[爆卦]urine醫學是什麼?優點缺點精華區懶人包

雖然這篇urine醫學鄉民發文沒有被收入到精華區:在urine醫學這個話題中,我們另外找到其它相關的精選爆讚文章

在 urine醫學產品中有7篇Facebook貼文,粉絲數超過97萬的網紅日本自助旅遊中毒者,也在其Facebook貼文中提到, #紐約抗疫最前線醫師分享照顧新冠重症的經驗 昨晚一位北醫畢業的張凱銘醫師,在個人臉書分享他在紐約第一線戰場照顧新冠重症病患的經驗。張醫師在紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師即將完訓,七月開始會走感染科次專科訓練。我在此把專有名詞中文化,改寫為一般大眾比較看得懂的版本,且加上我的解讀。醫療人員可以直接看...

urine醫學 在 鳥科學先生—泌尿科顧芳瑜醫師 Instagram 的最佳貼文

2021-09-10 22:11:22

🌏 #國際腥聞 🅴🅿.8 尿道塞6豆噴射 糗卡彈 現在由鳥醫師為您播報,先分享再看下去~ #腥聞重點 一名來自密西根州的30多歲男子 為了助興往尿道口猛塞了6顆菜豆 卻不料在射精時發生「卡彈」無法順利噴射 🔫 心急之下拿鑷子自救不成,才尋求就醫 男子更坦承並非首次の塞豆初體驗 只是彈夾🍆裝這麼多...

urine醫學 在 Moo|不務正業の菜鳥醫 Instagram 的最佳貼文

2020-06-03 11:44:50

. #醫護人員才是晶晶體先驅 最近某騙子因為一直烙英文 被人家懷疑外文系的學歷 殊不知這樣的對話方式我們早就行之有年 人人都是晶晶體大師 先來看看一通值班電話範文吧 附上翻譯: H/D=Hemodialysis =血液透析,就是洗腎 LC=腹腔鏡膽囊切除術 U咖=Urine culture=尿...

  • urine醫學 在 日本自助旅遊中毒者 Facebook 的精選貼文

    2020-03-28 18:21:55
    有 3,134 人按讚

    #紐約抗疫最前線醫師分享照顧新冠重症的經驗
    昨晚一位北醫畢業的張凱銘醫師,在個人臉書分享他在紐約第一線戰場照顧新冠重症病患的經驗。張醫師在紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師即將完訓,七月開始會走感染科次專科訓練。我在此把專有名詞中文化,改寫為一般大眾比較看得懂的版本,且加上我的解讀。醫療人員可以直接看張醫師臉書的原文!

    [經驗分享]
    我在紐約市的公立醫院擔任內科住院醫師即將完訓,七月開始會做美國感染科次專訓練。

    目前紐約災情慘重,我所在醫院確診加疑似病人就超過一百人,我這段期間都在顧加護病房,因此對於新冠重症的照顧也算有心得,我至少照顧過超過20位以上之住院病人,因為在加護病房的關係大部分病人都插管,到目前為止,我應該比許多台灣醫生有武漢新冠肺炎治療之實戰經驗。因為台灣目前防疫做的非常好,多半輕症或無症狀隔離,但是我們隨時要準備如果已經是社區流行,那作為醫生該如何照顧這些病人,因此做個簡單的分享與教學。很多醫學證據都不斷更新,以下盡量是有所依據的臨床處理方式。

    #流病學:相信台灣臨床醫師現在非常仰賴旅遊史畢竟沒有大規模社區感染,但是我要提醒的是如果有天已經大流行,旅遊史可能不是那麼重要了,懷疑就該驗。美國CDC之前一直很在意旅遊史而不隨意驗,結果後來發現根本大流行已經來不及了。在大爆發之前,可能會有一個空窗期就是很多原本我們以為低感染風險而沒有驗到的人,他們其實已經可能被感染。此外年輕人或沒有慢性病史病人也非常多,這是在過去醫院前所未見的。在美國輕症就算陽性也不會住院讓他們回家,所以我所看到是真正的病人,我們已經擴充非常多病房了,但是病人真的很多,感染力真的很強要小心!至今我們已經有三個住院醫師中獎了。

    04b解讀:拘泥於旅遊史,#後來發現新冠其實已經默默進來的悲劇,總在世界各處不斷上演。台灣從2月中開始擴大篩檢以來,我們已經沒有完全依賴旅遊史了。臨床上有懷疑就會檢驗!這點大家可以放心!

