[Official Secrets / On Liberty]
介紹一部電影和一本書,電影是 “Official Secrets”《官謊真相》,書是”On Liberty”。在今天香港民主逆權運動狀況下,兩者都特別值得一看。
Official Secrets
電影故事描述一位在英國情報部門GC...
[Official Secrets / On Liberty]
介紹一部電影和一本書,電影是 “Official Secrets”《官謊真相》,書是”On Liberty”。在今天香港民主逆權運動狀況下,兩者都特別值得一看。
Official Secrets
電影故事描述一位在英國情報部門GCHQ工作的Katharine Gun在2003年洩露官方機密,後來被英國政府檢控的故事。她所洩露機密,是美國國安機構要求英國情報機關合作, 監聽聯合國安理會非常任國代表的通話,以圖影響他們在安理會投票,以支持英美出兵攻打伊拉克的侯賽因。美國這樣做法,政治上不道德,法律上很可能不合法。
電影來說不算是劇力萬鈞,可算是平淡簡單地敘述整個一年多發生的事,除了近年走上演技路線的Keira Knightley,還有飾演逆權大狀的英國演技派 Ralph Fiennes (“The English Patient”)。 我看這片時感覺可以分三部分、三階段來看。第一是洩密者,就是主角本身,她雖然在情報部門工作,但這本不應是一項政治立場的工作,是否為了「忠誠」兩個字,就要放棄一切做人原則,明知是謊言都要為政府和當權者隱瞞?從這個角度看,問題應該不是洩密者為什麼洩密,反而是能洩密者為什麼不洩密?今天香港政府處處要求高級公務員表忠,如果我是一個香港公務員,這會是令我每晚睡不着的問題。
問題於是變成,什麼是機密,如果機密涉及謊言或這根本是不合法的行為,該保密者應該如何自處?法律上對一些政府工作的人員的絕對保密要求,例如英國的《官方機密法》(“Offical Secrets Act 1989”)又是否合理?
第二個部分關注的是傳媒角色。片中主角把機密文件複製後,文件輾轉落在記者手上,記者還要突破重重難關,包括挑戰所屬報章的立場、核實查證內容真確性,和面對政府的抹黑,施壓指其報導為「假消息」,而記者和媒體本身為報導真相也要冒上法律風險,然而,社會如果沒有自由和以真相為本,而非為權貴服務的傳媒,不可能算是文明或民主。
最後第三部分就是維權律師。即使在民主國家,也有惡法的存在,雖有保護洩密者的法律,不過如果涉及所謂「國家機密」,那就神仙難保了。律師為本案洩密者辯護的理據,首先在於她希望保護和阻止因為政府的「假消息」(即所謂薩達姆擁有但始終找不到的大殺傷力武器的指控)而引發的戰爭的生靈塗炭這良好動機,而為了證明當中涉及英國政府在美國政府的壓力下改變立場,律師要求英國政府向法庭提供官方內部文件,而政府為避免尷尬和引發更大的政治代價,結果取消了檢控。
如此狀況,如同英國23條風波。香港人應該思考,香港沒有檔案法和公開資料法,以令政府一切行事決策都係留有正式記錄,和有渠道要求政府作公開,亦沒有對洩密者保障權利的法律,試問若先立23條的國家安全法,政府的濫權和侵害市民的基本人權,就絕對沒有任何保障。這就是本片給我上了的一課。
片中主角被控洩密,幾乎等同叛國,英國政府隨之對他和她的丈夫進行各種迫害,但電影透過無論是洩密者、傳媒或是律師所帶出的訊息是,愛國不只是忠誠於政府或者當時主政的政權,而是忠誠所有的人民,這才是真正和最崇高的愛國情操,反而,當權者經常作出誤導的,就是愛國等於愛政府,支持政府甚至是執政黨所做的一切。
我相信,如果有藍絲看這部電影,也許都會看得很開心,因為他們可以揶揄,即使民主國家都會有這樣的政府講大話和迫害人民的行徑,美國總統和英國首相都是大話精。藍絲們認為的,就是人家犯的錯,我們也可以犯,甚至犯得更多、更大、更錯。
文明人應該看到的,是這些事情發生在一個有民主國家,有相對充分的法律保障,有自由的新聞媒體,真相也許還可以公開,人民在強權的權利,也許還有些機會得到保障。然而,如果是在一個以上所有條件都不存在的國家,例如中國,揭發「官謊」的結果,當然是一個一個的黑暗冤案。
