#新冠病毒打造喪屍細胞觸手注射毒液？
#你在寫科幻小說逆？

最近兩天一個新聞非常聳動，種種新聞標題紛紛出籠：
研究指病毒長出觸鬚感染健康細胞
電子顯微鏡照片曝光武漢病毒伸出「觸手」注射毒液
電子顯微鏡下驚人照片：中共病毒伸出「觸手」射毒
最新顯微圖曝光！觸手一碰如殭屍擴散
人體細胞感染新冠病毒後會長出帶毒液的觸角，進一步感染其他細胞
新冠病毒再進化! 恐伸觸手製喪屍病毒

主要描述大概是：研究發現，新冠病毒竟然再度進化，會令受感染的人體細胞長出多隻觸手（filopodia，又稱絲狀偽足），然後去接觸鄰近的健康細胞，並注入病毒毒液，令病毒擴散至全身；快速複製被研究人員形容「非常邪惡」。

這篇應該是從LA Times上一篇報導出來的
Inside the body, the coronavirus is even more sinister than scientists had realized
原報導就寫的很聳動，查了一下這個LA times的作者還是有30年資例的醫藥記者，包括形容為喪屍細胞，細胞會有很可怕的轉變，病毒的毒液等等....後來傳過來中文的報導，就越寫越像科幻小說。

研究本身：
Cell的原文，很硬的一篇（Cell是比較偏向基礎醫學的研究期刊，非常權威）
The Global Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

簡單來說，這篇是以蛋白質體學（proteomics）的方式來研究新冠病毒感染人類細胞後的機轉，且從牽連到這個機轉的一個酵素找出有可能可以抗病毒的藥物。

張上淳老師今天在記者會的回答：
新的研究是看到受感染的細胞外觀的一個表現，還有是不是會造成更容易感染其他週邊細胞。在所有的病毒感染中，本來就是一個細胞受感染之後，病毒在這細胞中複製繁殖，然後破壞這個細胞，再把更多的病毒顆粒釋放出來，就會感染到週邊更多的細胞。這是所有的比較厲害的病毒，大概都是這樣的模式。至於這個細胞會怎麼樣變形，我想只是多了解他實際的狀況而已。

不過臨床上，病毒到底會造成多高比例的重症，多大比例會影響到多個器官，甚至多重器官衰竭，我們是否有藥物可以控制他，才是比較重要的。

（意思應該是他在電子顯微鏡下面長什麼樣子不是很有臨床意義吧。）

我不打算講解原本這篇非常基礎科學的文章，寫出來多半人也看不懂。我只說幾個新聞報出來的點：
1.新冠病毒竟然再度進化-->原文沒這樣寫，這是個新發現，不叫做再度進化。

2.會令受感染的人體細胞長出多隻觸手-->在原文中有提到，像是牛痘病毒，愛滋病毒，有些流感病毒，伊波拉病毒，馬堡病毒也有過類似讓細胞伸出觸手的發現。

3.被研究人員形容「非常邪惡」-->訪問原文中，領導研究的加州大學細胞及分子藥理學教授克羅甘（Nevan Krogan）說：「病毒很險惡（ sinister），在殺死細胞前利用另一機制感染其他細胞。」其他病毒也有類似的觸手現象，但克羅甘表示細胞上看到的大量細絲生長，還有像樹幹的形狀向外伸展都很不尋常。

4.注入病毒毒液-->報導原文還真的這樣寫：viral venom。
這些觸手似乎會在別的細胞打洞，然後直接注入他們的病毒毒液到細胞的基因控制中心，然後造成另一個喪屍細胞。
The protuberances appear to bore into the cells’ bodies and inject their viral venom directly into those cells’ genetic command centers — thus creating another zombie.

