#EZTALK #你不知道的美國大小事
#redskin #football

🏈 The Washington Redskins
美國平權爭議燒向🔥美式足球：華盛頓紅皮隊隊名爭議

在進入文章之前，先來看幾個單字～✍
1. NFL「美式足球聯盟」：National Football League，是世界最大的職業美式足球聯盟，Super Bowl「超級盃」則是NFL的年度冠軍賽，一般在每年1月最後一個或2月第一個禮拜天舉行，當天也稱為Super Bowl Sunday，觀看超級盃足球賽可以說是全美運動。
2. criticism「批評」：當名詞，動詞為criticize
3. activist「社運人士」
4. settler「殖民者，開拓者」
5. negative「負面的」
6. stereotype「刻板印象」
7. offensive「冒犯的，歧視的」
8. poll「民意調查」
9. call on「呼籲，訴求」
10. merchandise「商品」

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If you’re a fan of American football, you’re sure to be familiar with the Washington Redskins. Since joining the NFL in the early 1930s, the Redskins have won two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. Only five teams have appeared in more Super Bowls than the Redskins—the New England Patriots, Dallas Cowboys, Pittsburgh Steelers, Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers.
如果你是美式足球迷，想必對華盛頓紅皮隊不陌生。從1930年代初期加入美國職業美式足球聯盟NFL以來，紅皮隊已經拿下兩次NFL冠軍以及三次超級盃冠軍。目前只有五個球隊出現在超級盃的次數能超過紅皮隊──新英格蘭愛國者隊、達拉斯牛仔隊、匹茲堡鋼人隊、丹佛野馬隊，以及舊金山49人隊。

In recent years, however, the Redskins have come under increasing criticism. Although the Redskins’ last Super Bowl appearance was in 1992, this criticism isn’t about their performance on the field, but rather their name.
不過最近幾年，紅皮隊卻受到越來越多的批評聲浪。即使紅皮隊最近一次現身在超級盃已經是1992年的事情了，不過這個批評其實跟他們球場上的表現無關，而是跟他們的隊名有關。

Where does the term “redskin” come from? In the 18th century, French settlers in the Mississippi River Valley translated a word used by local Indians to refer to themselves into peau rouge. This was later translated into English as redskin, a term that was used for many years with no negative meaning, even by Indians themselves. But during the civil rights movement of the 1960s, American Indian activists began to feel that words like redskin promoted negative stereotypes about Native Americans.
「紅皮膚redskin」這個詞是怎麼來的？十八世紀移居到密西西比河流域的法國人，將當地印地安人用來自稱的字翻成peau rouge，這個法文詞後來翻成英文redskin「紅皮膚」，當時這個字並沒有任何負面含意，也這樣相安無事用了許多年，連印地安人自己也在用。不過，到一九六〇年代人權運動時期，美國印第安社運人士開始覺得，這個字會引起大家對美國原住民的負面刻板印象。

Today, most dictionaries define redskin as an offensive term, but it’s not that simple. A number of polls have shown that the majority of football fans, the general public, and even American Indians, don’t find the word redskin offensive. And Redskins owner Dan Snyder has said the name was chosen back in 1933 to honor Native Americans, including the head coach—who was part Sioux—and four of the team’s players.
如今，多數字典都將redskin這個字定義成歧視字眼，不過事情可沒這麼簡單。一連串針對美式足球觀眾、一般大眾、甚至對美國印地安人所做的民意調查顯示，他們並不覺得redskin這個字有歧視意味。而紅皮隊老闆丹施耐德也說了，這個隊名是他們在1933年為了表彰隊上的美國原住民隊員而選定的，包含身為蘇族的總教練以及其4名球員。

But following the police killing of George Floyd, a group of investors wrote letters to Redskins sponsors like FedEx, Nike and PepsiCo urging them to put pressure on the team to change its name. On July 2, FedEx publically called on the team to change its name, and Nike removed all Redskins merchandise from its website. The next day, the team announced that it would be reviewing its name, and on July 13 made an official statement that they would retire the Redskins name and logo.
然而，發生佛洛依德之死事件之後，一群投資人寫信給FedEx、Nike、百事可樂等紅皮隊的贊助商，希望他們對紅皮隊施加壓力更改隊名。7月2日，FedEx公開呼籲紅皮隊改名，Nike則是撤下官網上所有有紅皮隊隊徽的產品。隔日紅皮隊宣布會審慎檢討隊名，並在7月13日做出官方說明，表示他們會讓紅皮隊這個名字與隊徽走入歷史。
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🖐🏽 五分鐘來關心國際時事— 美國🇺🇸

Trump Administration Turns Up Pressure on China on Several Fronts
川普政府在幾個方面對中國施加更大的壓力。

WASHINGTON—The Trump administration is intensifying U.S. pressure on China, piling on visa bans, sanctions and other restrictions that are battering already unsettled ties between the world’s two largest economies.