    #臨床表現:除了發燒咳等呼吸道症狀,還常有拉肚子等腸胃道症狀,我要特別提醒很多病人會有”#味覺失調或消失”的症狀,這不是鼻塞引起的味覺降低。很多文獻少提味覺問題,但是一定要注意,這可能是一個重要症狀,遇到就該檢驗。此外有些病人會表達胸痛,不一定就是很嚴重的心肌炎,就純粹是無法解釋的胸痛,但還是會建議驗一下心肌的酵素。這個病毒的潛伏期根據我看到的文獻,大概平均是五天多,當然最長可能兩個禮拜,不過我現在講的是一個常態分佈的結果,你要算到最嚴苛標準,也許就兩個禮拜,但是平均還是五天多,所以你如果有接觸史,過了一個禮拜還是沒發病,你大概就安全了。

    04b解讀:別忘了還有嗅覺!#失去味覺嗅覺可以是唯一的症狀,請注意。

    #抽血:CBC(不一定會leukocytosis,反而容易lymphocytopenia and or thrombocytopenia),常transaminitis(GOT/GPT高)。我們會大概三天監測一次Ferritin, ESR/CRP, LDH, D-dimer來觀察對藥物反應。基本blood culture, HIV, urine Legionella/strep pneumonia最好也住院時驗一下排除其他問題。

    04b解讀:這我就不一一翻譯了,重點是抽血上常見到白血球降低,肝功能升高。

    #影像:胸部X光(CXR)會看到兩側浸潤增加。相信大家一定常常不知道病人什麼問題但是看到CXR有點白白髒髒就當肺炎收進來打抗生素住院(其實可能根本不明顯)。我要說的是這些新冠住院病人,不會只是CXR微微白白髒髒,而是一看就是明顯兩側蔓延,在我住院醫師期間真的從來沒有看到那麼多CXR都是長這個樣子的,現在我幾乎可以看到CXR就診斷。至於胸部電腦斷層雖然比較清楚,但是我認為不需要,因為大部分CXR就很明顯了,加上抽血等等就算PCR還沒有出來就可以很有把握診斷了。安排胸部電腦斷層只會讓醫院感控暴露風險,因為機器要大消毒,浪費時間也可能使真正需要電腦斷層的人沒辦法照到。

    04b解讀:這一點我要提醒一下,因為張醫師的經驗多半是進加護病房的重症,胸部X光多半都有明顯的變化。但如果是門診或急診可能遇到的輕症,#很多X光是看不出來的,詳情請見日本鑽石公主號病患的照護經驗。

    #氧氣治療方面:如果有喘或是血氧低下,當然要監測血中氧氣的濃度。一開始nasal cannula, simple mask 下一個nonrebreather mask,中間不要試BiPAP/CPAP/High flow NC你就要early intubation了!因為BiPAP等會有把病毒釋放出來空氣傳播的風險。而且新冠病人缺氧或呼吸衰竭進展真的非常快!如果氧氣撐不住就要提早插管。另外不要使用霧化的藥物治療,如需支氣管擴張劑可以用MDI手壓的pump。另外ARDS常用的臥趴姿勢prone position效果感覺非常好,病人一趴著血氧真的會稍微提升,有些病人甚至沒有被插管的,血氧稍微差一點的我們就會叫他趕快趴著!還真的很有用。很多插管病人我們也會給他趴著,我看討論串好像台灣不是很喜歡趴著因為很耗費護理師人力,不過至少我在我們醫院我看到是一大早三個主治醫師就一起合力把病人翻姿勢,其實美國醫師工作也是很辛苦的。

    04b解讀:這比較專業我就不一一翻譯了,重點是不要用氣霧治療因為有透過氣溶膠aerosol傳染風險,還有要早期插管,病人惡化可以很快所以提早比較有準備的插管是比較理想的,不要在惡化時匆忙的插管,這對醫護人員比較有感染的風險!

    #藥物治療:
    1.我知道很多診所喜歡開類固醇給”感冒”的病人,但是絕對要避免,因為類固醇有延長病毒排出的副作用,之前在MERS等病人的研究也是類固醇壞處大於好處,因此使用類固醇除非是有其他原因才用。

    04b解讀:普通感冒,很多開業醫診所可能會故意給病人吃類固醇,讓病人短期內好得快,覺得你是神醫別的診所都治不好只有你的藥最有效。這本來就不是正確的事情,濫用類固醇,且如果不是感冒,是其他的感染症或是疾病,給類固醇都可能有不好的影響。

    2.高劑量Statin似乎有研究對防止病毒結合有幫助,因此如果肝功能允許可以考慮使用(比方說lipitor 40 or 80)。

    04b解讀:這是降血脂肪的藥物,一直以來有些研究顯示此藥物除了降低血中脂肪外,還可以有抗發炎的效果。但在新冠上面應該還無法確認有效,僅是從之前經驗的猜測,機制也不是防止病毒結合。

    3.Lopinavir愛滋病藥物新英格蘭期刊已經發表確定沒用。

    04b解讀: 抗愛滋藥物lopinavir/ritonavir的那篇臨床試驗治療組和對照組在湖北各自收案約100人。雖然結論是沒有統計學上意義,但因為人數算少,要做出統計學上意義較困難,只看圖會覺得兩者是有拉開的,多少有效果。且這個臨床試驗設計上有種種問題,#可能還不急著宣判他確定沒效。這我之後會寫。

    4.在美國我們幾乎每個病人都會給羥氯奎寧(hydroxychloroquine)(400mg bid for a day, then 200mg bid for 4 days)讓病毒進細胞後沒辦法釋放出來。使用藥物前一定要做心電圖,如果QTc>500就不要用。我們醫院現在不加阿奇黴素azithromycin了因為兩個一起用會延長QTc就有致死案例。對於法國研究兩藥合併治療效果很好我保持樂觀態度,那個研究病人量很少僅有36例,我實際臨床經驗覺得幫助好像有限,但是因為體外研究有效,我們還是會給病人就是了!