但我在論文原文沒看到這麼多，我只有看到他們發現在觸手中有許多病毒顆粒，然後有些顆粒會到觸手的表面。前面這個敘述有點太腦補了。正常應該是伸出觸手表現病毒，然後病毒再從其他細胞的ACE受器進入另一個細胞吧。

5.病毒經過進化，已發展出「後備機制」繞過免疫系統-->這更詭異了，目前我沒有在英文報導中看到有人寫到免疫力。原論文中有一段是談免疫力，不過他是在說受感染細胞中製造細胞激素的蛋白質會被激活，而之前在流感，登革熱和SARS病毒如果抑制這些蛋白質的激活，會讓實驗老鼠存活，因為會避免產生細胞激素風暴。但在新冠病毒這個研究中，抑制這些蛋白質不但抑制了細胞激素的生成，也會直接抑制病毒生長。這是目前還不能理解的部分。
總之，原文中根本沒有提到可以繞過免疫系統的結論。

04b解讀：
1.這篇很基礎的研究最重要的重點是多了解了一個新冠病毒的致病機轉，且從而找出了許多可能有效的藥物。這是好消息！

2.其實病毒感染我們的細胞，毀掉原本的細胞，感染到另一個細胞，很多病毒都是這樣的呀。形容新冠特別邪惡，恐怖，除了想搶流量，我真的覺得沒別的目的。

我覺得這個學者可能是受訪希望自己的研究受到重視，受訪時用了病毒很險惡（ sinister）這樣的形容。但這樣就讓後續的報導有點失焦了。

3.我每次看到形容病毒很狡猾都很出戲.....不是在寫抒情文，不需要用擬人法啦。新冠病毒的傳染途徑，無症狀的比例，發燒前就會傳染，可以引起很多症狀，這很多適應人類良好的病毒都一樣呀！到底是狡猾哪一國的....

4.我其實也能理解，美國的記者因為美國疫情嚴峻，很多人不在乎，所以想用這樣驚悚的寫法喚起很多人應該有的警戒吧。只是傳到我們這兒，我們要被喪屍病毒的新聞轟炸一會兒了。

5.出版在期刊Cell的原文論文非常硬，連結在留言中。如果我有解讀或是解說錯誤的地方，歡迎高人指正！

9 common phrases you didn't know have dark origin stories
九個擁有不為人知黑暗背景的英文片語

Riding shotgun真的跟霰彈槍有關
"Riding shotgun" is the ideal place to ride during on a road trip. But in the Old West, the person sitting in the passenger seat was required to do a whole lot more than find the perfect radio station.
在現代，riding shotgun指的是汽車上路旅行的理想座位，也就是副駕駛座。在從前的美國西部，副駕駛座上的人要做的可不僅僅是調到一個好電臺那麼簡單。
Stagecoach drivers in the Old West needed a person to literally "ride shotgun." The passenger would carry a shotgun in order to scare off robbers who might want to attack them, according to Reader's Digest.
根據美國雜誌《讀者文摘》的文章表示，過去在美國西部趕馬車的人需要有人在旅行途中保護駕駛。副駕駛座上的人要手持霰彈槍來嚇阻想要攻擊馬車的強盜。

Highway robbery真的是搶劫
Most people would agree that paying $10 for your favorite cup of coffee is highway robbery. But the original definition of highway robbery once meant literally robbing travelers on or near the highway. The first known usage of the phrase was in 1611.
多數人會認同一杯可口的咖啡要價10美元（310元新台幣）是highway robbery（敲竹槓）。但是highway robbery原來的意思就是在公路上或公路附近搶劫旅客。這個片語的使用最早出現於1611年。

Painting the town red來自醉鬼的惡行
For you and your crew, "painting the town red" probably means getting glammed up for a fun night of drinks and dancing. However, the phrase originates from a night out that makes dancing on the bar seem tame.
對你和你的朋友們來說，painting the town red的意思是打扮得光鮮亮麗，晚上出去喝酒、跳舞。但是，這個片語原本的意思比在酒吧跳舞還要勁爆多了。
Back in 1837, the Marquis of Waterford went out for a night of drinking with some of his friends, according to Phrases.org. Afterward, the group went through the streets of a small English town destroying property. They broke windows, knocked over flower pots, and damaged door knockers. But things got really crazy when they got their hands on some red paint and literally painted the town red, including doors, a tollgate, and a swan statue.
http://xn--phrases-901ow6v.org/ 網站的記載，1837年，沃特福德侯爵和幾個朋友夜出喝酒，後來他們經過一個英格蘭小鎮的街道時開始搞破壞：砸碎窗戶、打翻花盆、損壞門環。這些酒鬼拿到了一些紅油漆後，局面就開始失控了，酒鬼們把整個城鎮都塗成了紅色，包括門、一道關卡和一座天鵝雕像。

