【歷史上的今天 vs 推薦電影】1945-AUGUST-06 廣島原爆
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【廣島市原子彈爆炸】Atomic bombing of Hiroshima
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1945年8月6日凌晨，美軍一架B-29轟炸機 諾拉蓋伊號，在天寧島搭載了「小男孩」原子彈，與其他五架飛機飛往廣島市，執行這場具歷史意義的轟炸任務。

「小男孩」在上午約8點15分，在偏離原定目標—相生橋，東南方約600公尺的島醫院上空550公尺爆炸，造成超過十萬名居民死亡的大規模毀滅性打擊。這是人類史上第一次在戰爭中使用核子武器，也為第二次世界大戰開始劃下句點。
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【小男孩】Little Boy
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「小男孩」是人類史上第一次投入實戰的核武器，重達4000公斤；內部裝有鈾元素，在引發連鎖效應後釋放出約15,000公噸的TNT炸藥能量。原爆首先產生強光以及強大的衝擊波氣浪，接著紅外線高熱燒毀了幾乎所有廣島市中心的木造房屋。接著放射性污染物隨著蕈狀雲，混合著水汽落下黑雨，讓當地居民承受著輻射污染後的病痛。值得一提的是，由於小男孩原爆產生的強烈射線，讓當時在美軍飛機上拍攝原爆的攝影底片無法沖洗，因此當下爆炸的影像紀錄並不多
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【推薦電影】

《兩回》Twice Bombed: The Legacy of Yamaguchi Tsutomu, 2011
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導演 稲塚秀孝
主演 山口彊
產地 日本 美國
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出生於日本長崎的山口彊，在二戰期間擔任三菱重工的造船工程師；它在1945年8月時，因出差廣島而在上班途中遭受廣島原爆。他距離爆炸中心約3公里遠而僥倖逃過一劫，在身負重傷的情況下逃返長崎，卻又在長崎養傷期間遭受長崎原爆，成為日本政府首位承認承受兩次原爆的被爆者。

本紀錄片透過珍貴的山口彊訪談影像，配合官方史料，詳實記錄了兩次原爆過程。
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【山口彊】Yamaguchi Tsutomu, 1916~2010

在經歷過兩次大難不死的山口彊，戰後擔任駐日美軍的翻譯，中學英語教師，並在1960年代重回三菱重工擔任工程師至退休。

他多次被聯合國邀請演講，並致力於全球反核運動。直到2010年1月4日，山口彊因胃癌過世，享年93歲。

至今山口彊如何能夠在承受強烈輻射下幸運直至終老，始終是眾多醫學專家討論的話題。推測是他身上強大的細胞修復能力，以及「靜默突變」（silent mutations），也就是即便身體細胞出現編碼錯誤，新生細胞轉錄時能夠忽略並順利讀取，讓身體能夠持續產生正常細胞。
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看完這則「歷史上的今天」你有什麼想法呢？
歡迎留言分享與我討論唷！
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#電影 #歷史 #點評 #影評 #知識 #解析 #movie #history #歷史上的今天 #原子彈 #廣島 #長崎 #原爆 #第二次世界大戰 #worldwar2 #WWII #WW2 #abomb #AtomicbombingofHiroshima #HIROSHIMA #hiroshima #atomcbomb #war #littleboy #小男孩 #兩回 #雙重被爆 #twicebombed #yamaguchitsutomu

請傳給你認識的外國朋友

（繼續發酵！英文翻譯上線！幫手推！）🔥 有外媒相繼報道了關於袁國勇、龍振邦兩位教授疑似因壓力而撤回《明報》專欄文章一事，有手足更花了時間，把文章譯作英文。西方社會是需要知道真相的，請廣傳給在外國的朋友：

[On Mar 18 2020, Professor David Lung at the University of Hong Kong and his colleague Professor Yuen Kwok-yung, a world-renowned expert in microbiology and infectious diseases, withdrew their op-ed in the Chinese-language newspaper Ming Pao, in which they elucidated the origin and naming of the Wuhan Coronavirus, and criticized "inferior Chinese culture" for being the origin of the present pandemic. This led to allegations that the Chinese and Hong Kong governments are covering up the truth and suppressing academic freedom. Below is an English translation of this op-ed. Please spread the word and expose the truth!]

