沒有用?》

    在產科門診,很多媽媽都會問臍帶血的功用和臍帶血到底值不值得投資。今日就讓我們一起從醫學角度探討臍帶血移植(Cord Blood Transplant, CBT)

    臍帶可說是腹中胎兒的命脈,一般來說臍帶由兩條動脈和一條靜脈組成,讓媽媽能透過臍帶把養份傳給胎兒發育成長。

    從前醫學界認為臍帶只是懷孕期間提供養份之用,嬰兒出生後便無作用,多被視作醫療廢物處理。不過,近年研究發現臍帶並非垃圾,當中的臍帶血在嬰兒出生後還能在未來為小Baby發揮重大作用。

    目前臍帶血的臨床應用或臨床實驗性應用包括

    1. 造血幹細胞移植(Hematopoietic stems cell transplantation, HSCT)
    2. 再生性細胞治療(Regenerative cell therapy)
    3. 免疫調節(Immune regulation)

    世界第一宗的臍帶血移植是在1988年由研究員Gluckman及其團隊進行,用作治療范可尼氏貧血 (Faconi Anemia),病人移植臍帶血後能夠正常穩定地製造紅白血球和血少板而且沒有復發的問題[1]。其後,臍帶血被研究用於其他血液科的疾病,當中以治療血癌和骨髓癌最多研究證據支持,例如急性白血病(Acute Leukemia,為血癌的一種)和多發性骨髓瘤(Multiple Myeloma,為骨髓癌的一種)。

    研究更發現臍帶血移植有以下好處 [2]

    1. 允許免疫系統不完全吻合(HLA disparity)的病人接受移植
    2. 較低的排斥風險,如移植物對抗宿主疾病(Graft vs Host Disease, GVHD),令整體安全性較高

    這些特性令到臍帶血成為新世代再生醫學研究的對象。然而,由於初生嬰兒的臍帶血並不多,大約為50毫升,一般只夠移植於兒童,而且帶有更高的延遲植入(Delayed Engraftment)的風險。

    近年較新的研究發現移植時使用以下方法可提高移植成功率和用於成人治療 [2]

    1. 兩倍臍帶血的劑量(Double Cord Blood Transplantation)
    2. 臍帶血擴展(Cord Blood Expansion)技術
    3. 臍帶血細胞導航強化(Cord Blood Homing Enhancement)技術

    在過去的30年來,臍帶血移植的發展有不少的突破,目前在血液癌症治療方面的成效相當不錯。雖然現時臍帶血庫令價錢變得相對親民,但長期儲存亦需一定的費用。

    更加重要的是,研究發現臍帶血庫的儲存質素直接影響臍帶血裡幹細胞的數量和質素和移植的成功率。由於臍帶血近30年才開始發展,很多臍帶血庫並沒有完善的儲存系統和本地移植紀錄。參差的臍帶血庫儲存可減少可用的幹細胞數量(Viable CD34+ cells),令移植成功率降低[3][4]

    事實上,臍帶血的運送、儲存和處理有著嚴謹的要求,有研究對比於24小時、48小時和72小時後臍帶血內含的幹細胞數量(Nucleated Cells, Viable Cells & CD34+ Cells),發現臍帶血內含的幹細胞數量隨著時間下降,影響移植效果[5]。因此近年國際間便開始制定處理臍帶血的標準,目前主要的國際標準為NetCord-FACT(Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy),不過坊間的臍帶血庫並非全部都擁有此認證。

    孕婦生產後獲得的臍帶血會被運送到臍帶血庫裡進行冷凍儲存(Cryopreservation),這個程序利用冷凍保護劑(Cryoprotectant)以持續平均的速度(Controlled rate freezing, CRF)把臍帶血冷凍至零下196度[7]。

