Memory Play with Jennifer McClure (Online)
September 12th – October 10th, 2021

This Fall, join fine art photographer Jennifer McClure for an online course exploring the concept and use of memories in photography.

We each have memories that shape our lives, moments, and scenes that weren’t photographed at the time. We have historical photographs that look different to us now, that we cannot remember being taken, or of loved ones taken before we were born. All of these together form a narrative of personal history, either individual or collective, that is layered and nuanced.

More Information & Registration: bit.ly/LeicaAkademieUSA_MemoryPlay_Sept12

@jmcclurephoto #LeicaAkademieUSA #LeicaCameraUSA

But blaming crypto for ransomware is like holding email accountable for ransomware because that’s a vector criminals use to infect victims. Neither are the cause of ransomware. What we need to eradicate this scourge is a more nuanced, multi-pronged strategy that gets to the root cause of the problem. 👏🏻👏🏻

淺談「假新聞」

最近上課時學到一個新單字「positionality」，讓我想到當前社群媒體上，不停看到的「fake news」——假新聞。

簡言之，「positionality」(位置性) 被定義為於種族、階級、性別、性取向以及能力等狀態中，創造你身分的社會與政治背景。位置性還描述了你的身分如何影響你對世界的理解與看法，以及潛在的偏見。

positionality 位置性；定位
https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/3390885/
https://www.lexico.com/definition/positionality

以下是我對「positionality」與 「fake news」的些許觀點：

“Fake news” has permeated all facets of life, ranging from social media interaction to presidential elections. Fake news can be defined as “fabricated information that mimics news media content in form but not in organizational process or intent” (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094). The creators and outlets of fake news do not ensure the accuracy and credibility of information, but rather disseminate misinformation or disinformation for purposes ranging from personal amusement to creating deceptions to achieve political aims. At times, fake news is created and disseminated by state or non-state actors using social media accounts and networks of bots designed to hijack feed algorithms of platforms such as Twitter or Facebook (Prier, 2017, p. 54). In the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, Facebook estimated that up to 60 million bots were used to post political content. Some of the same bots were then used in an attempt to influence the 2017 French election (Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095). Such campaigns can be understood as a form of information warfare, a comprehensive attempt to control and influence every facet of the information supply chain, thereby influencing public opinion and behaviors. (Prier, 2017, p. 54). Often, fake news is not directly created by actors that seek to manipulate but by journalists or content creators whose content favors or aligns with the narratives of these actors (Doshi, 2020).

從社群媒體的互動到總統選舉，「假新聞」（fake news）已滲透至生活的各個層面。假新聞可被定義為「在形式上而非組織過程或意圖上，模仿新聞媒體內容所捏造的資訊」（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1094）。無論是出於個人愛好或為達政治目的而有所欺瞞，假新聞的製造者與傳播管道並不保證資訊的準確性與可信度，反而是為了散播錯誤訊息（misinformation）或扭曲訊息（disinformation）。有時，假新聞是由國家或非國家行為者（state or non-state actors）所製造與傳播，藉由社群媒體帳號及網絡機器人來劫持諸如臉書與推特等平臺的推送演算法（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。在2016年的美國總統大選中，臉書估計有多達６千萬個機器人被用來發布政治貼文。其中，有部分機器人被用於影響隔年的法國大選（Lazer et al., 2018, p. 1095）。此類行動可視為資訊戰（information warfare）的一種形式，一種對控制與影響資訊供應鏈各環節的全面嘗試，從而影響公眾輿論與行為（Prier, 2017, p. 54）。假新聞通常是由記者或內容創造者（content creators）所創造，而非試圖操弄的行為者，前者的內容偏好符合後者的敘事（Doshi, 2020）。

Nevertheless, while the term “fake news” is commonplace, there is no universal, measurable way to quantify the fakeness or truthfulness of news. There are many fact-checking and media-bias detection tools, but they cannot objectively detect and clarify the more subtle and nuanced aims of manipulative actors that play a crucial role in news production. It can also be argued that the veracity of news depends not only on the actors that seek to manipulate it, but also on the positionality of its consumers. Therefore, one’s initial line of defense against misleading news lies not in the plethora of fact-checking devices but more in one’s pre-existing dispositions and skills to think and act in response to misleading information. This ability can be referred to as critical thinking, which can be more concretely expounded as “reasonable and reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do” (Ennis, 2011, p. 15).