📌 文章第一段就以這個主題為切入點，施壓的領域包括簽證禁令、制裁和其他限制。

🖋 intensify pressure on 的意思就是 turn up pressure on。pile on (堆積)，在修辭學裡有「轉化」的作用(將虛擬實)。ban (禁令)、sanction (制裁) 和 restriction (限制)常於國際新聞出現的詞語。

Attorney General William Barr, in a speech Thursday, warned U.S. businesses that they are at risk of collaborating with a Chinese government that ultimately seeks to supplant them in its expanding state-run economy. Administration officials are also discussing banning travel by China’s Communist Party members and their families to the U.S., people familiar with the matter said.

📌 文章第二段引述美國司法部長在一篇演說中對企業家的警告：中國政府最終或許取締他們！這段也提到美國官員考慮禁止中國共產黨員和家屬去美國。

🖋 Attorney General (司法部長)是美國高級官員，他想美國企業發出嚴厲的警告，用at risk of + noun phrase 來表達。administration official 是常用的片語，指政府官員。

Discussions are in early stages, with no timeline for being put into effect, the people said. If put into policy, advisers and policy analysts said the ban would strike at the legitimacy of the increasingly powerful party.

📌文章第三段補充說，有關考慮處於初步階段，如果被實施回打擊共產黨的合法性。

🖋 timeline (時間表)是常用用語，其他常見的用語包括 policy、adviser、policy analyst。legitimacy (合法性)是個高階字，在有關政治的文章常常出現。

The administration has amped up a broader confrontation with Beijing in recent weeks by imposing sanctions on a member of the Communist Party leadership, signing legislation that targets other Chinese officials and holding full-scale military exercises in the South China Sea.

📌文章第四段講述美國在最近幾個星期跟中國的對抗：制裁一位共產黨高層人員、簽署針對其他中國官員的法例和在南中國海舉行軍事演習。

🖋amp up (放大) 是個轉化的修辭片語，impose(施加)跟sanction搭配的，legislation是law的同義詞，target在這裡是及物動詞，千萬別加at。

All this has come after President Trump for months has blamed China for covering up the initial corona virus outbreak that his administration has struggled to contain in the U.S.

📌文章第五段為這一切提供背景：川普幾個月來責怪中國隱瞞疫情。

🖋 blame 是基本的動詞，要記住它的用法，cover up (掩飾) 很常用，另外，contain在這裡的意思不是包括，而是遏制。

未完待續...

📰 全文請至
https://reurl.cc/mngeKG

📰 作者
Andrew Restuccia and William Mauldin

📰 訂閱請至
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🍎 Apple Delays Mass Production of 2020 Flagship iPhones
蘋果推遲2020年旗艦iPhone的量產時間

- mass production 大量生產
- flagship 旗艦產品

🧐 Apple Inc. is pushing back the production ramp-up of its flagship iPhones coming later this year by about a month, according to people familiar with the changes, as the coronavirus pandemic weakens global consumer demand and disrupts manufacturing across Asia, the heart of the consumer electronics supply chain.
亞洲為消費電子產業的核心供應鏈，根據知悉相關變化內情的人士透露，由於新冠病毒大流行削弱了全球消費需求，擾亂了亞洲各地的生產活動，蘋果公司(Apple Inc.)將推遲旗艦iPhone的加大量產時間，從原定今年後半年向後推遲約一個月。

- push back 拖延，推遲
- ramp-up 擴大/加快速度，這裡指的是加大量產。
- supply chain 供應鏈

💰 Apple's annual product refresh fuels the majority of iPhone sales for an entire year, making new phones the linchpin of a business segment that accounts for more than half of the company's total revenue.
蘋果每年的產品更新是iPhone年度銷量的主要推力，推出新款iPhone是其關鍵業務，占了蘋果公司一半以上的總收入。

- fuel 當名詞是燃料或刺激因素，這裡是動詞的「激起；刺激」之意
- linchpin 核心、中樞、關鍵
- segment 部分
- revenue 收益、收入

✏️Apple usually unveils new iPhone models in mid-September and begins selling them before the end of the month. To do so, it usually ramps up mass-production in the early summer, building up inventory around August.
蘋果通常會在9月中旬發布新款iPhone，並在9月底前開始販售，為了做到這一點，蘋果通常會在初夏加緊量產，在8月前後累積庫存。

- unveil （首次）展示、介紹、推出/爲…揭幕
- inventory 商品存貨

🧐This year, while Apple would still be building some of the new phones in the July-to-September period, the mass-production ramp-up will slide back by about a month, the people said.
知情人士表示，儘管蘋果今年仍將在7月至9月期間生產部分新款手機，但加大量產將會推遲一個月左右。

- slide back 直譯是向後滑，但在這其實跟前面提過的push back一樣，是「拖延，推遲」的意思喔

未完待續...
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原文連結請看留言
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❓Quiz: As a diehard fan of Apple products, Howard always buys the latest _____ iPhone after the company _____ their new iPhone models.
浩爾是個超級「果粉」，每年蘋果發表完新iPhone，他就必會購入一支最新的旗艦手機。
🙋🏻‍♀️🙋🏼‍♀️
A. flagship/unleash
B. flagship/unveils
C. Frozen/Into the Unknown
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