【萬善之頭】The Origin of Virtuousness

今天是農曆七月初五，也是我唸報父母恩咒的第五天。

這咒我唸了十五的農曆七月了。

讀到許多觀眾留言，說因為我的直播，他們也在今年開始持這咒，我真的真的⋯⋯為你們的父母感到欣慰。😄

在華人的社會裡，一般來說，正正當當的賺錢孝敬父母、和顏悅色、奉公守法、傳宗接代，不做丟人現眼的事是基本的孝。

但這些在佛教裡，實屬小孝。

以這定義，我絕對是不孝女，因為有很多年我做生意負債時，一分錢都給不到父母，又不敢對他們坦白，只說沒錢。

好啦，如果您有本事，做生意成功，風光回鄉，讓您父母和祖宗十八代笑得見牙不見眼，那也只有中孝而已。

最大的孝，是修行，因為您能助您父母脫離六道，您們都不用再受輪迴之苦。

因此釋迦牟尼佛成佛時，祂的母親摩耶夫人便得升忉利天中，享天福。

您能先從一佛號、一佛咒開始，便已向修行的道路邁出第一步了！

不要小看報父母恩咒，因為這是釋迦牟尼佛所傳的。所以各位大德，千萬要記得這一點 - 一定要教您的孩子和您一起唸報父母恩咒！👧🏻👦🏻

做父母的，要懂得投資啊！百善孝為先，孩子小小年紀就懂得盡孝，就有了人最基本的良知，為自己種下了廣大的福田。就算以後您不在他們的身邊，他們也必會遇到貴人扶持，命運不會太壞，只因為他們是孝子孝女。

再說了，萬一您有什麼三長兩短，修行失敗，還有個後代可以助您！錯過了蓮花捷運，到不了佛國淨土，到天界做天人，總比擠在一堆骨灰盎裡好呀！😂

報父母恩咒：「南無密栗哆。哆婆曳。梭哈」
Nan Mo Mi Li Duo Duo Po Yi Soha

（我是修真佛密法的，因此此咒結尾，我是依著我師尊的唸音，唸「梭哈」。這代表圓滿、成就的意思。）

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報父母恩咒49遍: https://youtu.be/a9XbKo6_L6E
唸報父母恩咒有何功德：https://youtu.be/x-7GPmbq5nw

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Today is the 5th day of the 7th Lunar month, and also my fifth day of reciting the Mantra of Repaying the Debt of Gratitude to Parents this year.

I have been reciting this mantra for fifteen years.

I read many comments from my viewers, that they started reciting this mantra this year after watching my Lives. I am so glad for your parents. 😄

In our Chinese society, generally speaking, the most basic forms of filial piety include:

1) making a honest living to give pocket money to our parents
2) being pleasant towards our parents
3) not breaking the law
4) carrying on the family lineage
5) not doing any shameful act

However, in the eyes of the Dharma, these are merely small acts of filial piety.

Going by this definition, I am definitely an unfilial daughter. Because there were many years when I got into debt from doing business and was unable to give my parents a single cent. I could not bring myself to tell them the truth and could only say I was broke.

Okay, if you are more capable than me congratulations on your big-time success in doing business! So you return to your homeland in triumphant victory and see your parents + ancestors of the past 18 generations grinning from teeth to teeth.

That is just the medium level of filial piety.

The biggest form of filial piety is spiritual cultivation. For you can help your parents to break free from the six realms of reincarnation and all of you will no longer have to undergo the sufferings of birth and death.

Hence, when Shakyamuni Buddha attained Buddhahood, his deceased mother, Queen Maya, ascended to Trayastrimsas Heaven to enjoy heavenly pleasures.

When you start reciting one Buddha’s name, or one Buddhist mantra, you have already taken your first step onto the path of Buddhist cultivation.

Do not belittle the Mantra of Repaying Debt of Gratitude to Parents, for it was expounded by Shakyamuni Buddha.

So to all my noble audience, please remember this very important point - you must teach your children to recite this mantra together with you! 👧🏻👦🏻

As parents, we should all be astute investors. Filial piety is the most important of all virtues. When a child knows how to be filial from a young age, he/she already has the most basic conscience as a human, and that will sow the seeds for fields of great blessedness.