    有趣的是,研究發現移動臍帶血時如接觸外界的室溫,超過200度的溫差會令臍帶血的細胞的viability降低。我們不得不配服科學家的頭腦,為解決這個問題,新型的電腦系統將冷凍單位(Freezing Unit)加入CRF中以達至恆溫,減少因運送的溫差導致viability減低的問題。紐約捐血中心的研究對比1,400多名白血病病人的臍帶血幹細胞移植紀錄,發現使用新型全自動儲存系統如BioArchive®的臍帶血進行移植,比起使用傳統儲存方法,除了有更高的幹細胞viability外,移植後能更快回復造血功能,包括總嗜中性白血球數(Total Neutrophil Counts)、絕對嗜中性白血球數(Absolute Neutrophil Count)、血小版等,更快的植入(Engraftment)令使用新型技術儲存臍帶血的病人移植後一年的存活率提高10%(從40%提升至50%)[8]。

    總括而言,臍帶血移植雖然只有30年的歷史,但近年愈來愈多研究顯示有不少的發展潛力。

    然而,目前臍帶血的研究亦屬相對早期的階段,所以並非醫療系統會資助的常見項目。儲存臍帶血的費用近年變得較為親民,但仍屬一筆大開支。除了確保儲存合乎國際標準外,更重要的是要確保所選的臍帶血庫財政穩健,不會突然倒閉,否則當你真正需要用到臍帶血時才發現不見了便慾哭無淚了。

    臍帶血其實有點像保險的概念,健康的情況下並不會用到,但當你剛好患上一些臍帶血可治療的疾病時,便能發揮其作用。

    到底要不要儲存臍帶血,讀者宜自行根據財政狀況作informed decision。如果決定儲存的話,記得選擇帶有FACT認證、有適合的儲存和運送技術、有成功移植個案、財政穩健且大型和可信的臍帶血庫,同時諮詢專家或醫生意見選擇最適合的臍帶血血庫。

    如果讀者有興趣的話,我會考慮於Patreon進行臍帶血庫review

    #臍帶血 #臍帶血儲存 #臍帶血研究

    Reference
    [1] Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation. From https://www.hematologyandoncology.net/files/2013/10/ho1110_Shpall1.pdf
    [2] The Role of HLA in Cord Blood Transplantation From https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmr/2012/485160/
    [3] Quality rather than quantity: the cord blood bank dilemma. Bone Marrow Transplantation. Nature. From https://www.nature.com/articles/bmt20107
    [4] Cord Blood Units with Low CD34+ Cell Viability Have a Low Probability of Engraftment after Double Unit Transplantation. Biology of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation. From https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1083879109005308?via%3Dihub
    [5] Does the Time Between Collecting and Processing Umbilical Cord Blood Samples Affect the Quality of the Sample? From https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26760817/
    [6] Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy. From http://www.factwebsite.org/cbstandards/
    [7]Cord blood banking for clinical transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplantation. From https://www.nature.com/articles/bmt2009281
    [8] Clinical Outcome of Unrelated Cord Blood Transplants: An Analysis of Processing Method and Freezer Storage on Transplants from New York Blood Center National Cord Blood Program

  • viability醫學 在 CheckCheckCin Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2019-09-28 18:16:21
    有 188 人按讚

    【有關這些事 】你有聽過這些傳聞嗎?
    
    #凡事要factcheck
    #人人化身性事小博士
    #星期六放輕身心
    
    性事謬誤真與假?
    坊間有不少有關性事的傳聞,你又有否聽過?但又知否這是真還是謬誤?
    
    1/ 事後用可樂清洗?
    「有傳聞說女性事後用可樂清洗下體可殺精,減低懷孕的機會。」
    NO!
    可樂其實是甜味的碳酸飲品,雖然接觸對皮膚無礙,但著實沒有殺精的功效。相信沒有人會想用甜膩的可樂來洗澡吧,還要是沖洗身體最嬌嫩的部位,而且糖分更有可能殘留在陰道,濕潤的環境會令細菌容易滋生,有機會形成陰道發炎!
    
