《閱讀。心理學。謠言的基本歪曲模式》

我們常說「謠言四起」，以此來形容謠言的傳播速度之快、散步範圍之廣。

然而，你有沒有想過，謠言是怎麼產生的呢？

奧爾波特在《謠言心理學》一書中介紹了的謠言基本歪曲模式--簡化、強化、同化。

Gordon Willard Allport（1897- 1967）24歲獲得哈佛心理學博士學位，從1930年起一直在哈佛大學工作。1939年當選為美國心理學會主席；1937－1949 年任《變態與社會心理學》雜誌編輯；並在1963 年獲美國心理學基金會授予的金質獎章。

Allport的研究顯示，謠言生成的原則在於「歪曲」，基本模式有三：

一是簡化（Leveling），謠言中省略了大量有助於瞭解事實真相的細節。
二是強化（Sharpening），當一些細節被刪去後，那些保留下來的細節就更為突出和重要。
三是同化（Assimilation），簡化和強化不會隨便產生，而只會在與謠言傳播者過去的經驗和現在的態度一致的情況下產生。

在這三個歪曲過程中，事實的原貌已經很難看到。

個人的動機情感都為這種歪曲提供了源頭，同化作用又同時決定了哪些被省略、哪些被強化。

這三種模式在奧爾波特的實驗中得到論證，又同時在日常生活中得到證實。人們按照自己的情感動機或過往的經驗在轉播和轉述事件中不斷簡化周邊信息、強化核心細節，從而使謠言更加合理。

為何謠言會大量轉發

我們為什麼會相信謠言？因為謠言的內容看上去就是可信的？並不是，很多謠言編造水平極低，稍加查證就能辨別真偽，那為什麼還有那麼多人相信呢？

是的，這當然和大腦有關，因為點轉發按鈕的雖然是手指，但下命令的還是大腦。

美國賓夕法尼亞大學的一個研究小組曾經針對該問題利用功能性腦部磁共振成像（fMRI）做了詳細的研究，研究論文發表在了美國科學文章網站Science Daily上。結論很簡單：「人們最喜歡轉發自己遭遇過的事、自己也有的煩惱、自己曾經的經驗等和閱讀者本身有關的內容，並相信別人也會遇到相同的問題，文章可以幫助他們。」

至於被轉發內容的真偽並不重要，這也是導致有些謠言和謊言被大量轉發的原因。這項研究告訴我們，很多讀者真的不在乎信息真偽，只在乎這個問題自己是否也遇到了，比如現在一些自媒體關於白頭髮、壯陽、癌症、美膚等內容的假信息被大量閱讀和轉發，就是這個原因。

所以，想要做到「不信謠」我們首先得克服上述問題，也就是在看見一些自己關心的內容的文章時，在看見自己也遇到過類似問題的文章時，我們需要格外謹慎地審視文章內容，因為此時我們的大腦極有可能衝動性的選擇相信文章內容。

轉發量越多越可信

有人可能會問，難道我相信並轉發了，其他人就會因為我的轉發而選擇也相信這篇文章麼？事實是殘酷的，的確會，而且甚至人們都沒什麼選擇權，因為一個謠言被轉發的越多，它看上去的「可信性」就會變得越高，也越容易讓其他人相信謠言。這是另一個大眾心理效應illusory truth effect，它簡稱truth effect，中文可稱為「真理效應」。

當時， Lynn Hasher、David Goldstein和Thomas Toppino三人通過一系列試驗發現了「真理效應」：假信息出現的次數越多，人們看到同一條假信息的次數越多，那認為該信息是真實的可能性就越高。簡單來說，就是中國俗語「三人成虎」的意思。

「真理效應」這個人性中的弱點，讓我們每個人都是謠言的受害者，卻又不自主的很容易變成助紂為劣者，恐怖的是，很多時候我們明明懷疑消息的真實性，卻還是忍不住將其當成真的去評論、去轉發。所以，當你選擇相信並轉發一個謠言時，就為增加謠言所謂的「可信性」添加了一塊磚。

·

你看到的只是你想看到的。當一個人內心充滿某種情緒時，心裡就會帶上強烈的個人偏好暗示，繼而會導致主體從客體中去佐證。

喜歡某個人或事物的時候，我們的心靈會讓自己在現實中搜尋印證，然後再用這些似是而非的印證，來佐證自己的心理預期，最終形成一種‘真是如此’心理定勢。若是憤怒、仇恨或是懷疑時，我們又會不斷尋找材料來強化自己的臆想，在偏執於憤怒、仇恨的情緒裏，讓暫時壓抑的情緒感得以宣洩。

#說話之前請經過大腦思考及判斷功能
#從輕易相信到凡事質疑裡面包含著理性之光然後從凡事不信到再次願意相信背後是見識和格局
#而人與人最大的差距就是見識與格局

今年的諾貝爾文學獎得主是石黑一雄，年輕時不知道看過幾次長日將盡的電影和小說了。他的作品不算多，可是真的很棒啊！

諾貝爾文學獎協會認為：

英文：who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world

中文：在偉大情感的小說世界中找到現實世界與虛幻深淵的連結（維基百科）

西文：Su obra descubre el abismo más allá de nuestro ilusorio sentimiento de conexión con el mundo（前衛報）

西文報導：http://www.lavanguardia.com/…/…/premio-nobel-literatura.html

*此為英文版介紹，中文介紹請參閱關於及討論區
*特別感謝中翻英翻譯 / 林養璇

ihategoodbye SU MISU solo-exhibition (ENGLISH)

SU MISU solo-exhibition 10/29~10/30 in Taipei,Taiwan
TWO days exhibit only at Nanhai Gallery.