Come one day when you can no longer be by your child’s side, your child will definitely meet many benefactors in the life path and not have a wretched destiny, because they are filial from young.

Moreover, if anything untoward happen to you and you fail miserably in your spritual cultivation, at least you still have a descendant to help you.

Should you miss the lotus train to the Buddha’s Pureland, to be a celestial being in the Heaven far surpasses the fate of being squeezed like sardines in a urn placed in the columbarium. 👻

報父母恩咒：「南無密栗哆。哆婆曳。梭哈」
Nan Mo Mi Li Duo Duo Po Yi Soha

(I practices the True Buddha Tantric Dharma, thus I follow my Root Guru’s recitation sounds and recite “soha” at the end of this mantra. This represents perfection and accomplishment.）

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Mantra to Repay Debt of Gratitude to Parents x 49: https://youtu.be/a9XbKo6_L6E
Merits of this mantra：https://youtu.be/x-7GPmbq5nw

[時事英文] 死亡率（mortality rate）*、壓平曲線（flattening the curve）、活動限制 （lockdown）：如何理解這些術語？
　
Language goes beyond a sealed system governed by a rigid set of rules. To fully understand the meaning of a word, one must look further than connotation and denotation, and also take context into consideration. In this case, one needs to examine the social, political, economic, and even statistical contexts of the terms.
　
語言並非只是受嚴密規則所約束的封閉系統。為了充分理解一個單詞的意涵，我們不僅要瞭解其本義與引申義，同時還要考慮整個語境。在此一情況下，應要考察社會、政治、經濟甚至統計上的語境。
　
Does “confirmed cases,” for example, mean the same thing in every country before and during the coronavirus outbreak? What about “lockdowns”? Does it mean that the government is advising people to stay home or is someone nailing your door shut? Some food for thought when reading about the coronavirus outbreak.
　
例如，在冠狀病毒爆發前以及爆發期間，「確診病例」在各國是否具有相同的含義？那麼，封鎖呢？這是否意味著政府正建議人們留在家中，抑或有人正把你家大門釘上？以上是在閱讀疫情的相關資訊時所引人深思的一些事情。
　
*同學好心的補充說明：「mortality rate」通常指的是死亡率，而「fatality rate」則是（因罹患某疾病）致死率。兩者都是重要的死亡指標，但計算公式不相同。
　
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《紐約時報》報導：
　
Making sense of the coronavirus pandemic requires getting up to speed on semantics as much as epidemiology. Government officials and health care professionals toss off mentions of mortality rates, flattening the curve and lockdowns, assuming that we know what they mean. But the terms mean different things from country to country, state to state, even city to city and person to person. Officials use the same phrases about mass testing, caseloads and deaths to describe very different situations. That makes it hard to give clear answers to vital questions: How bad are things? Where are they headed?
　
1. make sense of… 理解……
2. get up to speed on 了解最新情況；跟上進度
3. toss off 輕而易舉地處理*
　
弄懂新型冠狀病毒大流行，既需要了解流行病學的最新情況，也需要在語義學上跟上形勢。「死亡率」、「壓平曲線」和「活動限制」等說法從政府官員和公共衛生專業人士的嘴裡脫口而出，他們假設大家都知道這些詞的意思。但對不同的國家、不同的州，甚至不同的城市和個人來說，這些術語有著不同的含義。 官員們使用「大規模檢測」、「病例數」和「死亡病例數」等相同的措辭，來描繪非常不同的情況。這令一些重要的問題難以得到明確的回答：情況有多糟糕？正在向什麼方向發展？
　
toss off: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/toss%20off
　
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People search for insight by comparing their countries to those that are further along in the epidemic. But if the terms are misleading or used in differing ways, the comparisons are flawed. Also, the statistics and vocabulary offer a false sense of precision while in reality, the information we have shows only a fraction of what’s going on. “The new cases or deaths each day are given as exact numbers, and we’re trained to take that at face value,” said Mark N. Lurie, an epidemiologist at Brown University’s School of Public Health. “But those are far from exact, they’re deeply flawed, and their meaning varies from place to place and from time period to time period.”
　
4. be further along in 在……上走得更深遠
5. at face value 根據外表；從表面上看
　
人們將自己的國家與那些經歷了疫情更多階段的國家進行比較，以求了解情況。但是，如果這些詞語使人產生誤解，或在使用方式上存在差異的話，這種比較就是錯誤的。此外，這些統計數據和詞彙給人以精準的假象，而現實是，我們所掌握的信息僅代表冰山一角。「每天的新增病例數或死亡人數都是以精準數字的形式通報的，我們被訓練成只看這些表面數字。」布朗大學公共衛生學院流行病學家馬克・盧裡說。「但這些數字遠非精準，而且有嚴重缺陷，它們的含義因不同的時間和地點而不同。」
　
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I. Confirmed Cases 確診病例
　
Countries vary wildly in testing for the virus and how they report the numbers, and experts say most infections are going undetected. So the publicized national tallies are rough, incomplete pictures that may not be all that comparable. And that’s if countries are forthcoming about their data.
　
6. vary wildly in 在……上有極大的差異*
7. publicize 公布；宣傳
8. national tallies 國家的統計數據
9. incomplete pictures 不完整的狀況
10. forthcoming 樂於幫助的
　
各國在病毒檢測以及通報數字的方式上有很大差異，而且專家們說，大多數感染都沒有被發現。因此，各國公布的只是粗略的數據，這些並不完整的描繪也許沒有多少可比性。這還是在假設各國願意提供數據的情況下。

