「每日英文閱讀分享#007」​

【articulate】​
今天文章是由三篇小文中的第二篇，延續上一篇的文章，主題是：The Board’s Role in Sustainability主要介紹SCORE這個框架，score是由simplify, connect, own, reward, and exemplify五個字所簡稱的。詳細內容大家有興趣可以再點留言中的連結看唷～​
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回到單字本身，​
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今天要跟大家介紹的是這個單字：​
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『articulate』​
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第一眼看到的時候，會覺得很像article。所以我也順便來補充一下article的用法。（這邊我沒有去查他們的字首是否來自同源，歡迎大家補充分享～）​
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article是一個可數名詞，大家一般記得的中文為：n. 文章。​
但其實它還有很多其他意思喔，​
1. 物品或商品​
例句：Guests are advised not to leave any articles of value in their hotel rooms.（from Cambridge dictionary）​
2. 冠詞​
3. 條文 ​
例如：the article of the UN Charter 聯合國憲章的一個條款​
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說完大眾臉article，我們回來說articulate。​
『articulate』可以當作動詞或是形容詞，​
v. pronounce or say distinctly ​
a. able to speak clearly ​
轉變為n. 時，是指articulation n. 表達​
例句：He made a clear articulation of his aims. ​
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獻上本文例句：SCORE outlines five actions—simplify, connect, own, reward, and exemplify—that can help boards articulate and foster a firm’s durable value proposition and its drivers.​

今日小心得：
在一個明明是假日卻工作到晚上11點的日子，耗盡最後一分腦力寫出整理，覺得寫得很爛ＱＱ​，希望大家多多包涵～也歡迎一起響應每天閱讀的習慣唷！
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#言之有物​
#英語學習​
#商業英文​
#BusinessEnglish​
#Strategies ​
#每日英文閱讀分享​
#一起來建立英文閱讀習慣吧

<提升自我寫作能力篇- 用字(字彙與片語)精進>
喬熱愛英文寫作，本篇分享根據自身經驗認為英文寫作主要分為：「邏輯」、「用字(字彙與片語)」、「文法與句型」、「內容(論點與例證)」等四個面向，同學可根據這四項去提升自我作文能力。喬近日在進行用字(字彙與片語)層面的提升用字程度，本篇主要琢磨於此：

【用字(字彙與片語)】
試想現在有一個句子為
「她努力改善產品的品質。因為這樣她讓這產品更有效益」
▲”She worked hard to improve the quality of the product. This way she made it more profitable.”
雖然意思齊全，但可以再運用更高階的字彙以及句型改寫為:
▲”Sparing no efforts to ameliorate the quality of the product, she made the product more profitable.” (分詞構句[兩句整合為一句] + 用字提升)

△解說：喬認為在任何語言中都有此現象，中文中說「她很快樂」可換成「她快樂似神仙」(當然中文口語中不太可能這樣說啦)。同樣地，英文寫作亦如是，口語與寫作本來就無法混為一談(英文口語中可以說 I feel fucking good! 寫作中可能就要改寫To my delight, I feel awesome!)，在英文口說中我們可能傾向把get這個字代替obtain/ acquire/ understand，但是在英文寫作中可以把字彙用得越明確是越好的，寫作中應該要避免使用get這種相對模糊的字彙，同樣的情況也發生在good/ bad，我們要說到底是對哪個面向正面(positive/ beneficial/ important)亦或是負面(negative/ devastating/ detrimental/ harmful)。

喬曾在寫作分享中提及「改變寫作習慣( goo.gl/CdOO0B )」的分享，並不是主張完全捨棄初階的字彙，而是知道同一意思的字有幾種寫法(e.g. 『開始』- start, begin – initiate – inaugurate)。除此之外每個字彙的用法都必然理解完全，甚至把英英解釋理解一番(喬常用字典: dictionary.com | dictionary.cambridge.org )，可以精通每個字彙就可以逐步提升自我的寫作能力。

當然字彙的精進建立於寫文章的邏輯、內容、文法與句型皆已完善，關於其他三者，喬往後會陸續分享給同學們的！請各位一起努力精進寫作能力。
(＊倘若連基本寫基本句型都有問題，喬還是建議先用基本字彙開始闡述文章之論點，待寫作能力上升至一層次再追求用字的淬煉)