    新冠似乎會跟其他呼吸道病毒一起同時感染,所以還是要驗一下流感。但是如果流感檢查陰性也不需要給克流感藥物,因為對新冠無效。除了病毒外,還常會有續發性的細菌感染,所以我們幾乎還是會給抗細菌抗生素,紅黴素(macrolide)或是氟喹諾酮類抗生素(fluoroquinolone)因為會擔心加重上述心律不整的問題,所以我們醫院現在給四環素類的doxycycline。記得驗一下退伍軍人症,因為跟新冠一樣都常有腸胃道症狀。

    04b解讀:羥氯奎寧加阿奇黴素 #有可能會造成可致死的心律不整,因此請大家還是要 #在醫師開方之下讓醫師小心使用,不要自己去搶藥亂吃喔!特別提醒一下,在台灣四環素類的doxycycline對一般細菌抗藥性很嚴重,所以無法作為第一線使用,此點和美國不同。可能還是要用一般的盤尼西林類或是頭孢黴素cephalosporin治療。

    同時感染不同的微生物是有可能的,在治療社區感染肺炎的指引中一直都有提到有一定比例的病患可能有兩種感染在身上。這次的新冠我有看到一篇討論這樣的問題,115個新冠病人中有5例也得了流感。他們的結論是和流感一起感染的話,病情沒有加重。當然這還需要更多研究。

    5.Remdesivir(瑞德西韋)在美國第一個案例就是靠這個治好的,各國都在臨床試驗中,我個人很看好,我們醫院也要開始實驗這個了…

    04b解讀:美國第一例瑞德西韋治療成功那一例其實還無法確定說是瑞德西韋的功勞,他是在第七天的傍晚給的,第八天馬上退燒,有一點太快了。但其實在給藥前的第七天已經從鼻咽和口咽的檢體看到了病毒量下降(PCR的Ct數越高就是做越多次放大才做出來,代表病毒量越低)。到底是不是確認有效,這還是要等後續臨床試驗資料出來!張P倒是有說台灣目前參與的三例,效果看來不錯,燒很快就退了。

    6.日本藥favipiravir(法匹拉韋)聽說也很成功但是因為我在美國比較不熟。

    04b解讀:法匹拉韋(商品名:Avigan)是日本出的口服抗流感藥,美國和台灣都沒有上市,詳細可以見我之前的文章。

    7.很多新冠病人為什麼這麼病重,明明年輕人卻嚴重的ARDS(急性呼吸窘迫症候群)比老人更嚴重,因為很多是cytokine release syndrome(細胞激素釋放症候群)的關係。所以IL-6 inhibitor如tocilizumab or sarilumab本來治療類風溼性關節炎的生物製劑或許也有用。現階段也還在臨床試驗中,可以抽血IL-6監測。聽說MGH用tocilizumab,而我的醫院也要開始臨床試驗sarilumab。

    04b解讀:這個描述我不是很確定是否是定論,因為這是我們在SARS觀察到的。就是病毒在年輕人引起了過度的免疫反應,反而回頭來傷害自己身體。的確是有看到一些報告提及可能有部分的病人是cytokine release syndrome(細胞激素釋放症候群),但據我所知,其他國家並沒有報告這麼多類似SARS在年輕人引起細胞激素風暴還有重症的案例。我一直在等美國,#特別是紐約流行病學的資料,我相信之後看到大數據出來之後會更能了解美國疫情的全貌。後面反正就是一些抑制免疫力的藥物,我就不翻譯了,之後有空再寫這類抑制細胞激素的藥物。

    #Code status:新冠大部分還是胸腔性疾病,很多重症就是要插管接呼吸器來治療,因此插管是很重要的環節。但是有些運氣不是很好的病人,多重器官衰竭等等突然需要急救CPR的情況,這對醫療團隊來說是暴露極高風險甚至多半可能徒勞。我認為有必要一開始就要跟病人談好DNR(拒絕心肺復甦術),這不代表不插管,該插管還是要插管,但是真的不幸心跳停止等,要量力而為。

    #醫院管理:在紐約我們的物資設備都輸台灣很多也嚴重不足,不過也許可以給台灣要是不幸疫情大爆發做個借鏡。現在醫院幾乎都是新冠病人,也不可能一人一間病房了,因此直接把新冠病人直接放在同一間房間,反正都得病了也不怕被感染了。不過還是建議最好病房的門是有窗戶的,至少從外面看進去可以知道病人好不好。而且就我剛剛所說,病人原本可能好好的就突然血氧掉非常喘,需要趕快插管,每個住院病人真的像未爆彈。另外加護病房病人因為常常有很多點滴輸液幫浦,護理師要一直進出隔離房不方便穿脫隔離衣,可以考慮直接把輸液幫浦放在房間外面,點滴線延長出去就好,這樣如果護理師要調鎮定劑和升壓劑等等就可以不用進入房間更改設定。

