[翻轉視界] 孤軍奮戰的正義律師: 羅伯‧比洛特

Have you seen the film Dark Waters?

你看過電影《黑水風暴》嗎？

The film is based on the 2016 New York Times Magazine article "The Lawyer Who Became DuPont's Worst Nightmare," which describes Robert Bilott's case against the chemical manufacturing corporation DuPont after they contaminated a town with unregulated chemicals.

這部電影改編自紐約時報2016年的文章《成為杜邦最糟糕的噩夢的律師》，講述律師羅伯‧比洛特對抗化學製造廠「杜邦」的故事，該廠以未被規範的化學物質污染了一個小鎮。

Robert Bilott put his career, his family, everything on the line to win justice for tens of thousands if not millions of people. It is because of people like him, people who continue to speak out and take action against injustice, that our society continues to improve. Thank you, Mr. Bilott.

羅伯‧比洛特壓上一切，包括自己的事業、家庭，與為數達到萬人、甚至數百萬的民眾捍衛正義。正因有像他這樣的人持續為對抗不公不義發聲與採取行動，我們的社會才能不斷進步。謝謝你，比洛特先生。

Here’s a Times article that describes both the film and its portray of Mr. Bilott’s struggle to bring justice. I highly recommend the film.

以下是《Time 時代雜誌》的文章，介紹了這部電影並描繪了比洛特先生伸張正義所做的努力；我強烈推薦《黑水風暴》。

新聞報導: https://youtu.be/Tkkuil-U6qQ

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Rob Bilott, a corporate lawyer-turned-environmental crusader, doesn’t much care if he’s made enemies over the years. "I’ve been dealing with this for almost three decades," he says. "I can’t really worry about if the people on the other side like me or not."

•a corporate lawyer 企業律師
•environmental crusader 環境鬥士
•make enemies 樹敵、建立敵人

羅伯‧比洛特是位由企業律師轉變而成的環境鬥士，對自己多年來是否樹敵並不在意。「我已處理這問題近三十年了，」他說，「我根本不在意立場相對的人是否喜歡我」。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Bilott used to be on the other side. The Todd Haynes-directed movie Dark Waters, tells the story of how the lawyer switched allegiances. As happened in real life, the movie depicts Ruffalo’s Bilott as a lawyer who defends large chemical companies before he is approached for help in 1998 by Wilbur Tennant, a West Virginia farmer whose land was contaminated by chemical giant DuPont. Inflamed by that injustice, and the complicity of local authorities, the lawyer risks his career as he embarks on a decades-long legal siege of one of America’s most powerful corporations.

•switch allegiances 轉換陣營
•depict 描述
•complicity 共謀；串通；共犯
•DuPont 杜邦（世界排名第二大的美國化工公司）

比洛特曾站在企業那一邊。由陶德·海恩斯導演的《黑水風暴》講述這位律師如何轉換陣營：正如真實生活中發生的，該電影描述馬克·魯法洛所扮演的比洛特是一名任職大型化學企業的律師。1998年，一位土地被化學製造巨頭杜邦所污染的西維吉尼亞州農民威爾伯·坦納特，向他尋求幫助。不公義及地方當局的共謀激怒了這名律師；冒著斷送職涯的風險，他開始對美國最有權力的公司之一杜邦，進行長達數十年的法律圍攻。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

He works, at first, on Tennant’s behalf, then pursues a class action suit representing around 70,000 people living near a chemical plant that allegedly contaminated drinking water with PFOA, a toxic chemical used in the production of Teflon. In recent years, studies have correlated long-term exposure to PFOA with a number of illnesses, including some types of cancer.

•on behalf of sb/in behalf of sb; on sb's behalf/in sb's behalf 代表～；作為～的代表；代替～ ; 因為，為了～的利益
•a chemical plant 化學工廠
•allegedly 宣稱地；據傳地
•contaminate drinking water 污染飲用水
•perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 全氟辛酸銨

他一開始先代表威爾伯·坦納特進行訴訟，之後代表約七萬名居住在化學工廠附近的居民進行訴訟，據稱該工廠以全氟辛酸（PFOA）污染了飲用水。PFOA是一種用於製造鐵氟龍的有毒化學物質；近幾年有研究表明，長期暴露於PFOA與許多疾病相關，其中包括某些癌症。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

In 2017, Bilott won a $671 million settlement on behalf of more than 3,500 plaintiffs. Those people claimed they had contracted diseases, among them kidney cancer and testicular cancer, from chemicals DuPont allegedly knew may have been dangerous for decades, and allowed to contaminate their drinking water anyway.