wildly: https://bit.ly/2wkgPjo
　
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Officials in the United States say that China, which has reported more than 82,000 infections, has understated its epidemic. Until this week, the Chinese government excluded those patients who tested positive for the virus but had no symptoms. China also doesn’t say how many tests it has conducted, and doubts have been raised about whether it has tested extensively in Xinjiang, the province where it holds hundreds of thousands of Muslims in indoctrination camps. The Covid Tracking Project, run by The Atlantic, has tried to compile all the numbers in the United States and reports more than 1.2 million tests so far, over 3,600 per million people.
　
11. understate 未如實陳述；避重就輕地說
12. exclude 把……排除在外
13. indoctrination camps 再教育營
14. run by 由……經營
　
中國通報的累計確診病例超過８萬２千例，美國官員說，中國淡化了國內的疫情。直到本週前，中國政府一直把病毒檢測呈陽性但沒有癥狀的感染者不納入確診病例。中國也未公開接受檢測的人數，而且外界已對中國是否在新疆進行了大規模檢測表示懷疑，中國在那裡把數十萬穆斯林關進了拘禁營。《大西洋月刊》的新冠肺炎追蹤計劃試圖匯總美國的所有數據，它統計到的數字是，美國迄今為止進行了逾１２０萬例檢測，平均每百萬人超過３６００例。
　
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II. Widespread Testing 大規模檢測