    2/ 打孖上更安全?
    「一個避孕套不夠安全?打孖上就多一層保護了!」
    NO!
    其實一個比兩個安全得多!戴兩個避孕套更有能在過程中因摩擦而脫落及破損,所以有時多不一定是好!
    
    3/ 女性事後小便防感染?
    YES!
    這是對的,女性天生的身體構造問題,尿道、陰道與肛門位置很接近,因此比較容易被細菌感染出現尿道炎,而且性交時更有可能把外來的細菌帶進體內,性交後小便可把尿道的細菌沖洗出來,減低出現尿道炎的機會。
    
    4/ 性交後跳兩下防懷孕?
    「性交完事後跳幾下,把精子戥出來就不會懷孕。」
    NO!
    相信原因也不用多說了,還是好好選用正確的避孕方法吧!
    
    5/ 花生油當潤滑劑?
    「家中沒有潤滑劑,花生油也是植物油應該也可替代吧!」
    NO!
    食用花生油經榨取過程,味道香濃,但由於提煉過程以食用為基本而非外用,還是不建議用作潤滑劑,最好還是選用醫學認證的更穩妥。假如你對有化學成分的潤滑劑過敏,建議使用無添加的天然萃取基底油,如甜杏仁油或葡萄籽油更安全,最好還是有認證的更好,也要注意油性潤滑劑不宜與避孕套同用。
    
    6/ 男人一輩子只有2公升?
    「有人說男人一輩子只有2公升的精液,用完就沒有了!」
    NO!
    其實這都是謬誤,但縱慾或自慰過度的確會令男士出現腎陰虛的症狀,從而影響生殖能力,久而久之也有可能出現遺精、早泄、陽萎及不孕的情況。
    
    7/ 經期間性交不會懷孕?
    「經期時不就是最安全,不用避孕也不會懷孕!」
    NO!
    首先,在經期間性交先要注意衛生問題,這時候接觸感染的風險會變得較高,更要小心保護以防被傳染及感染。另外,有些女性會有排卵期重疊的問題,而且精子能在女性體內存活72小時以上,即使來經時性交也有可能受孕。
    
    8/ 沒有性交也會感染性病?
    「有人說即使沒有『真正』的性交,透過手或毛巾也會傳染性病的。」
    YES!
    要明白某些病毒的生存力強及存活時間較長,假如不加好好消毒,有可能留在衣物、毛巾等物件的表面,也會透過接觸受感染的體液例如血液、陰道液或精液而感染,因此也要小心保護自己。
    
    Sex related myths and facts
    There are a lot of myths surrounding sex. Have you heard of them? And do you know if they are true or not?
    
    1/ Douching with Coke after sex? 
    "There are rumors that women can use cola to clean your vaginal area to kill sperm and reduce the chance of pregnancy."
    NO!
    Coke is actually a sweet carbonated drink. Although the contact does not hurt with the skin, it does not have the effect of killing sperm. No one enjoy a bath with sweet cola, let alone washing the most delicate parts of the body,l. The sugar is likely to remain in the vagina, and the humid environment will allow bacteria easy to breed easily, which may actually lead to vaginal inflammation!
    
    2/ Is it safer to wear two condoms?
    "Wearing a condom is not safe enough? Two condoms have stronger protection!"
    NO!
    In fact, one is much safer than two! Wearing two condoms is more likely to cause them to fall off and break in the process due to friction, so it is not necessarily good to wear extra condoms!

    3/ Urinating after sex can prevent infection?
    YES!
    This is correct, because of women's natural body structure, urethra, vagina and anus are very close to each other, so it is easier to be infected with urethritis by bacteria, and more likely to bring outer bacteria into the body during sexual intercourse. Urinating after sex can douch the bacteria in the urethra to reduce the chance of urethritis.

    4/ Jumping twice after sex to prevent pregnancy?
    "Jumping a few times after sex can take out the sperm and you will not get pregnant."
    NO!
    There is nothing to explain. Choose the correct method of contraception!