•settlement 協議；和解（金）；定居；支付
•plaintiff 原告
•contract a disease 患病、染病
•kidney cancer 腎臟癌

2017年，比洛特代表超過3500名原告贏得了6.71億美金的和解金。這些原告聲稱他們患病，其中包括腎臟癌與睪丸癌，是由於那些杜邦疑似早在數十年前就知道危險、卻仍然放任污染飲用水的化學物質。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

In Dark Waters, Haynes emphasizes the seemingly endless fight taken up by Bilott, as DuPont brings its considerable resources to bear to defend itself over the course of two decades. According to one analyst, the film’s potential to raise awareness about these issues could have a serious effect on some chemical companies’ bottom lines. But for the real Rob Bilott, the work of taking the industry to court is far from over. In October 2018, the lawyer filed a new lawsuit against several companies, including 3M, Arkema, and Chemours, a manufacturer spun off from DuPont in 2015. That ongoing case is seeking class action status, and was initially brought on behalf of Kevin Hardwick, a firefighting veteran of 40 years who used fire-suppression foams and firefighting equipment containing a class of chemicals known as PFAS, or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFOA is one type of PFAS chemical).

•seemingly endless fight 看似永無止境的鬥爭
•considerable resources 為數可觀、相當多的資源
•raise awareness about… 激發對～的警覺
•far from over 遠遠不夠
•file a lawsuit 提起新訴訟
•seek class action status 尋求集體訴訟（派一方代表訴訟）地位
•polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) 全氟烷基物質（廣泛被用來作為表面塗料，不易分解、會產生污染）

在《黑水風暴》中，海恩斯強調那些比洛特所參與的看似是個永無止盡的鬥爭，因為杜邦二十多年來動用可觀的資源來為自身辯護。根據一位分析師，本電影可能激發大眾對此類議題的警覺，或是將對一些化學公司的利潤帶來嚴重影響。但對真正的羅伯‧比洛特而言，僅將杜邦送上法庭遠遠不夠。2018年10月，這位律師針對好幾家公司提起新訴訟，對象包括3M、阿科瑪與2015年從杜邦拆分出來的製造公司科慕。這起進行中的訴訟案正尋求集體訴訟地位，而該案件初始是為凱文．哈德沃克提起的，一位有40年經驗的消防員，他長期使用一種含全氟烷基物質（PFAS）或多氟烷基（polyfluoroalkyl）物質的滅火泡沫與消防器材。（註：PFOA是一種 PFAS化學物。）

★★★★★★★★★★★★

PFAS chemicals are used in products ranging from waterproof jackets to shaving cream, and they can leach into water supplies in areas where they are disposed of or used in fire suppression (in particular on military bases, where they have been used for years). According to Bilott’s complaint, studies currently suggest that PFAS is present in the blood of around 99% of Americans. The class of chemicals has broadly been linked to immune system disruption, while PFOA specifically has been found to be associated with cancers and other diseases. Bilott’s newest lawsuit, as with his prior cases, alleges that these companies knew for decades that PFAS chemicals, specifically PFOA, could be linked to serious health problems, and that they still assured the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other U.S. government regulators that PFAS exposures were harmless.

•range from…to… 從～到～
•leach into 過濾、滲入
•water supply 供水，給水
•be linked to 與～有關
•be associated with 與～相關
•assure 保證
•government regulators 政府監管、立法單位
•exposure (n.) 暴露

PFAS化學物質應用廣泛，從防水夾克到刮鬍泡，而他們可以滲入可能或被用於滅火的地區的供水之中（尤其在軍中，這種物質被使用多年）。據比洛特控訴，目前研究顯示，約99%的美國人血液中有PFAS存在。這種化學物質與免疫系統遭破壞有關，而PFOA則被發現跟癌症與其他疾病相關。比洛特最新的訴訟一如先前的案件，宣稱這些公司數十年來都知道PFAS化學物質，尤其是PFOA可能與重大健康問題相關，但他們仍舊向環保局與其他美國政府監管單位保證，說 PFAS的暴露是無害的。

★★★★★★★★★★★★

"What we’re hearing once again from those companies that put those chemicals out there, knowing that they would get into the environment and into our blood, is that there’s insufficient evidence to show that they present risks to humans who are exposed," explains Bilott. "These companies are going to sit back and say, we’re entitled to…use you as guinea pigs, yet those of you who are exposed are somehow the ones who are going to have to prove what these 'chemicals' do to you."