    #國家防疫:現階段台灣防疫做很好,還在圍堵的階段,就是把最有可能的人抓出來隔離,但是對於平均每個個案的隔離成本很高,國家也很不容易控制,目前台灣有兩百多的個案,但是某天要是慢慢累積好幾百個病人甚至破千,我們也許就要調整策略,因為把全部只要是陽性的病人都抓到醫院關那是不可能的,台灣沒有那麼多的醫療能量,也不能這樣浪費。而且輕症染病的病人,要多久PCR會轉陰性,我還沒看到研究統計出來,應該也很少人會做這樣研究,因為很少國家會像台灣如此嚴格標準檢疫隔離的,就好像今天得流行性感冒,如果不太嚴重也是讓病人回家,病癒就是病癒,一般醫師也不會再重複驗呼吸道還有沒有病毒。個人覺得台灣可以把輕症病人平均多久時間PCR轉陰性做個統計發表研究。

    我最近看了世界著名病毒學專家何大一博士的專訪。個人覺得這篇寫得不錯,裡面他就有寫到目前也不知道陽性的病人過多久後才不會有傳染力,他說猜測大概三週。至於已經得過新冠的病人之後會不會再重複感染,他是覺得應該是不會,也就是現在所有的防疫工作,#就是在爭取時間讓疫苗可以製造出來讓群體都可以有保護效果。現階段幾乎所有國家都大爆發,就不可能像台灣還在圍堵的防疫階段,因為你要假設所有人都有可能是病人,那能做的就是緩和流行曲線(flatten the curve),我覺得這個概念相當重要,基本上就是拖延戰術,減少不必要的社交和聚集,要保持社交距離(social distancing),不必要的商業活動要停止,電影院酒吧夜店要關,餐廳只能外帶等等,這可以避免加速接觸感染,讓病人增加量不要達這麼快一下超出醫療能負荷的數量避免醫療崩壞,很多國家都在這麼做了,目前聽起來表現比較好的國家像是南韓,雖然他們一開始防疫沒有做好導致非常多人得病,但是經過大規模檢驗,還有避免出門要待在家等等,目前疫情也有和緩的趨勢,算是亡羊補牢,也不是不行。台灣目前表現全球數一數二,但是我們總是要做最壞的準備跟打算。

    04b解讀:因為這是新興感染的未知病毒,所以才會對他解隔離的時間一開始採取比較嚴格的做法,這個張P記者會有報告,我就不在這贅述了。

    #後記:沒想到一下就寫這麼多,這算是我第一線醫療工作者的記實與經驗分享,目前紐約疫情雖然已嚴重崩壞,但實際上還只是開始而已不見緩和。不過美國參戰之後相信會有更多醫學研究與臨床治療準則可以參考,實際上也不完全是壞事。你問我會不會怕?我每天也是提心吊膽的,都很怕生病,每天都要很注意自己的身體狀態,但偏偏美國住院醫師工時非常長(週休一日,也沒有PM off隔日下午休息)又不斷把我們明明不是在病房輪值的時候抓來上班,取消我們的門診等等。我都盡量多休息有時間就睡覺保持免疫力。

    現在在醫院其實也是看到很多恐慌的面孔,我們醫院是公立醫院,平常病人多為社會最底層的人,吸毒的、遊民的、酗酒的,總之各種問題台灣一個比較健康的社會大概很難想像是一個怎麼樣的場所。不過最近因為新冠病人大爆發,我發現很多可能社會上的一般人或中產階級,他們可能是警察、可能是清潔工、就某天感染病毒生病了,這時候醫護站起來照顧他們治療他們,讓他們免於恐懼,這是作為醫學生涯也算比較榮光的時候,因為我們平常的訓練,就在這時候派上用場,也算是找到一點點行醫的意義跟價值。可以平安地活著其實就很好。目前台灣社會可以安全的生活著也真的很好。

    04b解讀:張醫師辛苦了!在這麼忙碌和緊張的時刻還可以抽出時間和台灣的醫師分享這些重要的心得,真的很感謝!請一切小心,保重身體注意健康。祝福您未來一切順利!

  • urine醫學 在 當張仲景遇上史丹佛 Facebook 的最讚貼文

    2020-01-22 08:57:58
    有 745 人按讚

    從非典到新冠肺炎

    From SARS to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) - English version is in the second half

    新冠肺炎,Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) 新型冠状病毒肺炎,疫情越來越嚴重,被證實可以人傳人,也在武漢以外的許多地方發現病例,造成世界各國及世界衛生組織(WHO)高度關切,當然也讓很多住在中國大陸及附近區域的華人非常緊張,就好像當年的非典肺炎疫情即將再一次大爆發一樣。

    目前,現代醫學還沒有找到治療新冠肺炎的方法,只能針對某些症狀來處理,疫苗的研發更是遙遙無期。怎麼辦?每次遇到這種情況,中醫就會被搬出來,這次也不例外。新冠肺炎爆發後,網上馬上有許多中醫對付新冠肺炎的文章。當然,除非哪位中醫師看過、治好過大量的新冠肺炎病例,所有的討論都是猜想、假設。然而,有些猜想及假設值得參考,有些猜想及假設卻明顯在誤導大眾。

    我還沒有治療過新冠肺炎,不能大肆評論。不過,我治好過很多禽流感、豬流感、及每年流感導致的嚴重肺炎及其它病變的病人。其中許多病人是被美國大型西醫院證實為嚴重肺炎,被要求醫院或居家隔離,偷偷溜出來找中醫看診的。也因此許多病人及討論中醫的網站,希望我能針對新冠肺炎發表一些意見。

    我們以前就討論過,這些彪悍的流感病毒,經過那麼多年、那麼多次的變種(mutation),每年都不一樣,東漢時期傳下來的經典中醫,根本沒有遇到過現在的病毒,怎麼可能治療如此嚴重的肺炎呢?

