雖然這篇pragmatists meaning鄉民發文沒有被收入到精華區：在pragmatists meaning這個話題中，我們另外找到其它相關的精選爆讚文章
在 pragmatists產品中有6篇Facebook貼文，粉絲數超過7,451的網紅元毓，也在其Facebook貼文中提到， 【關於原創性】 University of St. Andrews的生物學教授Elena Miu與Luke Rendell研究Mathworks Software 舉辦的程式編碼競賽，從1998～2012年，共14年19場公開競賽，近2000位參賽者提供超過45000份原始碼。比賽雖是解決科學問題...
同時也有10000部Youtube影片，追蹤數超過2,910的網紅コバにゃんチャンネル，也在其Youtube影片中提到，...
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pragmatists 在 コバにゃんチャンネル Youtube 的精選貼文
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pragmatists 在 元毓 Facebook 的精選貼文
【關於原創性】
University of St. Andrews的生物學教授Elena Miu與Luke Rendell研究Mathworks Software 舉辦的程式編碼競賽，從1998～2012年，共14年19場公開競賽，近2000位參賽者提供超過45000份原始碼。比賽雖是解決科學問題，但並不存在單一正確的解答。評審依據程式碼的簡潔性與可用性來評分。
所有的程式碼與評分均公開，因此新比賽的參加者可以參考前屆比賽的內容。
這兩位生物學教授將對此程式碼的文化演化（cultural evolution）發現於2018年6月發表在知名期刊Nature的子刊Nature Communication上：
1. 從比賽內容可以看出參賽者均嘗試在模仿與創新上取得平衡。
2. 三種比賽策略，分別是「複製者（copiers）」、「標新立異者（mavericks）」 與「務實者（pragmatists）」。
複製者幾乎複製前人較為成功的程式碼，僅嘗試細節微調；標新立異者則不管前人代碼，自己硬幹另闢蹊徑；務實者則是綜合二者，既參考前人成功代碼，也提出更多創意做較大幅度修改。
3. 其結果是務實者的平均分數遠高於其他二者。
4. 75％提交的程式碼幾乎都只是微調或細部修改前人之作。
5. 少數標新立異富含原創性的程式碼中，大部分都失敗，解決問題能力遠低於另二種策略。但少數中的少數原創程式碼卻真能取得革命性進步。
6. 這些極少數的成功原創代碼很快被複製者、務實者模仿並改進，代碼更為簡潔，處理問題成效更高。
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兩位學者的研究相信對於我們這些經營過事業的人來說非常貼合實際經驗。完全原創的解決方案九成比舊方案還不如，只有少數會成功。模仿與改進前人方案的作法永遠是成功率最高、風險最低的安全策略。
如知名科普作家Matt Ridley就主張人類的創意也是會交配與演化，在競爭之下適者生存。如今看來再複雜難懂的高科技，也都是從一點一點簡單的想法創意彼此交互影響演化出來，沒有人不是站在前人肩膀上。
即便大眾看來橫空出世的愛迪生發明電燈，事實上在當年也早有許多組人馬進行相關研究。例如英國的物理學家Joseph Swan就比愛迪生更早展示他發明的電燈泡（incandescent bulb），並嗣後與愛迪生發生法律糾紛，最終以雙方和解收場。（這邊專利從業人員不禁懷疑愛迪生電燈泡專利的新穎性何在？）
同時期俄羅斯的Alexander Lodygin也發明了電燈泡。事實上根據歷史學家Robert Friedel、 Paul Israel 與 Bernard Finn三人的研究，與愛迪生同時期至少有23組人也各自發明了電燈。
不客氣地說，即便愛迪生在發明電燈之前不幸逝世，這世界享用電燈的時程甚至不會被拖延到一丁點。
而這些人在燈絲製造工藝、玻璃製造工藝、發電與電流配置等等工藝上，也都是站在前人的發明上加以結合改進。與此同時，用電發光在當年甚至已經不是「原創」想法，只是還沒人找到如何工業化大量生產的低成本方案罷了。
更進一步，我們亦可指出現代生活可見的所有產品與服務，細拆其生產要素，無論有形無形，甚至包含到產品設計風格、畫風...等抽象元素，我們都找不到「真正的原創」。
為何？因為需求定律使然，為了能獲利，為了能提高商品服務賣出機率，供應者必然多尋求成功率最高的策略 -- 前述論文的務實者策略。
少部分供應者當然可以嘗試拉高原創性，但依然受到市場競爭的約束，造成9成以上冷門音樂永遠也不會成為大眾流行。
因此當某人哭么中國大陸某款熱賣遊戲只是模仿日本某款經典遊戲的畫風時而忽視遊戲內容有多麼不同時，我的看法只是某人的政治偏見在發作而已。如果光是模仿某經典遊戲畫風就能成功，為何市場並未充斥該種畫風呢？
參考文獻：
* Elena Miu, Ned Gulley, Kevin N. Laland & Luke Rendell, "Innovation and cumulative culture through tweaks and leaps in online programming contests." Nature Communication, June, 2018.
* Matt Ridley, "The Evolution of Everything." 2015.