•insufficient evidence 證據不足
•present risks 存在危險
•a guinea pig（通常用於測試藥效的）實驗對象，供做實驗的人 ; 豚鼠，天竺鼠

「我們又再次耳聞這些公司，明知那些化學製品會流入環境並進入我們的血液，卻仍將其暴露在環境裡，並宣稱沒有足夠證據證明暴露的化學物質將置人類於風險之中，」比洛特解釋道，「這些公司坐視不理並說，他們有權將人們當成實驗對象，而你們這些暴露在化學物質中的人，卻將證實那些化學物質會對造成什麼影響。」

★★★★★★★★★★★★

"If we can’t get where we need to go to protect people through our regulatory channels, through our legislative process, then unfortunately what we have left is our legal process," says Bilott. "If that’s what it takes to get people the information they need and to protect people, we’re willing to do it."

•regulatory channels 管制途徑
•legislative process 立法程序

「如果我們無法透過管制途徑、立法程序來保護人們，那麼不幸的是，我們只剩下法律程序，」比洛特表示，「如果這就是讓人們得到所需要的資訊、保護人們所要付出的努力，我們願意這樣做。」

★★★★★★★★★★★★

Robert Bilott is a true hero.

羅伯‧比洛特是真正的英雄。

文章來自於《Time 時代雜誌》 : https://time.com/5737451/dark-waters-true-story-rob-bilott/

圖片出處: Cincinnati Enquirer

★★★★★★★★★★★★

翻轉視界: http://bit.ly/3fPvKUs

[出走地平線：大海]
Flattening The Curve: The Big Sea

我隨海成長，三歲懂得游泳，七至八歲已滑浪。每逢上學、午餐甚至放學時間，都會跟同學到海灘游水。如果衝浪得爽，甚至有些日子會逃學。

我在海邊認識第一位女友，所以大海跟女人於我是環環相扣：大海像女人，時隨風浪轉變，無限可能，熱情有活力，又深邃難測。

當我選擇離開澳洲，二話不說是隨海而去。我在貨輪找份差事，隨航從悉尼經非洲到歐洲。貨輪全長四百米，滿載層層集裝箱，由32位船員操作。

一開始，我由普通海員(OS)做起。

油漆船身，擦擦甲板。一日比一日享受奇妙無比的「大海」。

海員一般只受聘於特定時間。只要時辰到，新人便加入，舊人會上岸。

在杜拜，有五個印尼新海員加入。貨輪雖然靠岸，但其中兩位海員一上船便不停嘔吐，暈船浪。

「似乎不太好」水手長跟我說。

「他們明顯沒有出過海。」

五人中有兩個被分派到甲板工作，兩人操作機房，餘下一人做舵工﹐駕駛貨輪 。

我們在大海工作幾小時，船長召喚我到駕駛室。

那名印尼舵工站在方向盤前，害怕得顫抖。因為前方有一首巨輪朝我們方向駛來，我們要熟練地控制方向盤避免相撞。

我看著船長命令印尼舵工改變航向5度，避免跟對家相撞。

在國際水域，不論你來自何方都要接受英語下達的指令 。印尼船員聽到後說「是，長官﹗」但沒有任何舉動。

前方輪船越來迫近。船長再說「接著左舵10度﹗」

「是，長官﹗」印尼海員依然無動於衷。

情況越來越壞，巨輪在咫尺之間。

船長面向舵工說「你顯然之前沒做過，完全不明白任何一個該死的指令﹗」

「是，長官﹗」舵工再回應。船長旋即命令我「Chris，你來掌舵。看在老天份上，立刻左舵15度﹗﹗﹗」

「是，長官﹗」舵工跟我又一起應聲。我手執方向盤，花盡狗牛二虎之力扭左。

I grew up by the sea. I was swimming at the age of three and surfing around 7 or 8. Schoolmates and I would go to the beach before school, during lunch break and as soon as classes were over. If the surf was really good, we wouldn't even go to school on those days.

I met my first girlfriend by the sea. So the sea and women have always seem connected to me: the sea is like a woman: always changing with its winds and tides, endless, embracing, refreshing and deep.

So when I decided to leave Australia, of course the only way for me was by sea. I took a job on a Container Ship, sailing from Sydney to Europe via Africa. The ship was about 400 metres, piled high with containers and manned by a crew of 32.

I started as what is called an Ordinary Seaman ( OS ) .

Painting the hull, scrubbing the decks. Each day enjoying more and more the wonder of “the big sea”.

Seamen are contracted for a certain period so occasionally some new crew arrive when its time for others to go.

In Dubai, five new Indonesian crewmen joined the ship. We were docked, two of them started throwing up, seasick.