It matters not only how many people are tested, but also when, and who they are. Once again, countries differ, shaping what the numbers mean. A few countries, like South Korea, Australia and Singapore, got serious about mass testing early on. They used the information to do ambitious contact-tracing — finding and testing those who had recently been near infected people, even if they had no symptoms.
　
15. it matters 重要的是
16. not only……, but also…… 不僅……，而且……
17. get serious about 認真對待某事
18. early on 在早期
　
重要的不只是多少人做了檢測，檢測時間和檢測對象也很重要。各國在檢測時間和對象上也有不同，這讓數字的含義也有所不同。韓國、澳洲和新加坡等少數國家很早就開始認真地進行大規模檢測。他們利用這些信息嚴格追蹤接觸者，也就是找到並檢測那些親密接觸者，即使他們沒有癥狀。
　
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But most nations with large numbers of cases have done less testing, waited longer to do it in bulk, and made little attempt at contact tracing. They find themselves playing catch-up with the virus, ramping up testing after their outbreaks had already mushroomed. They detect more cases, but by then it’s hard to tell how much of that growth is the expanding epidemic and how much is expanding surveillance. Unable to meet the demand, they often limit testing to the sickest patients and health workers.
　
19. in bulk 大量
20. make little attempt 幾乎未做嘗試
21. ramp up 增加*
22. mushroom (v.) 迅速增長；迅速發展*
23. meet the demand 滿足需求
24. limit……to 將……限制在……
　
但大多數存在大量確診病例的國家進行的檢測數量都比較少，都是等了更長時間後才開始進行大規模檢測，而且對追蹤接觸者的工作幾乎未做嘗試。這些國家發現自己在拚命追趕病毒的傳播，在疫情迅速蔓延後才加大了檢測力度。這些國家都檢測到了更多的病例，但此時已很難判斷新增病例中有多少是疫情不斷擴大的結果，有多少是擴大疫情監測的結果。由於無法滿足檢測需求，這些國家通常只能對病情最嚴重的患者以及衛生工作者做檢測。
　
ramp up: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ramp-up
mushroom: https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/mushroom
　
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III. Fatality Rates 致死率
　
It has been stated time and again: Italy and Spain have high mortality rates among coronavirus patients, Germany’s is low, and China’s is somewhere between. It may not be that simple. Counting the dead is as flawed and inconsistent as counting the infected. Recent reports say that mortuaries in Wuhan, China, where the disease was first discovered, have ordered thousands more urns than usual, suggesting a much higher death toll than the city’s official count, 2,535. The outbreaks in Wuhan, and parts of Italy and Spain, overwhelmed hospitals, forcing many sick people to ride it out at home. No one knows how many people have recovered or died without ever being tested. And if only the sickest patients are tested, then the number of infections will appear smaller and the percentage who die will seem higher.
　
25. time and again 屢次；一再
26. as flawed and inconsistent as 像……一樣存在缺陷與不一致
27. mortuary 停屍間（太平間）
28. urn 骨灰罈
29. suggest 暗示*
30. death toll 死亡人數
31. to ride it out 安然渡過（難關）*
　
一個反覆提及的說法是：義大利和西班牙的新冠病毒肺炎患者死亡率高，德國的低，中國的居中。情況也許並不那麼簡單。統計死亡人數和統計感染人數一樣存在缺陷和不一致的地方。最近有報導稱，武漢的殯儀館訂購的骨灰盒數比該市官方統計的２５３５例死亡高出好幾千，表明死亡人數遠高於官方公布的數字。新冠病毒最早就是在這座城市發現的。武漢以及義大利和西班牙部分地區的疫情使醫院不堪重負，許多患者被迫在家中渡過難關。沒人知道究竟有多少人在從未做檢測的情況下康復或死亡。如果只對病情最嚴重的患者做檢測的話，感染人數看上去會更低，而死亡率看起來將更高。
　
suggest: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/suggest
ride sth out: https://bit.ly/2Rd6Tj6
　
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IV. The Peak 疫情高峰
　