* Robert Friedel & Paul Israel, With Bernard S. Finn. "Edison's Electric Light, Biography of an Invention." 1986
文章連結：
https://bit.ly/33LYmtT
pragmatists 在 AOR Pink Facebook 的最讚貼文
PSI Gear suit up📣📣📣
Finally I get this hot new gear product,It's heated discussion in here these days💖
my first impression of this new gear brand is very high-tech, no matter belt or vest(*´▽`*)
Their low profile belt have a very cool innovative design
it's really make this belt “modular” 👾👾
Frankly,I have many belt but only this one can custom for any usage habit (*´▽`*)
So if you are Pragmatists and you like high-tech design laser cut gear,I believe PSI will be nice new choice for you❤❤
pragmatists 在 譚凱邦 Roy Tam Facebook 的最佳貼文
撐
張秀賢傘運九子案罪成之陳情書
（隨後附上英文版本 Please scroll down for the English version.）
法官閣下：
「也許很多老練的人會說我們只有理想，不求實際，但假若學生也變得世故，又有誰可以單純的為著理想，努力為社會帶來改變？」
「我們相信，堅持真普選，建設公平政制，是這時代賦予我們的責任。我們避無可避，亦退無可退。面對時代的挑戰，我們選擇毅然面對。」
在此刻，又回想起2014年九月，我在中大開學禮時向中大同學所說的開學辭。在庭上出席審訊的四星期，看到控方和其他辯方代表所播放的片段，又令人憶起五年前的種種。
參與緣起
當年三月，內閣「澄」獲得3431票，即近八成信任票當選第四十四屆中大學生會幹事會。當年參選，我們向中大同學提出政綱：只接受沒有篩選和只有合理門檻的選舉設計。我們也承諾，假如最終政改方案不符合基本標準，任內會全力推動、宣揚、積極參與和協助籌辦佔中運動。後來種種，其實都是實踐競選學生會時候，對中大同學的莊嚴承諾。
雨傘運動以「罷課不罷學」作為前奏，我們不上課，但一直學習民主理論；那星期以重奪公民廣場作結，學生縱身躍進公民廣場，換來卻是警察圍堵與多條罪名。當晚，抗爭者除了渴望爭取民主，更多人卻是高呼「保護學生」，只因為學生單純為理想而行，冀盼爭取更好的將來。
其實，香港人在爭取民主的路上跟學生一樣，在跌跌碰碰中學習，卻又單純不為自身利益。傘運初期，參與者買物資，自行分類垃圾，甚至設立自修室供學生溫習。大家總是守望相助，不計回報，畫面都在腦海揮之不去，令人感動。
分歧迷失
79天的雨傘運動，估計超過一百萬港人參與，成為歷來最大規模的民主抗爭。我們堅持和平、非暴力原則，堅守行動底線爭取民主政制。可是，香港政府無視民意，北京政府堅持 不義的「八三一方案」，最終使整場運動無功而還。
雖然在運動當中，我們看到許多觸動人心的片段，但抗爭曠日持久，矛盾積累就使分歧變成參與者之間的一道道裂縫。到佔領後期，或許我們都感到迷失、不安，不知運動未來如何是好。因為分歧，所以互相猜疑；因為誤解，所以互不信任；因為敵視，所以衝突漸生。昨天的因，今天的果，部分佔領者不滿我們的決策，出現「拆大台」等事件，溝通問題為日後更大的政治路線紛爭埋下伏線，延續至今。
雨傘運動落幕，民主普選尚未實現，我們卻為了政治路線的分野而互相仇視，甚至成為出言傷害，使人與人之間的傷口更難癒合。候選人和議員被DQ、旺角案，大家面對政權打壓，參選、投票、行動無用，無力感蓋過一切。幾乎所有人都感到迷失，不知道可以做甚麼才可以改變當下。
回歸初心
人非聖人，不可能所有人都心無仇恨。此刻說要放下過往分歧，不再爭吵，同樣並沒可能。我只希望當初走在同一條路上的人，不要越走越遠；未來的日子也許難捱，但讓我們記得最初無私奉獻的美好，努力修補彼此關係，理解各自想法與難處；唯有用寬容、溝通取代排斥、仇恨，回歸初心，我們才能走得更遠。
我還記得當天開學辭的這句：「我們所享受的，正正是前人選擇抗爭的成果；香港未來命運，在乎我們的選擇。」
當日的學生，今日都已長大成人，有人可能變得世故；然而，我知道大家仍舊記得初衷：共同決定自己的未來。即使我在五年前已知道，今天將會身處法庭的被告欄，為了這小城的未來，我還是會堅持最初的信念。跟戰友一起參與雨傘運動，我與有榮焉；縱使面對罪成刑責，我也會不亢不卑。
面對判決，大家可以傷心，可以難過。可是悲痛過後，大家仍要努力自強，化成推動力守護初心，帶著社會繼續前行。
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
Your Honour,
“Perhaps pragmatists will say that we only talk about ideals and never rationalise on them. But if students were all worldly and tactful, who would be left to wholeheartedly pursue ideals and strive to bring changes to our society?”
