➥SARS-CoV-2引起的COVID-19的病程變化很大，從無症狀或輕度感染（主要在兒童中）到多器官衰竭或死亡（主要在長者）。


本文提出“量及時間先後順序”模型，解釋在感染後10-15天內，人體在累積病毒量及自體免疫(如IgA及IgM抗體)中取得平衡的結果。如果病毒阻斷了這種先天免疫，並在感染的早期就從上呼吸道擴散到肺泡，它就可以在沒有局部抵抗力的情況下複製，引起肺炎並釋放大量抗原。


但隨之而來的延遲且強烈的免疫反應（高親和力IgM和IgG抗體）會導致嚴重發炎，造成嚴重併發症，甚至致命。在COVID-19的潛伏期和早期階段，激烈運動和過度換氣會使大量病毒直接穿透被中和抗體覆蓋的氣道粘膜，繞過上呼吸道粘膜的免疫屏障，進入下呼吸道和肺泡，感染年輕且健康運動員。


先到達肺部的是病毒還是免疫反應，決定了患者的命運。(「財團法人國家衛生研究院」莊淑鈞博士 摘要整理 ➥http://forum.nhri.org.tw/covid19/virus/j841/ )


📋 The first, holistic immunological model of COVID-19: implications for prevention, diagnosis, and public health measures (2020/05/02)+中文摘要轉譯
■ Author：
Matricardi PM, Dal Negro RW, Nisini R.
■ Link：
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology( Wiley ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32359201


🔔豐富的學術文獻資料都在【Covid-19 新冠肺炎資源網】
■ http://forum.nhri.org.tw/covid19/


#2019COVID19Academic
衛生福利部
疾病管制署 - 1922防疫達人
疾病管制署
國家衛生研究院-論壇

【關於解釋國際攬炒：與外媒記者交流的工作日常】

早排同位識睇中文既日本記者食飯做訪問，佢做做下訪問期間，竟然拎左我個幾月前寫 #國際攬炒，差唔多成兩、三千字既長文出嚟，仲要自己用原字筆間曬部份佢覺得緊要既重點，見到嗰下真係覺得不得了。

呢一年以嚟，採訪同跟進香港情況既外國記者好多，當然各人認知程度都有唔同程度既差別，記得最經典係有位中歐本身唔太熟悉香港既記者問我「當選立法會議員後有咩感受」，當刻又真係有啲無奈…

點都好，國際攬炒同埋反制「臨立會 2.0」，唔好講話國際社會，就算本地都未必好明白當中較複雜既來龍去脈，感謝呢位記者之餘，我都未來都會同眾志團隊繼續努力，同各國政界官員傳媒交流時，準確分析香港抗爭形勢。

最後，如果大家早排未睇過既話，都歡迎大家重溫兩篇我寫過既文章（雖然我都知真係好長）：

【破局：立會過半 = 香港光已復？】
https://www.facebook.com/joshuawongchifung/photos/a.564294826996363/2888641404561682/

【議會過半想像：以「#國際攬炒」反制「臨立會2.0」】 https://www.facebook.com/200976479994868/posts/2887651214660701/

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A possible scenario will be like: Beijing will dissolve the existing LegCo and disqualify all 70 lawmakers once pro-democracy camps win the majority. One of the reference points is the recent statement by China’s office on Hong Kong Affairs, HKMAO.

The office unprecedentedly accused pro-democracy lawmakers of violating LegCo oaths when they use procedural tactics to block the controversial national anthem and national security legislation. In the eyes of Beijing, LegCo can only serve as a rubber stamp; otherwise, councillors fail to "show their allegiance to the central governments” and "serve dutifully” as the oath states. In other words, HKMAO is paving the way for a large-scaled disqualification before and after the election.

After the dissolution, Beijing will probably set up a pseudo-legislature and directly appoint all the members. That is not a crazy imagination since Beijing has done once in 1997. At that time, after pro-democracy forces won a majority during 1995-1997, Beijing set up a Provisional LegCo, directly appointed members and held meetings in Shenzhen. Therefore, history may repeat.

However, Hongkongers will still strive for a parliamentary majority since Beijing has already put its most controversial agenda, the national security legislation, on the table. The parliamentary majority is the only way for us to block this evil law.

If, at the end, Beijing really dissolves the LegCo and disqualifies all elected lawmakers, it means Beijing is shutting down all peaceful mechanism to resolve political problems and grievance. More importantly, this move will put the so-called promised autonomy under the One Country Two Systems formula to the test.

When even the legislature is a rubber stamp, it Is doubtful whether Hong Kong can still maintain its special status as an independent tariff zone. The latter will carry significant implications for international investors. On the street level, it is foreseeable that more protests will erupt, especially when Beijing starts to disqualify all pro-democracy candidates before the election.

https://twitter.com/joshuawongcf/status/1262645433337122816

【背英文單字，要看中文定義？還是看英文定義？超過30年的科學研究結果。。。】

中文只要不是 "guide" （主導) 英語學習，其實用對方法是有機會 "support" "facilitate" 英語學習的過程。

以字彙學習來看，若沒有顧到 grammatical behavior (簡譯：文法規範) 和 collocation field (簡譯：字詞搭配關係)，用英英也還是無法避免 language errors。（更不用談更專業就不在此解釋的semantics)

以中文輔助英文學習為例 "catch sb off guard"，叫學習者去記 "to surprise someone, esp. in a way that makes the person feel confused or uncertain"，不如一秒鐘我說「殺～個措手不及」更好理解。英文定義當然可以記（誰會說不行)，但在這個狀況下，中文就是輔助學習的好時機。

曾經有研究中發現，有個美國的老師，在被學生問 "conceal" 是什麼意思的時候，隨口說出了 "hide"。因此學生之後也自在地說出 to conceal under the table (應該是 to hide under the table 才對) ，該外師才發現，啊，自己的教學方法有問題 (此例為忽略了字詞搭配關係)。

但同時，你如果問我，老師～mild是什麼意思？ 我回答你「溫和的」，那麼我也是個糟透的老師。因為 mild winter 叫「暖」冬。

因此，與其找同義字，不如找同義搭配。cancel a meeting 在 call off a meeting 在取消會議的狀況下，是同義字沒錯，但是在其他狀況下就不見得cancel = call off 這樣的狀況會成立了（但台灣的傳統英文、學校英文、以及外師都這樣教，是吧？)。

結論是：用中文輔助學習英文、還是用英文學習英文，不是黑與白的答案。哪個好？哪個對？It depends. 講到這，我與哥倫比亞大學教育科技博士的學長共同開發，以台灣為主題的搭配詞學習手遊，已經超過 5000 個人下載啦！還沒下載的人可以去玩玩看！（前三關免費)

iOS: https://apps.apple.com/tw/app/english-driver/id1452993413

Android:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details…

【延伸學習文獻】

Ijaz, I. H. (1986). Linguistic and cognitive determinants of lexical acquisition in a second language. Language Learning, 36(4): 401-451

Nesselhauf, N. (2003). The use of collocations by advanced learners of English and some implications for teaching. Applied Linguistics, 24(2): 223–242

Nation, I.S.P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: CUP

Ringbom, H. (2007). Cross-linguistic similarity in foreign language learning (Vol. 21). Multilingual Matters.