Outbreak in Wuhan shows that lessons from seventeen years ago are forgotten - David Lung and Yuen Kwok-yung, University of Hong Kong [translated from Chinese]

The novel coronavirus outbreak began in Wuhan in Winter 2019, and engulfed the entire province of Hubei by Spring 2020; the number of cases in China grew to over 80,000, with at least 3,000 deaths. The outbreak in China slowed down only after a month-long lockdown, which has failed to curtail the spread of the disease overseas by March 2020. The World Health Organization (WHO) was sluggish in response and failed to declare this a pandemic in a timely fashion. Shortage of relevant measures and protective gear around the world contributed to the global outbreak. Singapore, Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China have so far been spared of the pandemic, though cases linked to overseas travel have yet to cease.

This pandemic is caused by a coronavirus, thus named because of its shape. From 2015 onwards, the WHO has ceased to name diseases using monikers for people, places, animals, food, culture, or occupations. As such, they labeled the disease using the year of the outbreak; thus the designation COVID-19. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) used viral genome sequencing as the sole criterion for the naming of viruses; because the similarity between the genetic sequences of the SARS coronavirus and the present novel coronavirus, which therefore is not truly "novel", the ICTV designated the novel coronavirus as "SARS-CoV-2.0". Media organizations and the public call this the Wuhan Coronavirus or the Wuhan Pneumonia; this is perfectly fine because of its simplicity.

There has been heated debate over the naming of the pandemic. As a matter of fact, the disease is named by the WHO and the virus is named by the ICTV; the common name is purely a customary matter and suffices to serves it purpose as long as it is simple and clear. The official names of COVID-19 for the disease, or SARS-CoV-2 for the virus, must be used in scientific and academic discourse. However, the simplicity of the popular designations "Wuhan Coronavirus" and "Wuhan Pneumonia" are far more conducive to daily communication and conversations in the media.

The 2020 pandemic originated in Wuhan

Roughly 75% of novel diseases can be traced to wild animals; the ancestral virus from which several mammalian coronaviruses descend can be traced to bats or birds, both of which can fly over a distance of several thousands of kilometers to the location of first discovery of the virus. As such, the nomenclature of viruses may utilize the name of the location of discovery. The most accurate and objective means to identify the origin of the virus is to isolate the virus from the animal host. However, the Huanan Seafood Market had been cleared, and live wild animals vacated, by the time researchers had arrived for live samples. Consequently, the identity of the natural and intermediate hosts of the coronavirus is unclear. According to local personnel, the wild games in the Huanan Seafood Market are shipped and smuggled from various locations in China, Southeast Asia, and Africa; it remains impossible to identify the ancestry of the Wuhan Coronavirus.

Viral genome sequencing shows a 96% similarity between the Wuhan Coronavirus and the viral strain RaTG13 found in bats, lending credence to the belief that the RaTG13 strain is the ancestral virus for the Wuhan Coronavirus. This viral strain can be isolated from the bat species Rhinolophus sinicus found in Yunnan, China; thus bats are believed to be the natural host to the Wuhan Coronavirus. Epidemiological studies show definitively that the Huanan Seafood Market was the amplification epicenter, where the transmission of the virus from the natural host to the intermediate host likely occurred, before a mutation to a form that can adapt to the human body, followed by human-to-human transmission.

The identity of the intermediate host remains unclear; viral genome sequencing, however, reveals a 90% similarity between the spike receptor-binding domain of the Wuhan Coronavirus and of the coronavirus strain found in pangolins. While uncertainties remain for us to unambiguously identify the pangolin as the intermediate host, it is extremely likely that the pangolin coronavirus strain donated the spike receptor-binding domain genetic sequence, or even the entire gene section, to the bat coronavirus strain, culminating in the novel coronavirus upon DNA shuffling.