    中醫從來就不認識病毒,也不從病毒種類的角度來思考。中醫是探討人體受到外界因素破壞,失去平衡後,身體會有哪些現象、哪些反應,根據那些現象、那些反應來調整身體狀況,期待身體能恢復到平衡狀態,把外界因素帶來的破壞減到最小。我打個半開玩笑的比方,警匪槍戰時,我們注意到壞人哪個方向來的火力強大,造成我們部署在哪個位置的警員傷亡,這時我們會趕緊重新部署人員,或者想辦法增派警力,我們大概無暇去管壞人是用哪個牌子的槍、哪個工廠做的子彈!

    雖然幾百年幾千年下來,病毒變種等等的外界因素改變了非常多,人體演化的改變卻非常有限。人體的功能,無論是怎麼被破壞的,某項功能被破壞而導致的症狀、反應、後續演變,卻依然有明顯的脈絡可循。也因為如此,在很多情況下,中醫以專注人體本身平衡狀態的治療方式,反而比西醫專注在外來敵人的治療方式來得有效許多。

    依據多年累積大量的臨床病例觀察,無論是禽流感、豬流感、還是每年的流感,人體敗壞的進程依然如同傷寒雜病論探討的一樣,非常簡化的說,從一般桂枝湯證、葛根湯證等的表寒,轉變到小青龍湯證等的裡寒,津液不足、水道運化失調而化熱,變成比較嚴重的大青龍湯證,或者更嚴重肺臟的寒熱夾雜,金匮要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇中的射干麻黃證、葶藶大棗瀉肺湯證、澤漆湯證、小青龍加石膏湯證等等混雜出現,搞得亂七八糟,也不再是什麼簡單方劑可以對應的。

    然而,雖然進程很像,不同於一般外感的是,這些嚴重流感肺炎病情加重的改變速度快非常多,也來得猛烈頑強很多。一般的外感從桂枝湯證、葛根湯證等轉變到大青龍湯證或更複雜的病情,通常需要一兩週的時間。同時,還得病人自己非常不注意,或者醫生治療錯誤,一般感冒才會沒辦法自己好,反而變成嚴重的病症。這幾年的流感,從一開始覺得不太對勁,到嚴重複雜的病情,只需要三四天,而且有越來越快的趨勢。這大幅提高中醫師治療流感時,判斷功力及敏感度的要求,中醫師必須在許多症狀還沒有出現時,就得抓緊時間,趕緊行動,卻又不能預防過度,反而讓病情加重。換句話說,時機、劑量、藥材比例變得非常重要,稍有不慎,就無法反轉病情。

    舉個例子,有些病人得了流感,咳嗽非常嚴重,痰非常多,呼吸困難。依照中醫的辨證,假如一致都是寒,舌苔白、小便清、怕冷等等,本來依照辨證論治,我們可能會開射干麻黃湯加減給病人。然而,因為流感的進程非常快速,中醫師得非常敏感,譬如看到舌苔白卻帶有一絲絲乾的感覺,就很可能得加上大寒的石膏來避免肺喪失津液,卻又不能加太多石膏,以免肺寒加重。又譬如聽到咳嗽聲音非常深沈,從肺的底部發出,又帶有膿痰的濁音,就很可能得加上瀉肺的葶藶來避免肺中水飲、痰飲大幅增加,卻又不能加太多葶藶,以免肺變得太虛弱。

    我們回頭來看這次的新冠肺炎。根據有限的資訊,我們知道感染後有大約兩週的潛伏期,這段時間沒有什麼症狀,病人可能只會感到有些疲憊。剛開始發病時,很像一般的感冒,病人會發熱、乏力,並不嚴重,沒有什麼流鼻涕等上呼吸道的症狀,有的甚至沒有發熱。約一半的病人一週多後恢復,另一半的病人卻在一週後出現呼吸困難,有些病人會快速進展為急性呼吸窘迫綜合征、膿毒症休克、代謝性酸中毒、凝血功能障礙等等嚴重的問題,可能導致死亡。

    從上面的敘述,我們不難發現,一開始很像一般中醫外感的桂枝湯證、葛根湯證,一半的病人也就自己恢復了,另一半的病人卻出現快速的入裡化熱現象,肺津液迅速流失,非常濃稠的痰飲沈積在肺部下方。同時,中醫認為肺為人體調節津液的源頭,肺金生水,好比天空下雨一般,而當肺的功能及津液調節出現嚴重障礙,很快就會拖累三焦水道、腎臟等的功能,導致上面提到的幾種嚴重病情。換句話說,新冠肺炎可以讓輕微的太陽證外感,迅速發展成嚴重的肺痿肺癰,再進一步瓦解人體其它功能的運作。