･ﾟ･。ﾟ+ﾟ･*Sponsored by the Ministry of Culture･ﾟ･｡ ﾟ+ﾟ･*

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　　　　ﾟ　　。　　　ﾟ　　.　　+。　ﾟ　*　。.　,　。ﾟ　+.　。*。　ﾟ.　　

This is SU MISU’s Solo photo exhibition after showing in Kaohsiung and Taichung. The event lasts only two days to mirror how fast time passes with different events taking place in a marathon style over a limited time period, including an opening tea party, the artist’s talk, DJ and live performances. In addition to viewing the exhibition, the audience is invited to contribute - there is a temporary photo studio built in the space for the audience to participate in both viewing and producing this limited work in this particular time and place.

░『Today』10/29 Sat.Opening Ceremony Party
15:30 Opening
DJ∞LIVE SHOW∞Drinks and Desserts 　

DJ. HsinHsin
DJ. Xanthe Yang
DJ. AoWu
DJ. Plus Minus
DJ. Yu Hong
PERF. Mai Maya x Su Misu

░『Tomorrow』10/30 Sun. Closing Party
14:30 Opening

14:30-19:30 Live Event《Flash Mob Photo Studio-･ﾟ･｡･ﾟﾟI am a fake, but my heart is true..･ﾟ･｡･ﾟﾟ･*:.｡ True Heart Never Lies》
✺Event Details: TBA

19:30-20:30 Artists Talk and Tour
In Conversation with｜Nawakiri Shin, Auther of《繩縛本事》、kanghao, Co-Creater of《@sisterssaying》

░░Free Entrance░░
SPECIAL THANKS REWARD♡ Bring your ihategoodbye photo album to redeem the newest limited edition poster magazine（We will snip off the corner of your book☺）o。。.ﾟ*。

░░About Book 《ihategoodbye.》
This is a product of this passing stage. It contains two seperated parts, the visual and the text. To me, taking photographs is no longer as simple as recording what everyone appears to be; but a way of looking at my past/dead images and accepting my alienated/live existence. From a perspective of the main narrator,I looked closely at how I felt that I did not want to be parted with the "that-has-been" moments just before pressing the shutter.

The first "ihategoodbye" says good bye to the past. The aura has gone in a twinkling. The still images stay. Time moves, and the image passes (away).
The second "ihategoodbye" says I do not want to see you. Not wanting to be parted because what was photographed is the "old you", but what I see is the "new you". You are still on-going. The virtual images reflect the reality, nontheless, are added with the unstability of alienation and enstrangement. As per J. Lacan's Theory of Mirror Stage, similar to images in the mirrors, one may falsely recognize the images in the photographes as oneself, but the images are never as real as the ever changing realities.

The text, Diary, is the record of an intimate relationship between 2010 to 2012. BDSM practitioners are almost always particular about privacy, so that the images were transformed into words. The words may then be visualised and evolved into images.

At last, this is a collection of the fragments of the past. This is the ultimate relic that says, "Good bye".

░░SU MISU’s Introduction｜
Born in Taipei, she is a photographer and BDSM model. Su Misu is known for her practice in exploration of gender, BDSM and sexual minority topics etc... And coming from the medical background, she’s therefore also interested in the “Synthetic”, the “Unnatural”, and all sorts of embodiments. Using photography to discuss the struggle between the real and the illusory. Besides photography, she is also a performance artist, and is an event planner.

░░Host｜SU,
░░Co-Host and Exhibition Location｜Nanhai Gallery
地址:台北市中正區重慶南路二段19巷3號
Address: No.3, Ln. 19, Sec. 2, Chongqing S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
░░Advisor｜Ministry of Culture、National Culture and Arts Foundation

░░About video｜
The image begins with the Bodhisattva in Taoism. In 2006 33% of the population of Taiwan is Taoist; tied with Buddhism, they are the two main religious beliefs.

Bodhisattva is often depicted not only as both male or female, but also genderless. According to , there are thirty three incarnations of Guan yin Bodhisattva, but in Sanskrit there is a distinction between male, female, and neuter. Nowadays the female incarnation is called “Gyoran Kannon (Fish-Basket Guan yin)”. “Women since ancient times always suffered more than men. The character of a woman is merciful and compassionate, and so motherly love is rare in male-oriented society.”《The Universal Door of Guan Shi Yin Bodhisattva》 explained why the incarnations are often depicted in women's image. Therefore the “incarnation/ metamorphosis at will” of Guan yin in the East emphasized the identification of intersectionality. By starting with Taoist deities and Bodhisattva, consumerist misappropriations are rapidly distributed by the pervasive internet and capitalist society. These materialist pursuits inherent in capitalism, because religious fanaticism also derives from the emptiness of the soul, increase religious “Disenchantment” in modern society.

░░Work Team｜
Art direction/Photography ｜Su Misu
director of Photography｜Yeh Che
Sound｜Xanthe Yang
Movie assistant｜Tao Zen Shuo/Hsu Jun Yi
Photo assistant｜Oscar Ko
Stylist｜Lu Yin Yin
Makeup｜Suan6
Hair｜Blue Vegetable
Models｜Lu Yin Yin/Gao Xiao Gao/ Noah Huang /Yun Yun Hu/Yamaneko/ Poppyfuks/Mai Maya/Su Misu
Installation art｜RuRu Kuo
Scenery｜Chen Ming Shan Taiwan Folk Scenery Painting Studio
Special thanks｜Liu Ching Hao