    5/ Peanut oil as a lubricant?
    "There is no lubricant in the house. Peanut oil is also a vegetable oil that can be used instead!"
    NO!
    The edible peanut oil is extracted, and the taste is strong. However, since the refining process is based on consumption rather than external use, it is not recommended to be used as a lubricant. It is safer to use lubricant by medical certification. If you are allergic to chemical lubricants, it is recommended to use natural extraction base oil without additive, such as sweet almond oil or grapeseed oil. It is better to have certification. Also pay attention to oily lubricants and condoms can not be used at the same time.

    6/ Men only have 2 liters semen in their lifetime?
    "Some people say that a man has only 2 liters worth of semen in his life, and there is no more extra volume!"
    NO!
    In fact, this is a fallacy. However, having too much sex or excessive masturbation does cause men to have symptoms of kidney yin deficiency, which affects reproductive ability. Over time, there may be cases of nocturnal emission, premature ejaculation, impotence and infertility.

    7/ Will not get pregnant if you have sex during menstruation?
    "It is the safest period during menstruation. You will not get pregnant without contraception!"
    NO!
    First of all, having sex during menstruation can have hygiene related issues. At this time, the risk of exposure to infection is higher. In addition, some women have problems with overlapping ovulation, and sperm can survive in women for more than 72 hours, even if they have sex during menstruation, they may still become pregnant.

    8/ You can get sexually transmitted diseases without having sex?
    "Some people say that even if there is no "real" sexual intercourse, sexually transmitted diseases can be transmitted through hands or towels."
    YES!
    It is necessary to understand that some viruses have strong viability and long survival time. If they are not properly disinfected, they may remain on the surface of clothes, towels, etc., and may also spread through contact with infected body fluids such as blood, vaginal fluids, or semen so be careful to protect yourself.

    #男 #女 #我狀態OK

  • viability醫學 在 中央研究院 Academia Sinica Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2019-04-18 12:00:55
    有 354 人按讚


    #果凍細胞

    許多研究🧬都需要在細胞死亡後,仍保留細胞膜或細胞質的物質活性,以利後續研究,但過往方法都很繁瑣,且成效不彰。

    本院生物醫學科學研究所胡哲銘助研究員與研究團隊的最新研究發現,在細胞中注入質地狀似果凍的水凝膠(PEG),可以在細胞死亡後保存細胞膜上蛋白質、醣類等生物活性,成為💧果凍細胞💧

    藉此存有細胞膜的生物特性(如脂類的排列順序、細胞膜蛋白質移動性)長達30天以上,活性不減且具高度穩定性。有助於未來相關的幹細胞研究、免疫治療,以及病毒檢測技術研發。

    研究成果於今年3月刊登於《自然通訊》(Nature Communications),並已申請多國專利。

    🔺期刊連結:https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09049-5

    ------
    💡果凍細胞的產生過程:
    活細胞冷凍並解凍,使細胞表面暫時產生細小穿孔➡活細胞浸泡於水凝膠製劑中,讓片段水膠可以滲入細胞➡照射UV燈,進行光活化之化學反應➡片段合成水凝膠聚合物,取代自然的細胞骨架網絡,維持原本細胞外型。

    ------
      
    A research group led by Dr. Che-Ming Jack Hu of the Institute of Biomedical Sciences at Academia Sinica in Taiwan has just published an article describing an innovative approach of constructing hydrogels in cellular cytoplasm to preserve cellular features and functionalities. Cell membranes are highly functional biological interfaces that are very difficult to study and manipulate. As cells lose viability, the loss of cytoskeletal support leads to cell membrane rupture and collapse.
        
    ------
        
    胡哲銘 http://www.ibms.sinica.edu.tw/jackhu/
        
    ------
    新聞稿 ►
    https://www.sinica.edu.tw/ch/news/6187 (中文)
    https://www.sinica.edu.tw/en/news/6187 (English)

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