    怎麼治療?在沒有直接治療武漢肺炎病人的情況下,我們也只能根據有限的資訊來推論,不過,以前大量的流感肺炎治療病例,可以讓我們比較有信心的面對新冠肺炎。當病人已經出現明顯新冠肺炎症狀時,大多已經入裡化熱,嚴重的肺痿肺癰。這個時候,得用大劑量的石膏清肺熱、加強肺津液運作。也得靠葶藶、大戟等把肺下方濃稠的痰飲及胸腔可能的積液去掉,痰飲積液不去,是無法修復肺家津液運作的。同時,肺氣不宣,就好像吸管上頭堵住了,吸管內的水無法上下,我們還得使用麻黃等宣肺、發陽的中藥來配合。另外,肺已經受損了,除了大動作急救外,比較穩定後,還得靠一些潤肺的藥來收尾,讓肺完全恢復。如果我們列一個可能加入的中藥單,大致有石膏、葶藶子、大戟、生半夏、麻黃、射干、紫菀 、款冬花、 生薑、炙甘草、紅棗、麥門冬、杏仁等等。當然,如前面所言,用藥的時機、劑量、藥材比例非常重要,每一個病人的差異也很大,嚴格考驗中醫師的功力與膽識,一旦判斷錯誤,不但沒有效果,反而可能會加重病情。

    網上有些中醫師,說新冠肺炎或其它流感肺炎可以用板藍根清熱解毒來治好。也有些中醫師說可以用麥門冬湯等等的輕劑治好嚴重的肺炎。甚至還有些中醫師說多喝綠豆湯可以預防新冠肺炎!其實,真的遇過、治好過禽流感、豬流感等嚴重流感肺炎的中醫師,一看這些文章,就幾乎可以確定這些人根本沒有治療過嚴重肺炎的經驗,充其量只是在西醫治療下,在旁邊幫幫病人一些小忙而已。這樣的情況下,難怪中國政府平時大力推展中醫,真的有如同新冠肺炎這樣重大疫情爆發時,卻看不到中國政府大量使用中醫方法來治療病人、控制疫情。醫學是實戰的學問,沒有大量臨床病例,講得再好聽都是沒有用的,如果希望中醫真的在主流醫學裡站立起來,希望中醫真的能面對大規模的疫情,回歸最基本的臨床療效,才是最重要的,其它都只像是武術表演,而非實際作戰。

    From SARS to Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)

    Written in Chinese by Dr. Andy Lee, January 21, 2020
    Translated to English by Dr. James Yeh and Dr. Andy Lee, March 28, 2020

    The epidemic from Novel Coronavirus is becoming much more serious. Transmissivity among people has been proven. (Note: It's now named COVID–19. The term “Coronavirus” will be used here.) Cases were found in areas beyond Wuhan. It has caused serious attentions from the WHO (World Health Organization) and many countries around the world. The residents in China and the surrounding regions are quite worried and wonder whether it will break out like SARS (2003). (Note: The article was written on January 21, 2020, before Coronavirus became a global pandemic.)

    So far, the modern medical field has not found a cure for Coronavirus, but resorts to treating patients’ symptoms only. Any vaccine to treat Coronavirus is still no way in the sight. What do we do? Every time such a situation happens, the topic of using Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is raised (at least among the Chinese communities). There is no exception this time. Many articles related to using TCM on Coronavirus have been popping up on the web. However, unless some TCM doctors who have actually treated many Coronavirus cases, all the discussion would be hypotheses or assumptions. Some hypotheses are worth considering while many others could be quite misleading.

    Personally I have not treated patients cases related to Coronavirus. (Note: Shortly after this writing, the author has directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Coronavirus successfully, and has published other later blogs which included his involvement in treating those patients. Please refer to his medical blog http://www.DrLee.us.) However, I did treat and cure patients inflicted by other viruses in the past, such as the Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and other influenza. A good amount of those patients were diagnosed as severe pneumonia by large hospitals and were required for isolation or self-quarantine. Hence many of patients and online medical forums online are asking for my opinions about Coronavirus.

    As we discussed before, all these viruses from the outbreaks are either newly found or mutated from previous strands. The strand can be different every year. Therefore, people always ask how one can say that the TCM knowledge developed in East Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) would be any useful for treating the modern diseases, let alone the severe ones.

    It turns out that TCM does not recognize any virus and does not deal with the concept of which type of virus is microscopically at work. TCM looks at how human bodies would become out-of-balance and react to external stimuli. Once the body is out of balance, what symptoms will exhibit and what reactions will be to adjust the body conditions to regain the balance, hence to reduce the damage to the body to the minimum. Let me take an example to illustrate: when there is a gunfight between the police and bandits, we want to see which direction the shots are coming from, causing casualties of the police force, so that we are able to adjust or reinforce the police power. We have no time to think about which brand of the guns or bullets the bandits use.

    Over thousands of years, the external viruses have changed and evolved quite a bit, but the evolution of human beings was quite limited. The human body function, no matter how it was damaged, the symptoms due to the damage of the function, the reactions, and the following progression of the disease still follow certain paths. For this very reason, TCM’s focus on the balance of the human body often surpasses the effectiveness of Western medicine, which focuses more on external treats and the microscopic aspect of how human body’s cells are impacted by the external treats.

