[時事英文] Alzheimer’s Prediction May Be Found in Writing Tests

沒想到英文寫作可以用來預測阿爾茨海默症。

受試者當中應該沒有第二語言學習者吧。

音檔: https://bit.ly/3lcBTxr

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Alzheimer’s Prediction May Be Found in Writing Tests
阿爾茨海默症可以預測嗎？寫作測試也許提供了答案

Is it possible to predict who will develop Alzheimer’s disease simply by looking at writing patterns years before there are symptoms? According to a new study by IBM researchers, the answer is yes. And, they and others say that Alzheimer’s is just the beginning. People with a wide variety of neurological illnesses have distinctive language patterns that, investigators suspect, may serve as early warning signs of their diseases.

• Alzheimer’s disease 阿爾茨海默症
• symptoms 癥狀、症狀
• according to a new study 根據一個新研究
• a wide variety of 多種～的
• neurological illnesses 神經系統疾病
• distinctive language patterns 獨特的語言模式
• an early warning sign of ～的早期預警訊號

有沒有可能在出現癥狀之前的幾年裡，僅僅通過觀察書寫模式來預測誰會患上阿爾茨海默症？ 根據IBM研究人員的一項新研究，答案是肯定的。而且，他們和其他一些研究人員表示，阿爾茨海默症的預測只是開始。研究人員懷疑，患有多種神經系統疾病的人都有著獨特的語言模式，可能是他們疾病的早期預警信號。

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The researchers examined the subjects’ word usage with an artificial intelligence program that looked for subtle differences in language. It identified one group of subjects who were more repetitive in their word usage at that earlier time when all of them were cognitively normal. These subjects also made errors, such as spelling words wrongly or inappropriately capitalizing them, and they used telegraphic language, meaning language that has a simple grammatical structure and is missing subjects and words like “the,” “is” and “are.”

• word usage 詞彙使用情況
• subtle differences 細微差別
• artificial intelligence 人工智慧
• repetitive 重複的
• telegraphic language* 電報式語言
• simple grammatical structure 簡單的語法結構

研究人員利用一個人工智慧程序，檢查受試者的詞彙使用情況，尋找語言上的細微差別。他們鑒定出一組受試者，在早期所有人的認知能力都正常的情況下，他們的用詞重複情況更為嚴重。這些測試對象還會犯一些錯誤，比如拼寫錯誤或者大寫使用不當，而且會使用電報式語言——語法結構簡單，漏掉主語以及「the」、「is」和「are」這樣的詞。

*telegraphic language is speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children, which is laconic and efficient but lack of function words, tense and plural endings on nouns.

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The members of that group turned out to be the people who developed Alzheimer’s disease. The A.I. program predicted, with 75 percent accuracy, who would get Alzheimer’s disease, according to results published recently in The Lancet journal EClinicalMedicine. “We had no prior assumption that word usage would show anything,” said Ajay Royyuru, vice president of health care and life sciences research at IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., where the A.I. analysis was done.

• develop a disease 患上疾病
• with % accuracy 準確率達～％
• no prior assumption 沒有先想到、先假設到
• usage （詞語或語言的）用法
• A.I. analysis 人工智慧分析

這群人後來都患上了阿爾茨海默症。根據《柳葉刀》(The Lancet)子刊《臨床醫學》(EClinicalMedicine)最近發表的研究結果，該人工智慧能夠預測誰將患上阿爾茨海默症，準確率達75%。「我們之前沒有想到用詞情況還有這個用途，」紐約州約克敦高地的IBM托馬斯·沃森研究中心(IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center)醫療保健和生命科學研究副總裁阿賈伊·羅伊尤魯(Ajay Royyuru)說。人工智慧分析就是在該中心進行的。

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文章來自《紐約時報》: https://nyti.ms/3pXsI5l

圖片來源: http://bit.ly/3qsX3sb

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意外と知られていない英語表現「Look after」
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「Look after」の意味はご存知でしょうか？単語だけみると、非常に簡単な言葉のように感じるかと思いますが、意外とその意味や用法がわからない人も多いのでは？
　
　　　
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Look after
→ 「〜の面倒を見る / ～の世話をする」
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この表現は、人や動物の世話をする意味として使われるフレーズです。恐らく「Take care of」と聞けば、ピンとくる方も多いかと思いますが、意味と用法はTake care ofと全く同じです。特に子供や老人、動物の面倒を見る場合によく用いられ、病人の看病をする意味としても使うことができます。「～の面倒を見る」は「Look after _____」と表現します。
　
＜例文＞
　　
I looked after my younger brother.
（弟の面倒を見ました。）
　
Can you look after my dog?
（私の犬の世話をしてくれる？）
　
She looked after her ill mom.
（彼女は病気を抱えている母親の看病をしました。）
　
Who is going to take care of your cat when you go to Europe?
（ヨーロッパに行く時、誰が猫の世話をするのですか？）
　
〜会話例１〜