Wild animal market: the origin of numerous viruses

The SARS outbreak in 2003 can be traced to Heyuan prior to engulfing Guangdong and ravaging Hong Kong. The SARS Coronavirus was found in the masked palm civet; China has subsequently outlawed the sales of live wild animals. Seventeen years later, wild animal markets have instead grown unabashed, in flagrant violation of the law. The Chinese people have forgotten the lessons of SARS in their entirety. The glaring appearance of live wild animal markets in city centers, and the egregious acts of selling, cooking, and eating these wild animals, constitute a stunning and blatant disregard for the laws. The feces of these wild animals carry large concentrations of bacteria and viruses; the crowded set-up, the poor hygiene, and the proximity of different animal species are extremely conducive to DNA shuffling and genetic mutations. As such, these markets need to be banned outright.

Remodeling of markets is key to the prevention of epidemics. The Chinese and Hong Kong governments must promptly improve the set-up of markets by enhancing ventilation and getting rid of rats and pests. Before the elimination of all live poultry markets becomes a reality, animal feces found in these markets must be handled properly to lower the chances of genetic shuffling between viruses.

Internet conspiracies of an U.S. origin of the virus is not supported by facts, and only serves to mislead the public. The dissemination of conspiracy theories needs to stop. Transparency is first and foremost in the fight against an epidemic; we need cool heads and rational analysis in place of hearsay and falsehood. The failure to close all live wild animal markets post-SARS was a colossal mistake; to win the battle over the pandemic, we must face reality, and not repeat the same mistakes while leaving the blame upon others. The Wuhan Coronavirus is a product of inferior Chinese culture -\-\ the culture of recklessly catching and eating wild animals, and treating animals inhumanely, with an utter disrespect and disregard of lives. This inferior culture of the Chinese people -\-\ specifically the consumption of wild animals to satiate themselves -\-\ is the true origin of the Wuhan Coronavirus. If these habits and attitudes remain in place, SARS 3.0 will certainly happen in a matter of a decade or so.

以上翻譯來自：
一個窮科學家移民美國的夢幻故事

外媒報道：
https://www.nytimes.com/…/19reuters-health-coronavirus-hong…

https://www.nasdaq.com/…/adviser-to-hong-kong-on-coronaviru…

【分享】台北法文講座

法國文化協會 Alliance Française 是法國在海外推廣法國文化和法語的官方機構，在台灣有台北和高雄兩處中心，除了教授法文，同時也是法語檢定的考場。

當東方遇到西方讀書會十月份邀請到 Alliance Française 台灣法國文化協會主任 Bruno Duparc 先生介紹協會的歷史，全程法語進行，無中文翻譯。對 Alliance Française 的歷史發展有興趣的朋友，或是想練法文聽力的學習者，千萬把握這個難得的好機會，聽聽 Duparc 主任的演講！

報名連結：https://goo.gl/6FhZSR

（此活動提供飲料及甜點，場地低消酌收 200 元 / 人，於報到現場繳交）

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Thème : "L'Alliance Française, genèse d'un réseau international au service de la Francophonie"

Date : Le samedi 27 Octobre 2018, 14h-16h

Lieu : Café Brown, branche Jian Kuo （ 4F., No. 166, Section 1, Jian Kuo South Road, Taipei City ）
伯朗咖啡建國店｜台北市建國南路一段 166 號 4 樓

Résumé：

Née d'une guerre, l'Alliance Française est porteuse de paix. Ses valeurs laïques et apolitiques sont aujourd'hui véhiculées dans 135 pays d'Ushuaïa à Vladivostok. Dans quel contexte a-t-elle été créée? Quels sont ses 'pères fondateurs' ? Quelles mutations a-t-elle connues pour aujourd'hui enseigner la langue française à plus de 500 000 étudiants par an?"

Conférencier :
Bruno Duparc, directeur de l'Alliance Française de Taiwan

* Cette conférence se déroulera en FRANCAIS, sans traduction

* Frais d'entrée : 200 NT (Boissons et desserts compris, payement sur place)

Inscription : https://goo.gl/6FhZSR

Site de l'Alliance Française de Taipei :
http://www.alliancefrancaise.org.tw/