然而，即便「假新聞」一詞隨處可見，卻沒有統一、可衡量的方式來量化新聞的虛假性或真實性。目前有許多事實查核與媒體偏見檢測工具，但它們無法客觀地檢測與說明行為操弄者更狡猾、更細緻的目標，而這些操弄者往往在新聞的生產中發揮著重要作用。我們也可以說，新聞的真實性不僅取決於試圖操弄它的行為者，同時還取決於新聞受眾的位置性。因此，一個人對抗誤導性新聞的第一道防線，不在於這些五花八門的事實查核方式，反而在於個人所固有的性格，以及針對誤導性資訊的思考與行動等相關技能。這種能力可稱為批判性思考（critical thinking），意即「專注於決定相信什麼或做什麼的理性思考與反思性思考」（Ennis, 2011, p. 15）。

Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China (ROC), is at the forefront of information warfare. It is wedged between the geopolitical struggles of global and regional hegemonies such as the United States and China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). Compounding the matter are the Taiwan’s own political actors vying for influence and power. This struggle seeps into all aspects of life and practice, mainly manifesting itself on social media, a battleground of information warfare. The Ministry of Education of Taiwan is cognizant of these information campaigns, and efforts have been made to introduce media literacy into all parts of its education system. According to the ministry, the government has tried to promote media literacy education since 2000 (MOE, 2002, p. 1), with one of its primary goals to cultivate its “citizens” abilities for independent learning, critical thinking, and problem solving” (MOE, 2002, p. 2).

臺灣，也被稱為中華民國，正處於資訊戰的最前線。這是全球霸權與地區霸權之間——如美國與中國（中華人民共和國）——的地緣政治對抗。使問題惡化的是臺灣自身的政治行動者對影響力與權力的奪取。這場對抗遍布於現實生活的各個面向，主要於社群媒體中——資訊戰的戰場——展露無遺。臺灣的教育部注意到了這些資訊的煙硝，並已努力將媒體素養引入其教育體系。據該部稱，自2000年以來，政府一直試圖推展媒體素養教育（MOE, 2002, p. 1），其主要目標之一是培養「公民獨立學習、批判性思考以及解決問題的能力。」（MOE, 2002, p. 2）。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

上述段落認為，由於個人的位置性(positionality)，「假新聞」極難定義。此外，有許多人把不符合自身成見與偏好的新聞逕斥為假新聞。這其實相當危險，因為個人觀點將會變得愈發孤立與激進。

閱聽人應意識到，他們在網路上看到的每個資訊都有特定立場。是否真有毫無立場的新聞文章？為了對抗操弄性或強制性資訊（coercive information），我們必須意識到權力於個中的作用，以及我們自身的位置性如何形塑我們的詮釋。這是我們的第一道防線。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

參考文獻

Doshi, R. (2020, January). China steps up its information war in Taiwan. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2020-01-09/china-steps-its-information-war-taiwan

Ennis, R. H. (1985). A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills. Educational leadership, 43(2), 44-48.

Lazer, D. M., Baum, M. A., Benkler, Y., Berinsky, A. J., Greenhill, K. M., Menczer, F., ... & Zittrain, J. L. (2018). The science of fake news. Science, 359(6380), 1094-1096.

MOE (Ministry of Education), Taiwan. (2002). White paper on media literacy educational policy. Retrieved March, 21, 2021, from http://english.moe.gov.tw/public/Attachment/ 2122416591771.pdf

Prier, J. (2017). Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare. Strategic Studies Quarterly: SSQ, 11(4), 50-85.

★★★★★★★★★★★★

教育時評: http://bit.ly/39ABON9

相關詞彙: https://bit.ly/2UncrfI

TED相關影片: https://bit.ly/3BDsDKl

適当にやっても、いい感じっぽくなる簡単インクニュアンスネイルのやり方です。
Nuanced nails with easy-to-use ink

チャンネル登録 SUBSCRIBE →　http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=rinrindolly
ENGLISH CHANNEL 英語チャンネル →　https://www.youtube.com/rinrindolljapan
セカンドチャンネル始まりました！ → http://www.youtube.com/rinrindoll2
La Roche-Posay Uvidea XL Tone-up Light Cream
UVイデア XL プロテクショントーンアップ

Missha BB Cream UV No.21 light
ミシャ　BBクリーム　UV No.21 明るい肌色

WHOMEE Control Color Base Yellow Glow
フーミー コントロールカラーベース イエローグロウ

Shu Uemura unlimited concealer 5 light
シュウウエムラ アンリミテッドコンシーラー 5ライト

Impress Milano Collection 2019 Face Powder
インプレス ミラノコレクション2019 おしろい

THREE Cheeky Chic Blush 5 Feeling the flow
THREE チーキーシークブラッシュ 5 Feeling the flow

Shu Uemura brow sword seal brown
シュウウエムラ ブロースウォード シールブラウン

Majolica Majorca Majolook Illuminator RS352 Flower Girl
マジョリカ マジョルカ マジョルック （イルミネーター）RS354 フラワーガール