Pulling someone’s leg並不總是在開玩笑
You probably think that pulling someone's leg is all in good fun. After all, what's the harm in a little joke, right? This commonly used phrase that today means playing an innocent joke meant something a lot more sinister years ago.
你大概以為pulling someone's leg（開某人的玩笑）都很好玩。畢竟，開個小玩笑無傷大雅。這個常用片語在今天的意思是開個沒有惡意的玩笑，但多年前的意思卻邪惡得多了。
Thieves in 18th and 19th Century London would drag their victims to the ground by their legs in order to rob them, according to Phrases.org.
http://xn--phrases-901ow6v.org/ 網站的記載，18和19世紀時，倫敦的小偷會拉住受害人的腿將其拖倒在地，然後搶劫財物。

Paying through the nose北歐海盜真的做得出
You won't be happy if you think you're paying through the nose for something. Although you may feel like you're getting ripped off, at least you get to keep your face intact. The roots of this commonly used idiom come from a brutal tactic of The Dane Vikings of slitting someone's nose from tip to eyebrow if the person refused to pay their tax, according to Grammarist.
如果你覺得自己paying through the nose for something（為某件東西花了很多錢），肯定高興不起來。不過，就算被「剝皮」，至少你的臉是完好無損的。根據Grammarist網站記載，這個常用片語來自於北歐海盜的一種殘酷手段，如果有人拒絕交稅，就將此人的鼻子從鼻頭到眉毛間劃開。

如果有人read you the riot act 那你就有大麻煩了
After your parents "read you the riot act" for breaking curfew, you might have been facing a few weeks in your room without a television. But in 18th Century England, being read the Riot Act meant you could be facing time behind bars.
如果你的父母因為你深夜不歸而read you the riot act（責罰你），你可能將面臨幾星期的禁足，還不能看電視。但是在18世紀的英格蘭，being read the Riot Act（宣讀《暴動法案》）代表著你可能要進監獄。
The Riot Act was implemented in 1715 and stated that the British government could consider any group of 12 or more people a threat to public safety and be ordered to break up, according to Atlas Obscura. Anyone refusing to disperse could be arrested or forcibly removed from the premises.
據Atlas Obscura網站記載，1715年實施的《暴動法案》指出，英國政府將會把任何12人以上的團體視為對公共安全的威脅，並勒令其解散。任何拒絕解散的人將被逮捕或強行驅逐。

Letting the cat out of the bag可能是陰險的行為
Today, "letting the cat out of the bag" is used to mean spilling someone's secret. But one of the supposed origins of the phrase was rooted in deceit.
在現代，letting the cat out of the bag指的是洩露某人的秘密。但該片語的原意和欺騙有關。
Supposedly in Medieval times, farmers would go to markets to purchase pigs. Most of the time, their bag would contain the animal they paid for. But if they bought from a shady dealer, they would open their bag to find an unpleasant surprise - their pricey pig had been swapped for a much less expensive cat.
據說，在中世紀時期，農民會到集市去買豬。大多數時候，這些農民付錢後就會拿到裝在麻袋裡的豬。但如果他們是從不良商販那裡買的，農民打開麻袋後會驚愕地發現高價買來的豬居然被偷龍轉鳳成不值錢多的貓。
But as Mental Floss notes, there are quite a few holes with this theory.
不過，Mental Floss網站指出，這一說法漏洞百出。

Baker's dozen是為了查驗麵包師傅的誠信
You may be thankful to count on that 13th roll in your baker's dozen, but you can think a rather sinister rule for its creation.
從麵包師傅那裡買了一打麵包，結果一數有13個，你可能會挺感激的，但是baker's dozen的起源卻和一條殘忍的規定有關。
It all traces back to a 13th-century British rule called the Assize of Bread and Ale. The rule stated that if bakers were caught selling smaller or low-quality bread to customers, they could have their hands chopped off.
這要追溯到13世紀英國一項名為《麵包和麥酒法令》的法規。這條法規規定，如果麵包師傅被發現賣給顧客不足量或劣質的麵包，這些師傅們的雙手就會被剁掉。
That's why it was just easier to throw a 13th piece into the pile — thus creating the baker's dozen.
所以往一打麵包裡多放一個就更保險一些，於是，麵包師傅的一打（baker's dozen）就成了13個。

