[關於反芻動物全身麻醉的風險，反芻動物中，全身麻醉的弊大於利。] 有興趣的朋友可以多了解一下喔! (中文翻譯的部分為Google翻譯的，能夠閱讀英文的朋友建議看原文會比較清楚喔)
還有很多很多相關的學術發表，就不貼那麼多出來啦!

Cooper結紮的日期是4月26日，他現在很健康很調皮。

(德叔真的超級超級愛看這些學術發表的文章，但是我還是相信醫生的專業。)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334673867_The_Use_of_Epidural_Anaesthesia_over_General_Anaesthesia_in_Ruminants
全身麻醉是現代醫學的重要組成部分。它是一種藥物誘導的可逆病症，包括特定的行為和生理特徵，包括無意識、健忘症、鎮痛和運動不能——伴隨自主神經、心血管、呼吸和體溫調節系統的穩定性。
[反芻動物全身麻醉具有內在風險，如瘤胃內容物反流、唾液分泌過多和肺部誤吸的可能性；因此並不總是推薦使用本地或區域技術。硬膜外麻醉是一種中樞神經阻滯技術，經常用於獸醫實踐中，用於治療家畜會陰、骶骨、腰椎和尾椎部位的不同產科和外科手術干擾。關於在反芻動物和其他物種的各種外科和實驗室程序中使用硬膜外麻醉的科學研究已經有幾項。總之，全身麻醉的弊大於利，特別是在反芻動物中。因此，硬膜外麻醉是首選。

General anaesthesia is an essential component of modern medicine. It is a drug induced reversible condition that includes specific behavioral and physiological traits unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and akinesia- with concomitant stability of the autonomic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory systems.
[General anesthesia in ruminants has inherent risks such as regurgitation of ruminal contents, excessive salivation and the possibility of pulmonary aspiration; therefore it is not always recommended and local or regional techniques may be used instead. Epidural anaesthesia is a central neuraxial block technique which is used regularly in veterinary practice for treatment of different obstetrical and surgical interferences in the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and caudal parts of the thoracic region of domestic animals. There have been several scientific researches on the use of epidural anesthesia in ruminants and other species for various surgical and laboratory procedures. In conclusion, the disadvantages of general anaesthesia outweigh the advantages especially in ruminant specie. Therefore, epidural anaesthesia is the most preferred.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118886700.ch1
瘤胃鼓脹、腹脹、反流和吸入性肺炎是與家畜全身麻醉相關的常見問題，應通過適當的預防措施和必要的麻醉前考慮來預見和解決。家畜在麻醉期間可能會出現胃內容物反流和誤吸，尤其是未禁食的動物。反芻動物在麻醉期間通常會大量分泌唾液。惡性高熱的觸發因素包括壓力（例如興奮、運輸或麻醉前處理）、鹵化吸入麻醉劑（例如氟烷、異氟烷、七氟烷和地氟烷）和去極化神經肌肉阻滯藥物（例如琥珀膽鹼）。同樣，氟烷似乎是豬惡性高熱的最有效和最常見的觸發因素。麻醉前禁食可能不能完全防止反流，但會減少瘤胃內容物中的固體物質數量。獸醫應將這些知識與適當的麻醉前準備和適當的圍手術期管理相結合，以確保這些動物的麻醉成功。
Ruminal tympany, bloat, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia are common problems associated with general anesthesia in farm animal species that should be anticipated and addressed with proper precautions and the necessary preanesthetic considerations. Regurgitation and aspiration of stomach content can occur in farm animal species during anesthesia, especially in nonfasted animals. Ruminants normally salivate profusely during anesthesia. The triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia include stress (e.g., excitement, transportation, or preanesthetic handling), halogenated inhalation anesthetics (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane), and depolarizing neuro-muscular blocking drugs (e.g., succinylcholine). Similarly, halothane appears to be the most potent and most frequently reported trigger of malignant hyperthermia in pigs. Preanesthetic fasting may not completely prevent regurgitation, but it will decrease the amount of solid matter in the rumen content. Veterinarians should incorporate the knowledge with proper preanesthetic preparations and appropriate perioperative management to ensure successful outcome of anesthesia in these animals.

[托福和雅思單字表+mp3] Human Biology and Health care

Audio file: https://www.dropbox.com/s/82yk91rhvzwswl2/HBH.mp3

老師這次花了很多時間幫大家整理了 human biology and health care 的單字，為了讓同學不會聽到睡著，老師融入了很多音效...但是建議不要晚上的時候聽，免得被嚇到喔！

老師雖然每次在提供單字表時都會附上中文解釋，但這只是方便學生更快知道這個單字最通用的意思，不代表是它最完整的涵義及用法。除此之外，有心的同學應該進一步使用其它工具查詢，最好是單字，配詞與句子一起背 (死背一個單字是無用的)，再透過經常使用單字的方式，加強自己對單字的認知和應用。當然，你也可以利用老師或字典提供的單字音檔，進而增加自己對單字的辨識能力和發音!