    From the accumulation of many years of clinical treatment and observations, no matter it is Bird Flu, Swine Flu or other influenza, the bodily ‘damage’ and its progression by the viral attack still follow the description of the classic TCM literature “Treatise on Cold Damage on Miscellaneous Disease” (傷寒雜病論). In short summary, the disease usually starts with “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛) or “External Coldness” (表寒), for which is matched to one of the several syndromes named with the corresponding herbal remedies such as “Gui Zhi Tang” (桂枝湯) and “Ge Geng Tang” (葛根湯). Then, the disease moves onto the next stage “Interior Coldness” (裡寒) or “Lung Coldness” (肺寒), which shows the syndromes named as “Xiao Qing Long Tang” (小青龍湯), etc. When the respiratory system is “affected by the coldness”, the body fluid function of the respiratory system gets affected. The circulation function of the lung becomes “Dry and Overheated” (燥热). This would lead to a more serious stage “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) and would often be matched to its herbal remedy “Da Qing Long Tang” (大青龍湯). Or, even worse, it becomes so-called “mixed coldness and heat” (寒熱夾雜) in the lung. Such a complex situation was extensively discussed in Chapter 7 of the classic literature “Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber” (金匮要略肺痿肺癰咳嗽上氣病脈證治第七篇). At this complex stage, the illness development varies significantly among patients of different preconditions and other variants. It is no longer the situation that a simple herbal remedy can be applied to all the situations. The TCM theory illustrates various treatments by those herbal remedies such as “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯), “Ting Li Da Zao Xie Fei Tang” (葶藶大棗瀉肺湯), ”Ze Qi Tang” (澤漆湯), “Xiao Qing Long Jia Shi Gao Tang” (小青龍加石膏湯), and others.

    However, even the disease progressions are similar, the more serious viral attacks like Coronavirus can and often do progress much faster with more severe consequences than the common flu. As described in the previous paragraph, normally the disease progression of the “External Coldness” stage to the more serious “Heated Interior” stage usually takes one to two weeks. It is also often due to the ignorance of the patient or misdiagnosis and treatment of the doctor, which prevents the patient from recovering from this “catching a cold”. In the recent several years though, the time period between the time that the patient did not feel well and the time that the patient is in a serious and complex situation can be as short as 3 to 4 days. We also see the trend that this period gets shorter and shorter. In other words, the disease progression is getting much faster. This phenomenon poses a much higher demand on TCM doctors’ ability to make a quick and proper judgment and sensitivity to the subject matter. TCM doctors must intercept the disease progression before it reaches to a more serious stage, even without obvious symptoms of the next stage. TCM doctors have to timely prescribe the proper herbal remedy in terms of the type of herbs and relative dosages of herbs. Too weak a dosage could not stop the progression while too strong a dosage could worsen the condition also. A misjudgment would not be able the turn the conditions around, but hurt the patient more.

    The above can be illustrated by a simple example. A patient caught flu and has symptoms such as heavy coughing, lots of sputum, and difficulty in breathing. From the TCM dialectics, with observations of white tongue coating, clear urine, and feeling chilly, etc., it is clearly caused by “Coldness”. Such a patient typically should be prescribed with “She Gan Ma Hung Tang” (射干麻黃湯) or its variations. However, due to the fast progression of the modern flu, the TCM doctor would need to pay attention to much subtle details such as the dryness of the tongue although it still shows the white coating. In this case, Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) might need to be added to the herbal remedy to make sure that the lung would not suffer dryness. Given that Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) itself is an ingredicient that is “very cold” in nature, the dosage could not be too strong to make the lung too chilly. At the opposite end of the spectrum, if the sound of the coughing is very ‘deep’, like dense sputum coming from the bottom of the lung, the herbal remedy might need to add Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶) to clear up the lung to avoid too much mucus in the lung. And again, the dosage of葶藶 could not be too much to weaken the lung. (Note: Handling the proper timing and proper remedy can be a real test to the ability and experience of the TCM doctor.)

    Let’s go back to the discussion on Coronavirus. From the limited information available so far, we know that there are about two weeks of incubation period after the infection. There are little symptoms during this period and the patient may just feel more tired than usual. More obvious symptoms will start like those of common flu with fever, fatigue but not too serious. Upper respiratory symptoms like running nose are less common. Some patients may not even exhibit fever. About half of the patients infected will recover over a week or so. The other half of the patients will experience difficulty in breathing, or rapid progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock, metabolic acidosis, coagulopathy, etc. Some patients had died due to these severe conditions.

    From the above description, this Coronavirus, in the beginning, is very much like the common flu and will stay in stages of “Exterior Deficiency or Weakness” (表虛) or “External Coldness” (表寒). Half of the patients infected will recover by themselves as in common cold. The other half of the patients may exhibit situations of rapid penetration into inner organs and excess ‘heat’, which causes loss of fluidity of respiratory system and accumulation of dense sputum at the lower part of the lung. In the TCM theory, the lung serves as the initial “gating factor” of body fluids. When the lung fails to serve the proper function, other organs like the kidney will be adversely affected also. In other words, Coronavirus can turn a light “External Coldness” to extremely severe “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) and “Lung Abscess” (肺癰), which in turn will impair the function of other organs.