A: How was your weekend?
（週末はどうだった？）

B: It was good. I had to look after my younger sister. I took her to the park.
（よかったよ。妹の面倒を見ないといけなかったから、公園に連れて行ったよ。）
　
〜会話例２〜

A: Thanks for taking care of my dog.
（犬の面倒を見ていただき、ありがとうございます。）

B: No problem. He's very well behaved.
（どういたしまして。よくしつけられた犬ですね。）
　　
　
　
　
　
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～
　
無料メルマガ『1日1フレーズ！生英語』配信中！
　
通勤・通学などのちょとした合間を利用して英語が学べるメルマガ『1日1フレーズ！生英語』を平日の毎朝6時に配信中！ただ単にフレーズを紹介しているだけではなく、音声を使った学習プロセスが組み込まれているので、メルマガを読むこと自体が学習方法！
　
https://hapaeikaiwa.com/mailmagazine/
　
～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～～

[專頁公告] 英文學習「生態系」更新

English Learning Ecosystem Update

As I began exploring Instagram, I struggled to find a way to deliver useful academic content. Instagram posts typically focus on images, short clips, and concise text, which are attention grabbing but not always entirely conducive to language learning. I looked over the posts of established Instagram English learning accounts, and experimented with vocabulary posts and even news posts for a couple of weeks. Not wanting to post just images, I thought about creating something new even with the rigid format of the platform.

當我開始研究怎麼用IG，我想盡了各種辦法，希望能提供大家一些實用的學術內容。 IG 的特色著重在圖片、短片以及簡潔的文字，這樣的方式雖然很容易引人注目，卻不全然有助於語言學習。我瀏覽了 IG 上英文教學網紅的貼文，並在這幾週嘗試發了一些學術單字與新聞相關的文章。我並不想只是發一些圖片，而思考著要如何在既有框架下創作一些新的東西。

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A tenet of using tech in education is to engage students with what they are familiar with, not give them an entirely new platform that is difficult to use. So, how could I create a new series of Instagram posts that is both educational and unique? I thought about my goal to disseminate academic English resources, and how I could leverage my experience as a curriculum writer and voice recording artist for public school textbooks.

一個使用科技進行教育的原則是用學生熟悉的方式與他們互動，而非用了全新的平台卻使他們難以學習。那麼，我應該如何創作獨特且具教育意義的一系列全新 IG 發文呢？我想到了我傳遞學術英文資源的目標，以及思考到該如何發揮身為教科書編輯者與音頻錄製者的經驗。

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So far, this is what I have at the moment. I will post Word of the Day (每日一詞), high frequency vocabulary words that you see in academic texts and sometimes on the news. These Tier 2 academic vocabulary words are not exclusive to a single domain and complement the theme-based approach I’ve taken with my mind-mapping vocabulary class. You can find other vocabulary learning methods here.

這是我目前所想到的內容：我會發布「每日一詞」，也就是學術文章或是新聞中有時出現的高頻字彙。這些Tier 2學術詞彙並不限於單個領域，更補充了我在心智圖詞彙攻略課程中採用的主題式學習法。你還可以在下面網站找到其他詞彙學習方法。

🎓 詞彙學習方法：http://bit.ly/2JGXKvK

In these posts, I added the pronunciation, collocation, and example sentences of each word for students. These words will be helpful to university-level students who often read academic texts and the news. Students can access them by simply clicking on the hashtag 學術英語單字.

在這些貼文中，我為學生提供了發音、搭配用法和例句。這些單字會對經常閱讀學術文章和新聞的大學程度學生有所幫助。學生只要點貼文上的＃學術英語單字即可看到貼文。

🎓 學術英文單字: https://bit.ly/3cxH091

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To help students use more precise and common academic phrases, I then added Academic Phrases (每日一句), set phrases that appear in both academic speech and writing. These phrases have varying functions from introducing a topic to comparing and contrasting ideas. There is a difference between speech and writing, so I picked words that could be used for both. If one is used only in a specific context, I will make note of it in the video recording. This series of posts will help students with language output, and can be found under the following hashtag 學術英語片語.

為了幫助學生使用更精準、更道地的常見學術用語，我們接著會進入「每日一句」，也就是在學術演說與寫作中常見的用語。這些片語具有不同的功能，範圍涵蓋介紹主題到比較、對比想法等等。而演講和寫作之間也有不同，所以我選擇了都可以使用的片語。如果只能在特定情況下使用，我會在影片中特別說明。該系列文章將會幫助學生提高語言輸出能力，可以在 # 學術英語片語找到。

🎓 學術英文片語: https://bit.ly/3aqaQcP

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Last, I will follow up with an abridged version of breaking news (時事英文) with high frequency collocations and audio recordings. This will provide students with the input of not only individual words, but how to use them in output (speech and writing) with context. While all these news posts might seem independent at first, I will eventually link and organize them by theme when there are enough posts. Along with my news class, these extra posts will help students stay aware of current events, acquire set phrases used in journalism, and develop critical thinking. These posts can currently be found under the hashtag EEL時事英文.

