📝Day 178 0214
#17來搞懂這些字
#減少減輕減緩的用法大解析
✏️ alleviate 減輕、減緩 (v.)
🗣 較常用於描述減緩疼痛、病痛的感受，或者減緩不好的事物發生。
E.g. The organization works to alleviate world...
📝Day 178 0214
#17來搞懂這些字
#減少減輕減緩的用法大解析
✏️ alleviate 減輕、減緩 (v.)
🗣 較常用於描述減緩疼痛、病痛的感受，或者減緩不好的事物發生。
E.g. The organization works to alleviate world hunger and disease.
這個機構致力於減少世界上的飢餓和疾病。
E.g. The painkiller did nothing to alleviate Cindy's pain.
這個止痛藥並沒有減緩Cindy的疼痛。
🕵️♂️ 從上述兩個例子可以很明顯看到alleviate通常會與不適或者負面的事物搭配使用。
🔗 alleviate one's hunger 充饑
🔗 alleviate one's agony 減緩某人的痛苦
🔗 alleviation 鎮痛物、減輕 (n.)
✏️ decrease 減少、減小 (v.) (n.)
🗣 通常指數量、力量、體積、強度大小或者價格的降低。
E.g. A local newspaper remarked that crime was on the decrease.
一家地方報紙評論說犯罪案件在減少。
E.g. The price of wheat has decreased by 15%.
小麥的價格降低了15%。
🕵️♂️ 在上面兩個例子中，我們可以看到decrease用來指出數量以及價格的下降。
🔗 decrement 減少、減少量 (n.)
🔗 decreasingly 漸減地
🔗 decrease rapidly / sharply 急遽地下降
✏️ diminish 減少、縮減、貶低 (v.)
🗣 與decrease的不同之處為diminish有貶低價值、成就、重要性之意，但在部分情況與decrease相通。
E.g. These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.
這些藥物會減少流向腦部的血液量。
E.g. DON'T let others diminish your achievements.
不要讓別人貶低你的成就。
🕵️♂️ 在上面兩個句子中，diminish除了有減少之意，也可以當作貶低來使用。
🔗 diminution 縮小、減少 (n.)
🔗 diminutive 微小的、極小的 (人) (a.) (n.)
🔗 diminish crime 減少犯罪
✏️ lessen 變小、減少、減輕 (v.)
🗣 常用來描述抽象狀態的減少，舉例來說元氣、緊張、活力等等。
E.g. Eliana's vitality was lessened by illness.
Eliana因為生病而減少了活力。
E.g. The talk lessened the tension.
這次的交談緩和緊張的局面。
🕵️♂️ 從上面兩個句子來看，lessen可以用來描述局勢的緩和或者活力的減少，所以正面反面都可以使用。
🔗 lessen one’s memory 使記憶力衰退
🔗 lessen one’s vitality 減弱生命力
💰#課程優惠延長
最近有收到一些TEEN私訊說要等放榜再考慮是否要購買課程，因此17決定把優惠碼延長到2/28，只要在購買我的課程輸入seventeen5，就能享有250元的折扣優惠。另外，這套課程只要購買後即可無限次觀看，因此高二想提早準備的TEEN也能趁著這個時候入手喔，對於課程有任何問題也非常歡迎私訊我喔🥰
#英文 #學英文 #語言學習 #英文單字 #英文教學 #英文學習 #生活英文 #英文寫作 #學習英文 #110學測 #110指考 #學測戰士 #指考戰士 #托福 #雅思 #多益 # #英文檢定 #優惠延長 #折扣碼 #讀書筆記 #讀書技巧 #搞懂單字 #釐清
diminish用法 在 Eric's English Lounge Facebook 的最讚貼文
[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。
為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字，我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知，可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙，也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典，更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.
constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的。
-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.
在表示“由……材料構成”時，見於被動語態；在用於主動語態時，一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。
-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )
-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，並不能組成一本好書)
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
3. account for: 說明（原因、理由等）; 導致，引起; （在數量、比例上）; 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)
(在數量、比例上）占
These products, in total, account for about 80％ of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80％。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:
-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。
-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).
-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10％。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.
consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同
-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。)
-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人，女人和孩子們組成的。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.
comprise 在表示“構成”時，其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*
-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
從這些動詞的意思來看，若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時，我們可用 compose 或 constitute。
England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.
(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時，我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。
(compose 經常用於被動態，而以 be composed of 的型式出現，意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)
-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
*在這幾個字當中，僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思，但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思，所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構，他們期期以為不可，而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語，一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語，如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而，在公說公有理，婆說婆有理，各有堅持的情況下，在此建議：若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握，那麼不妨使用它的同義詞，也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。
*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.
Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose
More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.
-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.
★★★★★★★★★★★★★★
contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.
The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.
Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.
-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.