“We believe we have to deal with the problems our historical moment proposes – the burden of our time. The burden that our time confers upon us is to insist on the implementation of genuine universal suffrage and to build a fair and just political system. It is impossible for us to escape or retreat from such attendant responsibility. We choose to face up to these challenges of our time.”
At this moment, I yet again recall the inauguration speech I gave to my fellow students at the Chinese University of Hong Kong Inauguration Ceremony back in September 2014. During the 4-week trial in Court, the recordings played by both the Prosecution and the Defence also sent me down the memory lane of everything that has happened 5 years ago.
The Beginning
In March 2014, our Cabinet “Claritas” received a total of 3431 votes, which was equivalent to almost 80% of the total number of votes of confidence, and was officially elected as the 44th Executive Committee of the Student Union of the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
When we were campaigning for the election, we published our political platform for our fellow students: we would only accept a form of universal suffrage that had a reasonable threshold and not one that precluded any screening of candidates. We also promised that, if the final constitutional reform proposal did not meet these basic standards, we would during our term of office exert all efforts to promote, propagate, actively participate and facilitate the organisation of the Occupy Central Movement. The subsequent events all took place in fulfillment of these solemn promises we had made to our fellow CUHK students during our Student Union election campaign.
“Boycott Classes, Not Education” was the precursor of the Umbrella Movement. Although we did not attend classes, we learned and educated ourselves on democratic theories. That week ended with the recapture of the Civic Square. Students leaped faithfully into the Civic Square, but what they had exchanged in return were a siege by policemen and numerous criminal charges. That night, protestors not only desired to fight for democracy, many more times they were calling upon authorities to “protect the students”, because students were simply acting upon their idealistic pursuits, hoping to secure a better future for all.
All Hong Kong citizens and students are actually just birds of the same feather on this tortuous road to democracy – we have to learn from our bumps and battle scars, yet our motives are pure and selfless. At the early stages of the Umbrella Movement, participants generously distribute resources, tidily sort their rubbish and even set up self-study areas for students to revise. They were always reaching out and helping those around them without expecting anything in return – these touching scenes have persisted in my mind ever since.
Divided and Lost
It was estimated that over one million people in Hong Kong participated in the 79-day Umbrella Movement, making it the largest scale democratic protest in this city’s history. We insisted to uphold the peaceful and non-violent principle, standing firm on the bottom line of our action in our quest for democracy. Nevertheless, the Hong Kong Government completely disregarded the clear calls of the public, while the Beijing Government hung onto the unjust “831 Proposal”, eventually leading to the ineffectuality of the Movement.
Although I have witnessed countless heart-warming moments throughout the Movement, as our protest became protracted, conflicts accumulated and turned participants’ differences into splits. Towards the end of the Occupy Movement, some of us perhaps felt lost, uneasy and uncertain about the Movement’s fate. As there were divided views, there were doubts. As there were misunderstandings, there were mistrusts. As there was hostility, confrontations gradually emerged. The fruits of today are the seeds of yesterday – since some participants were discontented with our decisions, incidents such as “tearing down the big stage” occurred. Communication problems paved the way for more serious disagreements regarding our city’s political road map, which persisted until this day.
The curtains of the Umbrella Movement have been long drawn. We have yet to attain genuine universal suffrage. Yet, we harbour animosity towards each other due to divergence in political stances; we even vocally attack each other, making the wounds among us even more difficult to heal. In the face of recent events such as the disqualification of Legislative Council members and candidates, the Mong Kok Case and different kinds of political oppression, our sense of helplessness took over. Actions aiming to bring about systematic changes, including participation in elections, voting and engagement in the political discourse, were reduced to futile efforts. Pretty much everyone feels lost and unsure of what he could do to effect meaningful changes in this day and age.
Tracing Back to the Original Intention
Human beings are no saints. It is impossible that we do not feel any antipathy towards others. It is just as impossible to tell people to let go of their differences and to not fight each other anymore. My only wish is that people who started on the same path will not grow any further apart. The days to come may be very difficult, but let us not forget about the beauty of our selfless sacrifice at the start. We should work hard on repairing relationships with each other and understanding each other’s thoughts and difficulties. We can only go further if we replace rejection and antipathy with tolerance and communication. We can only go further if we hold true to our original intention.
I still remember this phrase from my inauguration speech: “what we get to enjoy today are the outcomes from our forebears’ choice to protest; the future of Hong Kong depends on our very own choice.”
The students then are now all grown up. Some of them might have become more seasoned and tactful. Nonetheless, I know that we all remember our original intention: together we choose our own destiny. I knew as early as five years ago that I would eventually find myself at the defendant’s dock today, but for our small yet precious city’s future, I remain true to my originally intention. I am incredibly honoured and privilege to be able to participate in the Umbrella Movement with my fellow comrades. In spite of criminal sanctions, I will remain neither condescending nor servile.
With the impending sentence, I know many of you would feel sorrowful and miserable. But when it is all over, I hope that you will all remain resilient, harness your feelings and transmute that energy into a positive force that safeguards our originally intention. I count on you to continue leading our society forward.