Meeting a deadline曾經真的是「死線」
When you get that big report to your boss on time, "meeting a deadline" is a good thing. But the phrase was coined during the American Civil War and had some deadly consequences.
如果你準時將重要報告交給領導，meeting a deadline就是好事。但這個片語是在美國南北戰爭期間被發明的，當時可是會招來致命的後果。
The deadline was apparently a line inside of the area where Federal prisoners of war were kept. If a prisoner attempted to cross the line, they would be shot, according to Bloomsbury International.
布魯姆斯伯里國際英語學校稱，很顯然，deadline是聯邦監獄中戰犯關押區內的一條線。如果有犯人試圖越過這條線，他們就會被槍斃。

#高雄人 #學習英文 請找 #多益達人林立英文
#成人英文
#高中英文
#多益家教班
#商用英文

【玳瑚師父隨筆碌】 《人比鬼更可怕》
Humans are More Frightening than Ghosts (English version below)

去年吾有寫過一篇有關農曆七月「鬼節」的文章。雖然「鬼節」剛過，我依然在此為你妳們介紹人與鬼“爲人不知”的一面。

在近半百的人生歲月裏，吾所接觸過的人，其數之多實不在話下。而吾的工作也必須接見很多很多人。因此，對於人的「人性」，有吾最真實的認知。。坦白說，吾是較怕人多過於鬼。蓋人的性格，並不鮮明。幫了他她之後，不求他她的回報，但求他她不會反回頭咬吾就好。相信吾這樣的説法，在在都有共鳴。

這裡就披露幾則發生在吾及吾衆多客人身上的真實事情，讓你妳們參考，人的「人性」，何為不鮮明。有位弟子的父親，爲了要讓其子國外攻讀碩士學位，毅然將賣屋的錢，圓其兒子的「夢」。這兒子的「夢」是圓了，可是至今仍然沒有感恩的心、盡孝父母、回饋社會，反而還跟父親慪氣、冷戰，甚至自私自利地不管父母弟妹的未來生死問題。養兒防老，看來是養兒煩惱啊！哀哉其父。記得最初見這位弟子時，着實有點驚嚇。因其臉相有如「惡人谷」出來的。但吾依然收他為徒，希望他能夠認真學佛，清除累世的業障及現世心中的垃圾。吾的天真卻忘了「相由心生」這句話。後來他果然常犯戒，更嚴重的是，他既然不把戒律放在眼裏 ，一錯再錯，如今罪如山、過如海，再不速速懺悔重新受戒，恐怕悔時已晚。

另有一學生，也是碩士生。雖有碩士學位，可是卻失業，也找不到就業機會。吾知道後，馬上二話不説的，親自出馬運用玄學的力量，為他謀得現今這份高職，並且授予他真實的佛法與基本玄學，好讓他從中體悟人生實相、生命實相以及福份次第的種種。至今他每次來上課，都會有新的怨言及新的欲望。（感恩的人，不會有怨言。）吾想，他是男的沒錯。可是怎麽“怨”力如此大，宛如怨婦再來，真是阿彌陀佛啊！做男不容易，難道你想做女不成？受人恩惠，不圖回報，還成天打妄語、怨這怨那的，再這樣下去，人身不保，三途惡道等著你。速醒，速醒。

有位客戶來電欲批八字。吾問爲何？她答欲找新工作，因與公司經理不和。她好意幫經理處理鐘長的問題，哪知反遭經理“盯死”。她覺得這樣做下去沒意思。這是「狗咬呂洞賓，不識好人心」。另有位美麗的空姐，因丈夫不忠，找吾堪輿其陽宅，想生個寶寶來「圓滿」婚姻。不久後，果然得了個女娃。吾認爲不忠就是不專一，因從專一努力，婚姻才能真正圓滿。

鬼的性格較鮮明，在於鬼大多數是直腸子。你妳祗要幫過他她一次，他她一定等待機會來報答你妳。不像人的心理如此的歪曲。幫了他她，不求他她回報，但求他她不會轉回頭，反咬你妳就好。因此，吾認爲人比鬼更可怕。你妳認爲呢？哈！哈！哈！

---------------------

I wrote an article about the Hungry Ghost Festival around the same time last year. Even though the festival has passed, I am still going to introduce the less known sides of a human and a spirit.