“This doesn't look very promising” the Bosun ( crew leader ) says to me.

“They have obviously never been to sea.”

Two of the five are supposed to work on deck. Two in the engine room. One as Quartermaster operating the wheel that drives the ship.

We have been at sea a couple of hours. The captain calls me to the bridge.

The Indonesian “quartermaster” is standing at the wheel, shaking with fear. There is another large ship heading our way. We have to manoeuvre to avoid crashing into it.

I watch as the captain orders the Indonesian guy in English to adjust course by five degrees to avoid the oncoming boat.

Inside international waters, no matter where you ship or you come from all orders are given in English. The guy replies “ Yes sir!” but does nothing .

The oncoming ship is getting closer. “Ten degrees Port is the next order.”

“Yes sir” the Indoneseian once again replies. But again nothing happens.

It’s no looking good. The ship is getting closer.

The captain turns to the “quartermaster and says ; “ You obviously have never done this before and you don’t understand a bloody word I am saying do you”.

“Yes sir” comes the reply. The captain turns to me “Take the wheel Chris. And for God’s turn us fifteen degrees Port right now!!!!”

“Yes sir!” both the guy and I reply. As I take over the wheel and turn it as hard Port as I can.

攝於拍攝電影《海洋天堂》（2010）
Photo was taken in shooting "Ocean Heaven" (2010)

#殭屍 #喪屍 #妙 #作者傲嬌得好可愛

對《屍速列車》超級無感（主要是沒創意，幾乎所有創意都在其他殭屍電影裡出現過），以我博覽殭屍電影的經驗，《屍速列車》只能稱得上成功的商業片。節奏快，特效好。其他都普普。

偏偏今早起床，看到蘋果日報上的〈除了屍速列車 5部必看喪屍片〉，立馬「哼，你是誰，我都沒寫非看不可的殭屍電影，你也敢寫？」http://www.appledaily.com.tw/…/%E9%99%A4%E4%BA%86%E5%B1%8D%…

因此，奮發向上，做了總整理。請看本人數十載殭屍片心得。

我知道啦，我很無聊。咦？可是你今天才知道嗎？

Plan 9 from Outer Space（1959）

史上最經典五毛特效爛片，導演Ed Wood（是滴，就是那個Tim Burton拍了一整部Ed Wood致敬的導演。）對白屎爛到句句成經典。演技僵硬到人類還比較像殭屍。劇本漏洞百出，短短九十七分鐘電影共有八十二處漏洞。Plan 9簡言之就是外星人要把地球人變成殭屍。

看這部電影，你是向導演Ed Wood致敬。一個完全沒有才氣只有狂想的人拼命想拍電影，拍了一部又一部的爛片，終於再也搞不到錢了，他落魄到拍A片賺點小錢，沈溺於酒精，而後死在合作演員的家裡（無處可棲身，被收留的）。

Last Man on Earth（1964，翻拍版有Omega Man與I’m Legend）

這是殭屍祖師爺電影，除非你要把海地巫毒殭屍毒黑白片算進去。Richard Matheson原著小說，極好，電影極爛。威爾史密斯的《我是傳奇》版尤其爛。
但，祖師爺不能不提。

Night of the Living Dead (1968)

George Romero活死人N部曲的第一部，現代版殭屍版的先河，政治批判強烈，指涉美蘇冷戰核武威脅、黑人民權運動，還大膽使用「反高潮」結尾。它與《洛基恐怖秀》共同創建了「子夜電影」的風潮。

Rabid (1977)

加拿大導演David Cronenberg 的主力在探討人與機械的結合，這部殭屍片是他電影生涯的奇怪岔路，把殭屍病毒與狂犬病毒做串連。全片色調冷冽，大師級攝影風範。

Dawn of the Dead (1978)

George Romero的第三部曲《活死人的黎明》（Dawn of the Day，或叫活人生吃）是我的最愛。他對電視文化、後啟示錄飛車橫行的掠奪世界（《衝鋒飛車隊》（Mad Max）正好比它晚一年面市），都有很深刻的批判，我最感興趣的自然是作為資本主義象徵的購物中心。如果飛車隊不闖進來，你我都毫無疑問可以在購物中心終老吧？人類潛能無限，但，有了不需要花鈔票的購物中心，還需要什麼？

Evil Dead (1981，三部曲的第一部)

Sam Rami這部電影開創森林小木屋恐怖片風潮，血肉模糊風格直接影響澳洲大導演Peter Jackson的Dead Alive，以及2011年類型戲諷（Parody）電影的 The Cabin in the Woods。

Mr. Zombie (1985，暫時停止呼吸)