【用字(字彙與片語)提升之用字習慣改變範例】
◆adroit = adept (adj.) 擅長的
◆exacerbate = deteriorate (V.) 惡化
◆ameliorate = improve, enhance (V.) 改善; 改良
◆evasion = excuse (n.) 藉口
◆esoteric = abstruce, enigmatic (adj.) 奇異的
◆erudite = educated (adj.) 博學多聞的
◆affluent = abundant (adj.) 豐富的
◆jeopardy = danger (n.) 危險
*in jeopardy 危險中
◆exasperate = aggravate (V.) 激怒; 惡化
◆extraneous = irrelevant (adj.) 無關的
◆exemplify = illustrate (V.) 論證
◆exhaustive = thorough (adj.) 徹底的
◆expedient = convenient (adj.) 方便的
◆exotic = foreign (adj.) 外國的; 異國的
◆expedite = hasten (V.) 加快
◆consecutive = continuous (adj.) 連續的
◆zeal = passion (n.) 熱情
◆alleviate = relieve (V.) 減輕; 緩和
◆abstain = refrain (V.) 戒絕; 迴避
◆accessible = available (adj.)可進入或使用的
◆affirmative = positive (adj.) 積極的; 正面的
◆afflict = trouble , ail (V.) 使痛苦; 折磨
◆affliction = adversity (n.) 痛苦; 煩惱的事
◆affiliate = join (V.) 成為會員
◆concede = admit (V.) 承認

【喬之所有寫作相關文章連結頁面: goo.gl/QBhNwh 】

<英文寫作必用！「說明、闡述」與「反對」動詞組(附英英解釋及同義字)>
喬今天要分享的是跟英文作文非常相關的動詞字組，「說明」與「反對」動詞組合在英文寫作時表達一個人的意見是必要的。所以喬今天除了分享之外也把所有英英解釋及其相關同義字都打成電子檔筆記，希望對各位同學有幫助。

1. 說明
闡明 elucidate ; illuminate
詳細地說明 elaborate ; expound

* elucidate (V.)
to make (something) clear; explain
同義字- illuminate, clarify, unravel, interpret, explicate, gloss

* illuminate (V.)
to help to clarify or explain (a subject or matter)
同義字- clarify, elucidate, reveal, demystify, exemplify, illustrate

* elaborate (V.)
to develop or present (a theory, policy, or system) in detail
同義字- embellish, embroider, amplify

* expound (V.)
to explain the meaning of
同義字- interpret, explicate, elucidate

2. 反對
反對 object ; oppose
反駁 argue against ; counter/ contradict
駁斥 refute ; repudiate
否決 deny ; veto
質疑 question ; cast doubt on
抨擊 bombard ; vigorously/ vehemently attack
藐視 belittle ; scorn ; defy

*object (V.)
to say something to express one’s disapproval of or disagreement with something
同義字- oppose, condemn

*oppose (V.)
to actively resist or refuse to comply with (a person or a system)
同義字- resist, challenge, dispute, [FORMAL正式用法] gainsay

*refute (v.)
to deny or contradict (a statement or accusation)
同義字- disprove, debunk, discredit, invalidate, confute

*repudiate (V.)
[1] to refuse to accept or be associated with
同義字- renounce, abandon, disown, [FORMAL正式用法] forswear, abjure, [Literary文學用法] forsake

[2] to deny the truth or validity of
同義字- deny, contradict, controvert, rebut, dispute, dismiss, [FORMAL 正式用法] gainsay

[3] (法律) to refuse to fulfill or discharge (an agreement, obligation, or debt)
同義字- revoke, rescind, reverse, overrule, overturn, invalidate, nullify, disregard, flout, disaffirm, [FORMAL正式用法] abrogate

*deny (V.)
[1] to state that one refused to admit the truth or existence of
同義字- contradict, controvert, repudiate, challenge, counter, contest, oppose, rebut, [FORMAL正式用法] gainsay

[2] to refuse to give or grant (something requested or desired) to (someone)
同義字- rebuff, repulse, decline, veto, dismiss

*veto (V.)
to exercise a veto against (a decision or proposal made by a law-making body)
同義字- dismiss, prohibit, forbid, interdict, proscribe, disallow, embargo, ban

*question (V.)
to feel or express doubt about; raise objections to
同義字- query, challenge, dispute, doubt

*bombard (V.)
to assail (someone) persistently, as with questions, criticisms, or information
同義字- inundate, swamp, flood, deluge, besiege, overwhelm

*belittle (V.)
to make (someone or something) seem unimportant
同義字- disparage, denigrate, deprecate, depreciate, downgrade, trivialize, minimize, pooh-pooh

*scorn (V.)
to feel or express contempt(鄙視) or derision for
同義字- deride, disdain, mock, disparage, slight, dismiss

*defy (V.)
to openly resist to refuse to obey
同義字- disobey, flout, disregard, ignore, break, violate, contravene, breach, infringe