As I approached the half century mark in my life, as part of my job scope, I have interacted with countless number of people. Thus I possess a thorough appreciation of the human nature. Frankly speaking, I am more afraid of a human than a ghost. The human nature is not pure. When I helped a person, I do not expect him to return any favour. Instead I will be glad if this person does not turn around and harm me. I believe many of you would resonate with my sentiments.

Here, I shall divulge some stories which happened to people around me, to allow you a closer examination of the human nature which is primarily clouded. One of my students got his dreams of overseas studies fulfilled when his father sold their home and raised enough funds. This student had his wish but remains an utter ingrate, one who is unfilial to his parents and does not bother with contribution to the society whatsoever. Instead, he scoffed at his father, is constantly at odds with him and sports a selfish attitude towards the spiritual mortality issues of his parents and siblings. To raise a son to guard against old age? Seemed to me like 'to raise a son to give you more troubles at old age!' I pity the father. I remembered the first day I met this student and was slightly shocked. His face resembled that of a villain from the fictional notorious Bandits Valley. But I still took him in as my disciple, hoping he will change by learning the dharma and eradicating the bad karma and all the filthy thrash from his heart. Alas, I was naive to ignore that a person's appearance stems from his very heart. In the end, he flouted all the precepts, belittled them even and continued his errant ways. Now, his bad karma has accumulated as high as the highest mountains, and as deep as the deepest seas. If he does not repent now, I am afraid it will be too late.

Another student was jobless for some time, despite having a Masters. I got to know of it and immediately applied the principles of metaphysics on him and eventually landed him his current high post job. In addition, I endowed upon him actual knowledge of Buddhism and the basics of metaphysics in hope that he will see the truth of life and understand the different levels of merits. Till today, whenever he comes for my lessons, I would hear new complaints, grudges or new desires. (A grateful person is not prone to complaining.) I thought to myself, he is a guy, a man alright, but he is so full of complaints, just like a vengeful woman! Amituofo! It is not easy to be born a man. Does he really want to be a woman instead? To receive kindness from others yet does not reciprocate, coupled with frequent lies and complaints, if this carries on, he will lose his human form in his next life. The three lower realms awaits. Please wake up urgently!

A client called me, wanting to an analysis of her birth chart to be done. I asked her for the reason. She replied saying she needed help to look for a new job due to her current job dissatisfaction. She helped her manager with good intention but yet ended up being a 'marked' person. She felt it was not worth staying on. As the Chinese saying goes 'the dog that bit Master Lu Dong Bin does not realise his kind heartedness'. Another client, a beautiful flight attendant, got me to audit the Feng shui of her house in a bid to save her crumpling marriage, due to her husband's infidelity. She wished for a baby to complete the family. With my help, she got her wish. I feel that being unfaithful is akin to losing one's focus. To diligently keep oneself focused is the key to a blissful marriage.

Ghosts, on the other hand, are much clearer and more direct in their intentions. As long as you have helped a spirit before, the spirit would be sure to repay your kindness, unlike humans with their warped psyche. Do not expect a fellow human to repay your kindness all the time. You would be lucky if he or she does not return your favour with malice! Thus I feel that a human is far more sinister than a spirit. Don't you think so? Ha ha ha!

ABC英文 學習英文字彙115 (Expand your English words 115)
You can learn English words and sentences days by days.
每日學習英文單字!! It's amazing!

若是無法將單字一次背起來, 請反覆練習, 並將單字寫下來, 最後一定會進步。Practice makes perfect.

You can also make a new sentence according the word by your own. 你也可依據所學的單字自己造句看看。

今天課程學習下列單字的意思
psychotic
scope
sinister
strife
therapeutic
permanent
preserve
symptom
tobacco
twins
witch
philosophy
weigh
whisper
abstract