    How to treat? Without direct experience of treating Coronavirus patients, we can only postulate from our limited information available in hand. (Note: Shortly after this writing, the author has directly and indirectly participated in treating patients of Coronavirus successfully. The treatments were exactly as outlined in this article.) From the ample experience of dealing pneumonia cases caused by flu, we are confident that we can also treat Coronavirus successfully. When patients are showing the obvious Coronavirus symptoms, most of them would have entered the stage of “Heated Interior” (入裡化熱) with “Lung Atrophy” (肺痿) or “Lung Abscess” (肺癰) to a certain degree. At this stage, we will need large dosages of Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏) to clear the heat to ensure the proper fluidity function of the lung. Also, we will rely on Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶), Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), etc. to clear up the dense mucus at the lower part of the lung and to remove the edema of the chest chamber. Without getting rid of the excess mucus and fluid, the lung cannot properly function. We need to use Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), etc. to enhance the lung function (宣肺、發陽) and restore proper breathing. When the lung is damaged as in fibrosis, after the conditions stabilize, we need to “moisturize” the lung (润肺) to help the lung to recover fully. In other words, we will most likely use the herbal ingredients such as Sheng Shi Gao (Gypsum, 生石膏), Ting Li (Sisymbrium indicum, 葶藶), Da Ji (Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr., 大戟), Sheng Ban Xia (Pinellia ternate, 生半夏), Ma Huang (Ephedra sinica Stapf., 麻黃), She Gan (Belamcanda chinensis, 射干), Zi Wan (Aster tataricus, 紫菀), Kuan Dong Hua (Tussilago farfara flower, 款冬花), Sheng Jiang (Ginger, 生薑), Zhi Gan Cao (processed Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., 炙甘草), Hong Zao (Ziziphus jujube, 紅棗), Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬), Xing Ren (Prunus armeniaca, 杏仁), and others. As we discussed in previous paragraphs, the timing, dosage, the relative ratios of different herbal ingredients are very critical. Given that there are quite some variations in patient conditions, the challenges on TCM doctors’ comprehensive knowledge, judgment and courage are unprecedented.

    In those articles online, some TCM doctors claimed that Coronavirus can be cured by Ban Lan Gen (Isatis tinctoria root, 板藍根), which is believed to have natural antibiotic chemicals to “clear up the heat and toxics”. Some TCM doctors suggested using a simple mild herbal remedy “Mai Men Dong Tang” (麥門冬湯), which mainly relies on the ingredient Mai Men Dong (Ophiopogon japonicas, 麥門冬). Some people even suggested that having the green bean soup could prevent Coronavirus. In fact, those TCM doctors who have good experience of treating Bird Flu, Swine Flu, and pneumonia caused by other influenza would know that the people making those claims never had the real experience of treating severe pneumonia. They at most helped in a minor way the patients under Western medicine treatments. Under such conditions, it is not a surprise that the China government has not used TCM as the primary method of treating Coronavirus, despite its big promotion of TCM in the recent years. (Note: After this writing, Coronavirus epidemic became so severe in China that the China government changed its strategy and started to use TCM extensively in treating many mild Coronaviurs cases.)

    Medicine is the science based on real treatment results. Without a good amount of successful cases in clinical treatments, it is useless to promote any fancy idea of treating patients. If we would like TCM to be respected in the mainstream medicine and to be meaningfully used in a severe epidemic like Coronavirus, it is critical to focus on the most fundamental. That’s the clinical results. Like the martial arts, unless you can fight off the bad guys, it’s just a show of fancy movements.

    http://andylee.pro/wp/?p=7169)
    #當張仲景遇上史丹佛

  • urine醫學 在 蔡明劼醫師 健康。瘦身 Facebook 的最佳解答

    2019-12-18 11:06:16
    有 262 人按讚

    【你的尿尿貴不貴?】#林慶順教授
    幾個月前一位好友傳來一個「世界最貴的尿」的視頻。它的標題是Americans Have the ‘Most Expensive Urine’ in the World(美國人有世界上最貴的尿)。

    Donna Arnett醫生是美國心臟協會的主席,她說:「美國人每年花50億元購買維他命,但是這項研究顯示,只要你是均衡飲食,維他命並沒有什麼幫助」。

    Steve Nissen醫生是克里夫蘭診所心血管科的主任,他說:「這項研究一點也不令人感到意外。美國人攝取的營養已經超過他們的需要,所以再補充維他命的話,只是會排出很昂貴的尿」。

    「澳州醫學會主席Michael Gannon醫生說,綜合維他命對大多數人“無益”。」 「您需要的是良好的飲食習慣,而不是將錢尿尿到馬桶裡。」

    【蔡醫師點評】
    針對特定疾病來說,某些維生素、礦物質可能是至關重要的。最近在拜讀莊武龍醫師的大作『逆轉營養素』,更是有所體悟。

    但是就一般人而言,飲食習慣不佳,卻只想靠每天吞保健品換取健康,根本是緣木求魚。其實不是蔡醫師在自我吹噓,文中這些大師們的觀念跟我是不謀而合的,這也是為什麼我的版面上看不到營養保健品代言廣告的原因。

    #其實是因為沒有廠商找你吧
    #台灣人的尿液應該也滿貴的

你可能也想看看

搜尋相關網站