On Liberty
電影中主角Katharine Gun尋求協助的律師團隊,來自LIBERTY (National Council for Civil Liberties, NCCL),可算是英國主要的維權法律機構。而”On Liberty”一書,我是LIBERTY的總監Shami Chakrabarti在2015年出版的,是她自己形容為「為人權的陳辭」。在電影中他的角色也有出現。
本書題目是「自由」,實在是講人權,的確,沒有人權,何來自由。雖然是五年前的著作,書中探討不少今天社會熱議的話題,包括私隠、監察、法治等,如何於911事件後持續恐襲擊風險下的歐洲所面對的威脅作平衡,涉及的人權相關案例,甚至包括跨境引渡案件。
而英國相對比較特別的狀況,是因為人權沒有像一些其他國家受到憲法保障,因為英國歷史君主立憲傳統原因,不像美國獨立後立有Bill of Rights憲法修正案,或德國統一時訂立的基本法,一切權力集中於民選的國會,早年維權律師要爭取一些英國案件的申訴,竟然要走上歐洲法庭,在長期爭取下,英國直至1998年才訂立《人權法案1998》,然而,部份政黨仍然蠢蠢欲動,想把此法例廢掉。
.... #光影評 #影評 #電影 #電影介紹
#書評 #逆權 #洩密者 #新聞自由
#維權律師 #自由 #人權 #民主
patient比較級 在 Facebook 的最佳貼文
在醫院當 VIP,是好?是壞?
其中一個缺點就是VIP「不容有差錯」:
要求零失誤的結果,就只能「依法行醫」了!怕出錯,別人就不會給你選擇「最好」、但是「有一點風險」的治療了,他只能幫你選擇「比較沒有風險」,但是一定「不是最有效」的治療了。 網友提供一個很棒的例子: 某VIP因為帶狀皰疹很痛苦, 開嗎啡,有人反對,說怕會抑制呼吸;開NSAID,有人反對,說怕會過敏、傷胃、傷腎,最後,可憐的他,只能用普拿疼!
各位知道,止痛效果當然沒這麼理想,但是,安全第一嘛~
病人安全、醫療人員安全下莊~
=====
其實,在醫療裡,只要是病情夠嚴重,任何人不必拜託,就會被「自動升級」為VIP!(就是那些一到急診,都不必等待,就會馬上被推進去治療的人!)
所以真正的 VIP 是 very ill patient (病得很嚴重的病人)
只是,這種VIP待遇,最好還是祈禱它不會發生!
更多在醫院當VIP的缺點請看
《ICU重症醫療現場》
https://reurl.cc/g7WLQ4
感謝醫生漫畫家阿毛分享插畫
patient比較級 在 Fernando Chiu-hung Cheung 張超雄 Facebook 的最佳解答
「專科門診覆診病人小錦囊」
"Tips for Specialized Out-Patient Clinic (SOPC ) Follow-up Visits"
因應近期新型冠狀病毒🦠爆發,醫院管理局在公立醫院🏥啟動「緊急應變級別」措施,專科門診診所的病人可能對應否如期應診有疑慮。醫院管理局有已彈性安排,公眾可參考以下問答。
Due to the current outbreak of novel coronavirus, the Hospital Authority has activated Emergency Response Level in public hospitals. Patients may have doubts about how to attend Specialized Out-patient clinics scheduled visits. Flexible arrangements initiated by the Hospital Authority are in effect now. The public can refer to the following information.
問:我擔心會感染到病毒,無去到或者唔想去醫院 / 診所覆診,咁點算呀🤷🏻♂🤷🏻♀?