Officials often talk about when the epidemic peaks or plateaus — when a country “flattens the curve.” But they rarely specify, the peak of what? And how can we be sure we’re past it? When an outbreak is growing unchecked, more people become infected and more die each day than the day before. On a graph, the curve showing the daily count of new cases has gone from rising sharply to moving sideways — the curve has flattened — and even begun to move downward. That is one corner being turned: The rate of the spread of the virus has slowed down. It takes longer to turn another: the rate of people dying.
　
32. from rising sharply to moving sideways 從急劇上升到橫向移動
33. turn the corner 好轉；度過難關*
　
官員們經常提疫情何時達到高峰或進入平台期，也就是一個國家「壓平曲線」的時候。但他們很少具體說明是什麼達到了高峰，以及我們怎麼能確定高峰已過？當疫情不受控制地發展時，每天的感染和死亡人數都比前一天多。曲線圖上顯示的每天新增病例數從急劇上升變得趨於平緩——曲線已被壓平——甚至開始下降。這是一個轉折點：病毒的傳播速度已經放緩。度過死亡人數的轉折點則需要更長的時間。
　
turn the corner: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/turn%20the%20corner
　
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But even when those curves flatten, the epidemic still has not “peaked” by another crucial measure: the number of active cases. That figure continues to rise until the number of patients who either die or recover each day is larger than the number of new infections. To ease the staggering load on health care systems, the active cases curve must also flatten and then fall.
　
34. peak (v.) 使……達到頂峰
35. either……or…… 不是……就是……
36. staggering 沉重的；巨大的
　
但是，即使這些曲線已趨於平緩，疫情的另一個重要衡量指標——現存確診病例數——仍未達到「峰值」。在每天的死亡或康復患者人數超過新增感染人數之前，這個數字還將繼續上升。為緩解衛生系統的沉重負擔，現存確診病例數的曲線也必須先趨平，然後下降。
　
peak: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/peak_2
　
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V. Lockdowns 封鎖（活動限制）
　
More than two billion people, including most Americans, are living under something usually called a lockdown. But there is no set definition of that word — or related terms like stay-at-home mandates and social distancing — so the details differ from place to place. The biggest differences may be in enforcement. Some places, like those in the United States with lockdowns, mostly rely on people to follow the rules without coercion. But Italy and others have deployed soldiers to ensure compliance, and French police have fined hundreds of thousands of people for violating restrictions. China, in addition to using security forces, mobilized an army of volunteers, ratcheting up social pressure to obey.
　
37. set definition 固定的定義
38. enforcement 實施；執行
39. rely on 仰賴；依靠
40. deploy 部署
41. compliance 服從
42. fine 處……以罰款（或罰金）
43. in addition to 除了……之外
44. mobilize 動員
45. ratchet sth up/down 逐步增加／減少
　
全球有２０多億人，包括大多數美國人正生活在一般被稱為「活動限制」的狀態下。但這個詞沒有固定的定義，其他的相關說法，比如政府的「待在家裡」和「保持社交距離」令也沒有明確的定義，所以各地的具體做法也不一樣。最大的不同可能在執行方面。有些地方，比如美國有限制令的地方，主要依靠人們自覺遵守，而非強制。但義大利等國為確保限制令的落實而動用了軍隊，法國警方還對數已十萬計的違反禁令者處以罰款。中國除了使用安全部隊外，還動員了一支志願者大軍來加大服從封鎖隔離措施的社會壓力。
　
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Italy’s experience shows the looseness of the term. It has gone through several phases of restrictions, applying them to more people, making them stricter and increasing enforcement. A few weeks ago, a person could travel around Italy for a valid work or family reason. Now, people are fined for nonessential walking too far from their homes. But each stage was widely called by the same name: lockdown.
　
46. looseness 鬆散
47. valid 確鑿的；合理的；有根據的；讓人信服的
　
義大利的經歷表明了這個詞語解釋上的自由。義大利的封鎖令經歷了幾個階段，適用範圍擴大到越來越多的人，封鎖及其執行也變得越來越嚴格。幾週前，人們還可以因為正當的工作或家庭原因在義大利旅行。現在，人們會因不必要的離家太遠的走動而被罰款。但禁令的每個階段用的都是同一個泛泛的名稱：活動限制。
　
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＃疫情英文