這個不用說，結合功夫與殭屍的電影，類型電影先河，史上最強。

Dead Alive ( 又名BrainDead，1992)

《魔戒》大導演Peter Jackson在《惡趣味》（Bad Taste）時代的代表作，兩秒特效，血肉橫飛。但是因為節奏掌握之佳，類型戲諷之妙（順便牽累希區考克的「驚魂記」），成為地下經典。

Stacy (2001)

日本社會批判殭屍片。女孩到了十六、七歲就會變成殭尸，必須剁成一百六十五塊，才會徹底死亡。因此屠尸隊伍誕生，人類生育力大降，世界面臨崩潰危機。變成殭尸前的女孩會經歷狂喜，什麼事都會令她喜悅咯笑不已。進入這個階段，家人就得準備找人來屠尸。我相信這部電影的原著應當很有趣，因為它的批判意圖太明顯――這個社會集體糟蹋女性，因此寧為殭尸，不想變成大人。

Undead (2003)

澳洲殭屍片，有澳洲特色的開闊荒漠氣息與女力大展現。

Shaun of the Dead (2004)

英國導演Egar Wright的Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy三部曲（又名血與冰淇淋三部曲）的第一部。妙不可言。向George Romero的Dawn of the Dead購物中心創意致敬，又趣味橫生勾勒蘇格蘭失意男子的兄弟情與酒吧文化。

Zombie Nurse in Love (2004)

全片特意採黑白攝影與事後配音，產生一種非常特殊的遲緩魅力。

Black Sheep (2006)

紐西蘭電影有種特殊荒涼感，跟它的殖民封閉文化以及地廣人稀有關。《Black Sheep》巧妙點出紐澳地區白人文化裡特有的「人獸戀」焦慮。（以及本人覺得很爽的狠尻新世紀[new age]大便。）

紐西蘭人口四百萬人，羊口四千萬頭，足足十倍。如果紐西蘭羊都變成殭屍。你知道有多恐怖吧。

Poultrygeist(2006)

史上最惡劣的殭屍電影。主角是殭屍雞，底蘊為反全球化速食連鎖，表演形式為歌舞片，特效為零。（畢竟是著名的五毛特效恐怖電影公司Toma的出品）。精美DVD三片裝，除正片一片，幕後花絮一片，第三片為史上最強「殭屍雞主題曲卡拉OK」。（我怎麼知道？我有買啊。）

28 Weeks Later (2007)
這部電影自然是比不上 《28 Days Later》那樣的大師風範。它在殭屍電影史的意義是從它開始，殭屍發展出超人速度，你才有《屍速列車》的驚嚇。

DeadGirl（2008）

這部殭屍片引起很大的爭議。數個男孩將女殭屍囚為禁臠輪姦。探討性別與權力。

Colin (2008)

殭屍第一人稱觀點，全片僅以45英鎊拍攝，在坎城影展引起極大討論。

Otto or Up With Dead People (2008)

史上最強大同性戀殭屍電影。

Juan of the Dead (2010)

全片偷偷拍攝於古巴，用殭屍來諷刺卡斯楚政權。少見的政治批判力作。充滿拉美風格的突梯趣味。
The Neighbor Zombie (2010)

照我的意思，與其看《屍速列車》不如看《The Neighbor Zombie》更能一窺韓國獨立製片的精神，全片低成本，探討活人與殭屍的親屬關係在後啟示錄時代如何運轉。

The Cabin in the Woods (2011)

向《Evil Dead》致敬的叢林小屋殭屍科幻片，最成熟的陰謀論電影。

Miss Zombie (2013)

日本大導Sabu的殭屍片，想看殭屍有多慢嗎？全片以殭屍為第一人稱觀點，包括緩慢的時間觀。沒耐性者勿看。

Contracted (2013)

同樣拍攝於2013年，同樣是殭屍第一人稱觀點，同樣緩慢步調以超級噁爛驚悚的畫面勾勒殭屍的腐爛過程。（變成殭屍，身體是會持續腐爛吧，腐爛到某一天，大腦已經完全沒有，是否就失去行動能力，謂之殭屍之死。）

殭屍（Rigor Mortis, 2013）

香港麥浚龍的殭屍電影，完全復古情調，香港陋街小巷文化精髓。

最後推薦：

《陰陽界》（1974）丁善璽拍攝的三段式電影。第一段「財」短短五分鐘的死人變殭屍，非常緊湊，堪稱經典，現在youtube上還看得到。

第三段楊群與唐寶雲合演的《柳天素》大概是史上最勾人眼淚的殭屍了。