Use the audio file to improve your pronunciation of these words. The file can also be used as a simple listening and spelling test! Further, like I said many times in class, you must learn in context! Do not just learn the vocabulary words and collocation. You must also construct sentences, read articles suitable for your level on the given topic, and then use the new words and phrases in writing. The accumulation of background knowledge is also essential. Always learn in meaningful context!!!

Human Biology and Health care

abdomen (n.) 腹部
absorb (v.) 吸收
abstain (v.) 避免
abuse (v.) 濫用
accident (n.) 意外
ache (n.) （持續性地）疼痛
admit (v.) 准許進入; (be admitted to a hospital 送入醫院 )
airway (n.) (肺的) 氣道、氣管
allergy (n.) 過敏
allergic (adj.) 過敏的
alternative medicine (n.) 另類醫療
ambulance (n.) 救護車
amputate (v.) 截斷; 截肢
anesthesia 麻醉
ankle (n.) 腳踝
antibiotics (n.) 抗生素(複數)
appendix (n.) 盲腸
artery (n.) 動脈
bacterium (n./pl.=bacteria) 細菌
balanced (a.) 均衡
bandage (n.) 繃帶
benign (a.) 良性的
beware (v.) 注意
biohazard (n.) 生物性危害
biological (a.) 生物的
biology (n.) 生物學
blood (n.) 血液
blood pressure (n.) 血壓
blood vessel (n.) 血管
body (n.) 身體
bowel (n.) 腸
breathe (v.) 呼吸
bruise (n.) 青腫
calorie (n.) 卡路里（熱量單位）
cancer (n.) 癌
carbohydrate (n.) 醣類
cardiovascular diseases (n.) 心臟血管疾病
care (n.) 照顧
carrier (n.) 帶茵者；病媒
cast (n.) 石膏
cell (n.) 細胞
cell division (phr.) 細胞分裂
chicken pox (n.) 水痘
chiropractor (n.) 脊骨神經醫師; 按摩醫生
cholesterol (n.) 膽固醇
circulation (n.) 循環
clinic (n.) 診所
clone (n. / v.) 複製
cold (n.) 感冒 (I caught a cold.)
colon (n.) 結腸
condition (n.) 狀況
conscious (adj.) 有意識的
contagious (a.) 有感染性的
cough (v./n.) 咳嗽
cough syrup (n.) 止咳糖漿
CPR (n.) 心肺復甦術
critical (a.) 關鍵的
crutches (n.) 柺杖,
cultivation of bacteria (phr.) 細菌培養
cure (v./n.) 治癒 ; 療法
deform (v.) 變形
dentist (n.) 牙醫
dermatology (n.) 皮膚科
deteriorate (v.) 惡化
diabetes (n.) 糖尿病
diabetic (a.) (患) 糖尿病 (n.) 指糖尿病患者
diet (n.) 飲食
diet (v.) (以治療、減肥為目的的) 節食
digestive system (n.) 消化系統
DNA (n.) 脫氧核糖核酸 drug (n.) 藥品；毒品 egg (n.) 蛋
embryo (n./adj.= embryonic) 胎兒
emergency medical kit (n.) 應急醫療包
emergency room (n.) 急診室
emotion (n.) 情感
excrete (v.) 排泄
fertilize (v.) 【生物】授精
fever (n.) 發燒
flu/influenza (n.) 流行性感冒
gene (n.) 基因
genetically engineered (phr.) 基因修改, 製造
genetically modified (phr.) 基因修改
glucose (n.) 葡萄糖
hallucination (n.) 幻覺
heal (v.) (傷口)癒合; 痊癒
health (n.) 保健
hemoglobin (n.) 血紅素
hereditary (a.) 遺傳的
high blood pressure (n.) 高血壓
hormone (n.) 荷爾蒙
hospital (n.) 醫院
hospitalized (a.) 住院的
ill (a.) 生病的
illness (n.) 生病; 疾病
immune (a.) 免疫的
immune system (n.) 免疫系統
immunity (n.) 免疫
infect (v.) 傳染(疾病)
infection (n.) 傳染；感染
infectious (a.) 有傳染性的