佩特拉（希臘語：Πέτρα，阿拉伯語：‫البتراء‬‎）是約旦的一座古城，位於安曼南250公里處，隱藏在阿拉伯谷東側的一條狹窄的峽谷內。佩特拉一詞源於希臘文「岩石」（petrus）。

雖然今天我們能夠看見的佩特拉建築大多都是由西元前2世紀的納巴特人所修建，但是這一地區其實早在西元前7000年到6500年的時候就有人居住了。在小佩特拉，我們今天仍然可以看到當時的早期居住地，就在佩特拉主遺址的北部。

到了西元前1200年的Edomites以東人，掌控了佩特拉的這個區域，因著地理位置的優勢，當時以東人掌控由南邊阿拉伯到北邊大馬士革（敘利亞），以及埃及到巴比倫（伊拉克）的貿易路線。西元前600年，來自阿拉伯西部的遊牧民族Nabateans(納巴泰)也遷移到這片區域，從事物品交易並在附近山頭搭帳篷生活。後來以東人因為國勢衰落遷往北部後，納巴泰人逐漸地佔據這裡，並且掌握當時的貿易路線。

剛開始納巴泰人過著傳統的遊牧生活，但是隨著財富不斷的累積，納巴泰人於西元前200年起逐漸轉為都市居民，並於西元前100年左右在岩石區裡建造城市，取名為Raqmu 並設為納巴泰人王國的首都。擅長經商腦筋靈活的納巴泰人，讓這裡成為當時最大的貿易中心，控制了阿拉伯與大馬士革間的通商之路，同時也是海上香料絲路的轉運站，貨品從這裡再轉運到印度或中國。在King Aretas III ( 86–62 B.C.)統治下，納巴泰的領土一度擴大到北至大馬士革，西至西奈半島，南至阿拉伯半島。在佩特拉的全盛時期， 城內居民高達3萬人。

納巴泰王國最讓考古學家驚嘆的，除了從山岩中鑿出美麗的建築外，還有他們傑出的水利工程。納巴泰人將城外山泉水利用一系列的水管水道引進城裡，設計出具有防水功能的地下蓄水池，讓城裡的居民一年四季都有充足的水源。甚至可以將水源賣給來這裡交易的駱駝商隊，從中獲利累積財富。此外，這片區域常常會因為下雨造成山洪淹水，納巴泰人設計出水壩，將洪水巧妙地引導到出水道，解決往年因下雨造成的山洪災難。

西元106年納巴泰王國和平併入在羅馬帝國下，之後古城也改名為 Petra (來自希臘文，意思為石頭)。併入羅馬後，城內一部分的建設依照羅馬設計元素改建，擴大羅馬劇場的規模，市中心舖設石頭路等，同時也增建了許多建築與雕像，因此在佩特拉古城裡可以看到許多羅馬建築的遺跡。

在羅馬的統治下，Petra持續繁榮了一百多年。不過隨著羅馬將貿易中心轉移到位在敘利亞的Palmyra 帕爾米拉 (古時的絲綢之路末端)，再加上航海貿易興起，物品由紅海直抵羅馬略過古城。Petra 不再是最大的貿易樞紐，從此經濟與勢力逐漸衰退。

西元330年，君士坦丁大帝在拜占庭建立新都君士坦丁堡，各城市向信仰基督教的帝王宣示忠誠的最好方式就是興建基督教會。佩特拉雖然大部份都是異教徒，也開始建造教堂。在第四世紀時，納國王的墳墓 (Urn Tomb & Al-Deir) 還被當作教堂使用。

西元363年，一場大地震幾乎摧毀佩特拉半數以上的建物，大部分的納巴泰人都遷移到現在的伊拉克了。留下來的納巴泰人無力修復所有的建物，只能使用未損壞的區域。西元551年，再一次的大地震讓佩特拉的建築和供水系統幾乎全毀，使得原本進駐在佩特拉的教主率領教徒們離開。從此，佩特拉就成為廢墟被世人遺忘。

數百年來，只有居住在此區域的遊牧民族貝都因人知道「The Lost City 失落的城市」存在，他們也刻意守密不想被外界知道。直到1812 年，瑞士探險家 Jean Loius Burckhardt 喬裝成穆斯林聖者進入這裡，佩特拉才重新被外界認識。

19世紀時，不斷湧入的考古學家，旅遊家，詩人和藝術家讓佩特拉成為西方歐洲的焦點。知名的英國畫家David Roberts 進入佩特拉手繪了許多圖畫，展示出佩特拉還未被修復前的景象。1929年就進駐的英國考古團隊一直到現在還再進行開挖工程。目前佩特拉只開挖出整個古城的15％，剩下的85%還淹埋在砂土石塊下。隨著考古團隊持續的持續挖掘與研究，讓佩特拉每隔幾十年就會出現重大發現。

1992年挖掘出基督教的Mosaic教堂，2003年發現了Treasury 下方的古墓，重新定義Treasury 為King Areta III 的墳墓，相信隨著考古工作的進展將來我們可以瞭解更多佩特拉古城的過去與原貌。

佩特拉古城在2007年被全世界票選為「新世界七大奇觀」之一，鬼斧神工的「法老王寶藏」（Treasury, Al-Khaznah），電影Indian Jones曾在這裡拍攝，讓這兒更成為中東最重要的旅遊觀光聖地。