答:唔駛擔心😊,你可以喺覆診紙上面搵番醫院 / 診所電話☎,打電話去搵同事幫手。同事會因應實際情況,安排另一個覆診期📅俾你。
由於近期好多人打電話嚟診所,查詢熱綫有可能比較難打通,喺留言時請清楚留低你嘅聯絡電話☎。如果唔係緊急情況,你可以考慮傳真以要求改期,記得寫清楚聯絡電話☎,診所同事會再覆番你。
Question: I am worried about being infected by the virus. I don’t want to visit the hospital / clinic, or even show up for a scheduled appointment. What should I do?
Answer: There’s no need to worry. Please find the phone number printed on the appointment slip. Please use it to call our colleagues and s/he will make a new appointment for you according to your situation.
Due to heavy call volume, the enquiry hotline may be difficult to reach. Please leave your contact number clearly when leaving a message. If it is not an emergency, you can consider faxing a message requesting for a reschedule. Remember to write your contact phone number clearly. The clinic colleagues will reply to you.
問:我啲藥💊就嚟食晒啦,等唔到去重新安排覆診嗰日,咁又點算呀🤷🏻♂🤷🏻♀?
答:診所同事幫你重新安排覆診期嗰陣,如果你知道唔夠藥💊食到覆診嗰日,記住話俾同事知,同事會睇番你嘅情況,可能安排你去藥房攞住一部份藥💊先,又或者安排你早啲返嚟見醫生👨🏻⚕👩🏻⚕。
Question: My medication supplies are running low, and I can’t wait till the coming medical appointment. What should I do?
Answer: When our colleagues are rearranging your appointment, please tell her/him that you do not have enough medicines. Our colleagues will make necessary arrangements so that you can get the medicines from the Pharmacy, or s/he will arrange an earlier appointment for you.
以上英文版是由朋友所譯,醫管局只提供中文版。
The English version is translated by a friend of mine. HA has provided the information in Chinese only.
原文請參考下面醫管局網址:
Please refer to the following HA website for original source (Chinese version only):
https://www.ha.org.hk/haho/…/cc-Wuhan/Arrangement_SOP_tc.pdf
關❤身邊人,請廣傳💌🗣
Caring for your neighbor and people around you, please spread the message.
patient比較級 在 Vicky Lin 林韋綺 Facebook 的最佳解答
原文臉書無法分享,以下感謝Karrie Hs 的分享與她的友人所翻譯的文章。文長但重要必看😷
———
勞里·加勒特(Laurie Garrett)是美國著名女記者,是獲得皮博迪獎(The Peabody Award)、喬治 · 伯克獎(George Polk Award)和普利茲獎(Pulitzer Award)三大著名新聞獎的第一人。現為美國對外關係委員會全球衛生高級研究員。
她曾對艾博拉、SARS 等大型傳染病和公共健康危機都做過實地考察與深度研究,出版了《失信:全球公共衛生事業之癱瘓》《流行天下!傳染病的世界》《逼近的瘟疫》等多部關於傳染病與公共衛生的著作。
對於這一次的2019-nCoV病毒帶來的恐慌,她撰文講述了自己面對傳染病的經驗與知識,以及10個在疫情期間保護自己的預防措施,大家應該看一看。
========================
01.
When you leave your home, wear gloves—winter mittens or outdoor gloves—and keep them on in subways, buses, and public spaces.
出門離家時,戴上手套——冬天的手套或是戶外手套都可以——任何公共場合包括地鐵,公車或公共場所都不要脫下來。
02.
If you are in a social situation where you should remove your gloves, perhaps to shake hands or dine, do not touch your face or eyes, no matter how much something itches. Keep your hands away from contact with your face. And before you put your gloves back on, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water, scrubbing the fingers. Put your gloves on.
在某些需要脫下手套的社交場合,比如握手和吃飯時,不要用手接觸你的臉或眼睛,不管有多癢都不要讓你的手接觸你的臉。在戴回手套前,用溫水和肥皂仔細洗手,好好搓洗手指,再戴上手套。
03.
Change gloves daily, washing them thoroughly, and avoid wearing damp gloves.