inflammation (n.) 發炎
injection (n.) 注射
injury (n.) 受傷
inorganic (n.) 無機
instant (a.) 立即的
insurance (n.) 保險
intestines (n.)腸子
intoxicated (a.) 中毒
irregular (a.) 不平均的
itch (n.) 癢
IV drip (n.) 靜脈滴注
kidney (n.) 腎臟
knee (n.) 膝，膝蓋
lap (n.) 膝部
latency period (n.) 潛伏期
latent (a.) 潛伏的
lens (n.) 晶體
limb (n.) 肢
liver (n.) 肝臟
long-term effects (n.) 長期影響
lung (n.) 肺
malignant (n.) 惡性的
malnutrition (n.) 營養不良
mature (a.) 成熟的
medical treatment (n.) 醫學治療
mental health (n.) 心理健康
metabolism (n./v.=metabolize) 代謝
mineral (n.) 礦物
muscle (n.) 肌肉
nerve (n.) 神經
nurse (n.) 護士
nursing home (n.) 養老院
nutrition (n.) 營養
nutritionist (n.) 營養師
olfactory (n.) 嗅覺
operate (v.) 動手術, 開刀
organ donation (n.) 器官捐贈
organic (n.) 有機
osteoporosis (n.) 骨質疏鬆
over-the-counter (a.) 成藥
pain (n.) 疼痛
palm (n.) 手掌
pancreas (n.) 胰臟
paralyzed (a.) 癱瘓的
patient (n.) 病患
pediatrician (n.) 小兒科醫師
perspiration (n./ v.=perspire) 汗
pharmacist (n.) 藥劑師
pharmacy (n.) 藥局
physician (n.) 醫師
physiological (a.) 生理學的
pill (n.) 藥丸
polio (n.) 小兒麻痺
prescription (n.) 處方籤
prevention (n.) 預防; 預防方法
protein (n.) 蛋白質
psychiatrist (n.) 精神病醫師
psychiatrist / shrink (n.) 心理醫生
psychologist (n.) 心理學家
psychology (n.) 心理學
rash (n.) 疹 ; 疹子
reaction (n.) 反應
recovery (n.) 復原
red blood cells (hemoglobin) (n.) 紅血細胞
relationship (n.) 關係
relaxed (a.) 冷靜
reproductive organs (n.) 生殖器官
revive (v.) 復原
runny nose (n.) 流鼻涕
sanitary (a.) 衛生的
scar (n.) 疤; 傷痕
scrape (n.) 擦傷
serum (n.) 血清
short-term effects (n.) 短期影響
sick bed (n.) 病床
sinus (n.) 靜脈竇
skin (n.) 皮膚
smallpox (n.) 天花
sneeze (v.) 打噴嚏
social health (n.) 社交健康
sore (a.) 痛的; 疼痛發炎的
spine (n.) 脊椎
starch (n.) 澱粉
stem cells(n.) 幹細胞
sterilize (v.) 消毒
stomach (n.) 胃
stuffy nose (n.) 塞住的鼻子
suffer from (phr.) 受...之苦; 受...困擾
surgeon (n.) 外科醫生
surgery (n.) 手術
symptom (n.) 症狀
syndrome (n.) 症候群
tablet (n.) 藥片
test (n.) 檢驗
thermometer (n.) 溫度計
throat (n.) 喉嚨
tissue (n.) (動植物的) 組織
touch (v.) 接觸、觸摸
toxic (a.) 有毒的
transplantation (n.) 移植
treatment (n.) 治療
trunk (n.) 軀幹
tuberculosis (n.) 結核病
tumor (n.) 腫瘤
unwholesome (a.) 不衛生的；不健康的；有害身心的
uterus (n.) 子宮
vaccinate (v.) 打預防針 (inoculate with a vaccine, vaccinate against…)
vaccine (n.) 疫苗
vein (n.) 靜脈
virus (n.) 病毒
vision (n.) 視覺/視覺/視力
vitamin (n.) 維他命、維生素
weight loss (n.) 體重減輕
well (a.) 健康的
wheelchair (n.) 輪椅
white blood cells (n.) 白血細胞

Complete List 完整托福和雅思單字表+mp3: http://tinyurl.com/lk3fglc

學習單字的方式:
英文單字學習 I: https://www.dropbox.com/s/tq2ym9m3ihsbuy6/vocabI.pdf
英文單字學習 II: https://www.dropbox.com/s/eu51xclk7qxb211/vocabII.pdf
英文單字學習 III: https://www.dropbox.com/s/fsx6zx150c2q7so/vocabIII.pdf

Free Online Dictionaries 免費線上字典和辭典: http://tinyurl.com/kzctz56