最後，我們會跟進精簡版的「時事英文」，其中包含高頻搭配詞與錄音資料。這些內容不僅可以提供你們輸入單字，而且可以幫助你們知道如何搭配情境輸出，再將這些內容使用在口說與寫作中。這些貼文一開始雖然看似獨立，當素材足夠後我會再將他們進行連結與整理。這些貼文和我的新聞課程將幫助學生維持對時事的敏銳度，掌握新聞中使用的固定用法，並養成批判性思維。這些貼文目前可以在 # EEL時事英文。

🎓 批判性思考問題大全: http://bit.ly/34rdtJ7

🎓 EEL時事英文: https://bit.ly/36tDusv

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There is a lot more I want to do to create an ecosystem of free academic English learning materials. I will continue modifying our post format to meet your needs, but these are my plans for Instagram thus far. Join us on our journey to make bilingual academic English resources more readily available to all! Let’s continue to learn and grow together!

建立免費的學術英文學習系統是件大工程，我會持續修改我們發文的格式以符合你們的需求與習慣，這些只是我目前 IG 學術英語學習計畫的一部分。加入我們的旅程來讓雙語的學術英文資源更加普及！讓我們一起學習與成長！

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🎓 學術英文單字: https://bit.ly/3cxH091

🎓 學術英文片語: https://bit.ly/3aqaQcP

🎓 EEL時事英文: https://bit.ly/36tDusv

🎓 批判性思考問題大全：http://bit.ly/34rdtJ7

🎓 該如何學習英文？http://bit.ly/3inxdCP

10個loo片語 #02 (第二支影片)
https://youtu.be/MY0DbV6ZPeQ

look out 小心
look down 向下看
look after 照顧
look around 四處看看
look forward to 期待

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我的新頻道：歡迎加入
學習單字發音與用法，實用例句，延伸句，情境句
Say and learn words with Gina
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuzfZrVItqnsuYZlW5ubdtQ

加入吉娜英文FB 粉絲頁
學習更多道地美式口語英文
https://www.facebook.com/wordsgo/

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吉娜提供教學服務：
KK音標課程
基礎英文從頭學起
學好英文諮詢
請寫信到
webmaster@wordsgo.com

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look at 看著；查看
A: Look at that giraffe! It’s huge!
B: Yes, they can grow to be over sixteen feet tall.
A: 你看那隻長頸鹿。它好巨大。
B: 是啊，它們會長到超過十六英呎高。

A: What are you looking at?
B: Do you see those strange lights?
A: Yes, that’s an airplane!
你在看什麼？
你有看到那些奇怪的燈嗎？
是的，那是一架飛機。

I’m looking at running shoes right now. I’m going to buy a pair.
我現在正在看跑步鞋。我要買一雙。

A: Did you get the doctor to look at your knee?
B: Yes, I did. He said I have a muscle problem.
你有找醫生查看你的膝蓋了嗎？
是的，我有。他說我有肌肉的問題。

look for 尋找
A: What are you looking for?
B: I’m trying to find the library. Do you know where it is?
A: Yes, it’s on the next block.
A: 你正在找什麼？
B: 我正試著找圖書館。你知道在哪裡嗎？
A: 是的，它在下一個街區。

Jerry is looking for a job.
He’s been out of work for three months.
傑瑞正在找工作。他已經失業三個月了。

look into 調查；研究
The police are looking into her disappearance. They are talking to all her family, friends, and coworkers to find out what happened. (調查)
警方正在調查她失蹤的案子。他們找她的家人，朋友，和同事都談過，想要知道發生了甚麼事情。

I’m starting to do some gardening. I’m looking into the easiest plants to grow here.
我開始接觸園藝。我正在研究最容易在這裡種植的植物。

She’s looking into traveling to Korea. She wants to know the flight and hotel prices.
她正在研究到韓國玩的資料。她想要知道飛機和旅館的價錢。

look up 向上看；查找；景仰
Look up! There are some very pretty clouds in the sky.
看上面！天空有一些相當漂亮的雲。

I wanted to know how to make mashed potatoes, so I looked it up on Google.
我想要知道如何做馬鈴薯泥，所以我就查了Google。

A: I don’t know this word.
B: Here, look it up in the dictionary.
A: Ah! There it is!
A: 我不知道這個單字。
B: 這裡，查字典。
A: 啊！在這裡。

Doris looks up to her big brother. He is her hero.
桃樂絲崇拜她的哥哥。他是他的英雄。

look over 快速看過；簡略檢查
I looked over the book’s jacket and decided it would be interesting to read.
我看了看這本書，我認為應該是閱讀起來會很有趣。

A: I looked over your proposal, and I like your idea.
B: Really? Thank you.
A. I want you to start working on it right away.
我看了一下你的計畫書，我喜歡你的點子。
真的嗎？謝謝你。
我想要你馬上開始執行這個計畫。

He looked over my paper and corrected my spelling errors.
他看了我的報告，並且修正了我的拼字錯誤。

I asked her to look over my essay before I gave it to my teacher.
在我把作文交給老師之前，我請她幫忙看一下。