每天更換手套,仔細清洗。不要戴潮濕的手套。
04.
Masks are useless when worn outdoors and may not be very helpful even indoors. Most masks deteriorate after one or two wearings. Using the same mask day after day is worse than useless—it’s disgusting, as the contents of your mouth and nose eventually coat the inside of the mask with a smelly veneer that is attractive to bacteria. I rarely wear a face mask in an epidemic, and I have been in more than 30 outbreaks.
口罩在戶外佩戴時毫無用處,即使在室內用處也不大。大多口罩在被使用一兩次後就被污染了,重覆使用同一口罩比不戴口罩更糟糕。因為從你嘴和鼻子的呼出的物質最終會在口罩內部形成一層十分滋養細菌的,發臭的膜。在傳染病流行期間我很少戴口罩,我曾經經歷過這種狀況超過30次。
Instead, I stay away from crowds, and I keep my distance from individual people—a half meter, about 1.5 feet, is a good standard. If someone is coughing or sneezing, I ask them to put on a mask—to protect me from their potentially contaminated fluids. If they decline, I step a meter (about 3 feet) away from them, or I leave. Don’t shake hands or hug people—politely beg off, saying it’s better for both of you not to come in close contact during an epidemic.
相反,我會遠離人群,並且與個人保持距離——差不多半公尺左右是比較好的標準。要是有人咳嗽或是打噴嚏,我會請他們戴上口罩,來保護我免受潛在的有污染的液體傷害。如果他們拒絕,我會走到一公尺外的距離,或者乾脆離開。不要與人握手或擁抱,告訴對方在傳染病流行期間不要靠太近,這對彼此都好。
05.
Inside your household, remove all of the towels from your bathrooms and kitchen immediately, and replace them with clean towels that have the names of each family member on them. Instruct everybody in your home to only use their own towels and never touch another family member’s. Wash all towels twice a week. Damp towels provide terrific homes for viruses, like common colds, flus, and, yes, coronaviruses.
在家裡要馬上給浴室和廚房都換上乾淨的毛巾,讓家裡每個人都用自己的專屬毛巾,不去觸碰別人的。每週洗兩次毛巾。濕毛巾會為病毒滋生提供溫床,例如普通感冒,流感,以及冠狀病毒。
06.
Be careful with doorknobs. If it’s possible to open and close doors using your elbows or shoulders, do so. Wear gloves to turn a doorknob—or wash your hands after touching it. If anybody in your home takes sick, wash your doorknobs regularly. Similarly, be cautious with stairway banisters, desktops, cell phones, toys, laptops—any objects that are hand-held.
小心門把手,最好用肘部或肩膀去開關門。戴手套去擰門把手,或者在觸摸了門把手後去洗手。如果家裡有病人,定期清潔門把手。同樣,對待樓梯扶手,桌面,手機,玩具,筆記本電腦等任何手持物體都要小心謹慎。
As long as you handle only your own personal objects, you will be ok—but if you need to pick up someone else’s cell phone or cooking tools or use someone else’s computer keyboard, be mindful of not touching your face and wash your hands immediately after touching the object.
只要你只接觸自己的私人物品,就沒什麼問題。但是,如果你需要使用別人的手機,廚具或電腦鍵盤,請注意不要觸摸臉部,並在觸摸物體後立即去洗手。
07.
If you share meals, do not use your personal chopsticks and utensils to remove food from a serving bowl or plate and, of course, tell your children to never drink out of anybody else’s cups or from a container of shared fluid. Place serving spoons in each dish and instruct everybody at the table to scoop what they want from the serving dishes onto their personal plates or bowls, return the serving spoon to the main dish, and then use their personal chopsticks only to pick food from their personal plate or bowl into their mouth.
吃飯時,不要用你自己的筷子和餐具去公碗和盤子裡夾菜。也要告訴你的孩子不要喝別人杯子或者容器里的水。在席上讓每個人使用公勺將盤子里的菜夾到自己的盤子或者碗里,然後將公勺放回公盤,然後用自己的筷子將自己盤子或者碗里的食物送進嘴裡。
Wash all food and kitchenware thoroughly between meals and avoid restaurants that have poor hygiene practices.