Lunasol Geminate Eyes 05RB
ルナソル ジェミネイトアイズN 05RB

UZU Eye opening Liner Black liquid eyeliner
UZU アイオープニングライナー ブラック（リキットアイライナー）

Maybelline The Magnum Big Shot Volum’Express 01 Black
メイベリン ボリューム エクスプレス マグナム ビッグショット 01 ブラック

Miche Bloomin’ ・No.06 Girly Flair
ミッシュブルーミン・アイラッシュ・No.06 ガーリーフレア

DUO・Striplash Adhesive

FENTY BEAUTY Freestyle Highlighter Duo Killawatt Fire Crystal

Laura Mercier Rouge Essentiel Silky Crème Lipstick 08 À La Rose
ローラメルシエ ルージュ エッセンシャル シルキー クリーム リップスティック 08 À La Rose

Opera Sheer Lip Color 24 Nuanced Pink
オペラ シアーリップカラー 24 ニュアンスピンク

nigelle・Jelly M・Hair Styling
二ゼル・ジェリーM・ヘアワックス

Angelic Pretty x Imai Kira Château d'écume
カラコン：loveil - Innocent Ash http://bit.ly/2yJBHzY
髪色：Hair Salon NALU http://bit.ly/2iBC60Y


★ オススメ動画 ★
【秋にぴったり！】たぬきメイク〜♪
https://youtu.be/Uy-UiO4SKQQ
【Lolita Fashion around the World with RinRin】
Los Angeles - Nun of Your Business
https://youtu.be/Au7_IAK84RU


★ RinRin Doll LINEスタンプ ★
うさぎねこ・ねこうさぎ
http://bit.ly/2yMDNOr


★ コラボ グッズ ★
RinRin Doll x VIVID VIVRANT
コラボつけまつげ
Hello Candy Heart Doll (白・パープル)
http://bit.ly/2gLt9kV
http://bit.ly/2yN4QsZ
Dear Carousel Dreams Doll (パープル・ブルー)
http://bit.ly/2zPsoMD
http://bit.ly/2yPkJjc
Oh! My Starry Eyed Doll (白・黒)
http://bit.ly/2gDqiXM
http://bit.ly/2yKKcKM
Yum Sugar Cupcake Doll (ピンク・ブルー)
http://bit.ly/2y6gMTg
http://bit.ly/2yNuwG4



★ FOLLOW ME ★
http://www.rinrindoll.com
Instagram：http://instagram.com/rinrindoll
Facebook：https://www.facebook.com/rinrindoll
Twitter：https://twitter.com/rinrin_doll
Snapchat: rinrin_doll
Google+：https://plus.google.com/+rinrindoll
Tumblr：http://rinrindoll.tumblr.com
Ameblo : http://ameblo.jp/angel-rinrin


************************************
★ 免責 ★
この動画はスポンサーされてません。

★ 音楽 ★
楽曲提供：Production Music by http://www.epidemicsound.com

★ Captions ★
Submit captions here! http://bit.ly/2xoehvN
여기에 한국어 자막을 제출! http://bit.ly/2xoehvN
請提供中文字幕！http://bit.ly/2xoehvN

#lolitafashion #angelicpretty #summermakeup

For this video, I went down to Central Thai Kitchen at City Square Mall to try their 3KG Pad Thai Platter! Central Thai Kitchen is a Halal-certified Thai restaurant that serves authentic Thai cuisine at affordable prices. This was not a timed challenge platter, so I took my time and enjoyed the really delicious Thai offerings in this 3KG platter.

For this platter, I was served enormous portions of Pad Thai with Prawn, Basil Minced Chicken, Honey Chicken and Thai Prawn Cake.

The Basil Minced Chicken was well done and did not fall into the common trap of adding the Basil leaves too early, which tend to cause the leaves to turn bitter.

The Honey Chicken came nicely battered with a luscious sauce that did not disappoint. The largest serving was the Pad Thai, which was extremely flavourful and nuanced. You could almost imperceptibly taste the individual components, the flavours lingering momentarily on the tongue, before merging into a medley of pleasantness.

However, the star of the platter for me was the Prawn Cake, which was lightly battered and fried and was made with real prawns minced up with barely any filler. It came with a sweet chilli sauce and it was a true treat to bite through the crunchy exterior, only to be greeted by the moist and tasty interior. All in all, it was a thoroughly enjoyable experience and it was difficult to not try to take it slow and savour the platter.

Head on down to Central Thai to get your Thai cravings fixed!


Visit Central Thai at:

180 Kitchener Road
#B2-53/54 City Square Mall
Singapore 208539

1 Pasir Ris Central Street 3
#03-06/#03-K03 White Sands Shopping Mall
Singapore 518457

Connect with me!
Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/zermattneofls
Instagram - http://instagram.com/zermattneo
Tee Shirts - https://www.bonfire.com/eating-things/