飯前仔細清洗食物,飯後仔細清洗餐具,不要去衛生條件不好的餐館用餐。
08.
Absolutely do not buy, slaughter, or consume any live animal or fish until it is known what species was the source of the virus.
在病毒傳播源被發現之前,絕對不要購買,屠宰,或是食用任何生鮮動物和魚類。
09.
When the weather allows, open your windows at home or work, letting your space air out. The virus cannot linger in a well-ventilated space. But of course, if it is cold or the weather is inclement, keep warm and close those windows.
天氣條件允許的情況下,打開家裡或辦公室的窗戶,讓室內空氣流通,病毒無法在通風條件良好的空間裡停留。當然,如果天氣嚴寒,就關窗保暖。
10.
Finally, if you are caring for a friend or family member who is running a fever, always wear a tight-fitting mask when you are near them, and place one on the ailing person (unless they are nauseated).
最後,如果你在照顧得病的朋友或家人,在靠近他們時,一定要時刻佩戴與面部緊貼的口罩,並給他們也戴上(除非他們感到噁心)。
When you replace an old, dirty mask from the face of your friend or loved one be very, very careful—assume, for the sake of your protection, that it is covered in viruses, and handle it while wearing latex gloves, place it inside of a disposable container, seal it, and then put it in the trash. While wearing those latex gloves, gently wash the patient’s face with warm soap and water, using a disposable paper towel or cotton swab, and seal it after use in a container or plastic bag before placing it in your household trash.
當你幫忙從朋友或親人的臉上摘除使用過的臟口罩時,請務必要非常小心——為了保護自己,你必須假設該口罩已被病毒覆蓋,戴上乳膠手套去進行處理,將其放進可丟棄的包裝袋內,密封好,然後再丟進垃圾桶。戴上乳膠手套為患者用紙巾和棉球輕輕地用肥皂和溫水清洗患者的面部,並在使用後將其密封好裝入包裝袋或塑料袋中,然後再丟進家裡的垃圾箱。
Wear long-sleeved shirts and clothing that covers your body when you are caring for your ailing friend or relative. Clean everything your patient wears or touches very thoroughly in hot soapy water, including sheets, towels, and utensils.
在照顧生病的朋友或家人時,要穿上能包裹全身的長袖衣物。用熱肥皂水徹底清洗患者所穿過的衣物和接觸的所有物品,包括床單,毛巾和器皿。
If you have space, isolate the sick person in your household in a room, or a corner of a room, where they are comfortable, but separated from the rest of the household. If the weather is tolerable, open a window that is on the opposite side of the room, so that air gently blows past the patient’s face and then outdoors. Of course, don’t do this if it is very cold, as your friend or loved one will be made sicker if uncomfortably cold.
如果你家裡有足夠的空間,為病人隔離出一個房間或房間的一角,讓他們感到舒適的同時又與家庭中的其他人分開。如果天氣適宜,打開房間另一側的窗戶,這樣空氣能輕輕吹過患者的面部後,流動吹到室外。當然,如果天氣很冷就不要這樣做,因為你的朋友和家人可能會因寒冷而病情加重。
The Chinese government will take very drastic actions over the next few weeks, and this will be a time of hardship for the Chinese people. But with these simple precautions, if taken by everybody in your household, building, office, and school, you will dramatically reduce the spread of the virus and bring the outbreak to its knees. Be safe. Do not panic.
中國政府將在接下來的幾週內採取更嚴厲的措施,這對中國人民來說將是一個艱難的時期。但是,有了這些簡單的預防措施,只要大家在家裡,建築物裡,辦公室和學校裡都採取這些簡單的預防措施。就能大大減少該病毒的傳播風險,並遏制疫情爆發。
Take commonsense precautions. As frightening as this time is, you will get through it.
注意安全。不要驚慌。採取一些常識性的預防措施。眼下的狀況雖然可怕,但你一定會渡過難關。