【踮起腳尖痛，腳踝也會有夾擠問題？】

(這次文章內容稍長，若懶得看文字內容可直接觀看影片)

大家應該對於肩夾擠、髖夾擠這兩個名詞不陌生，但你有聽過腳踝夾擠嗎？夾擠指的是我們的骨頭過度擠壓到周遭的軟組織，可能是肌腱、韌帶或是滑液膜等等，造成疼痛或角度受限。夾擠是一個症候群，並非一個特定的病症，夾擠症候群底這個名詞底下，可能夾到的組織不同，造成的原因歧異度也非常大，造成評估上其實並不是那麼容易。腳踝夾擠雖然沒有像肩夾擠一樣有被正式分類成不同的夾擠類型，但仍能根據症狀呈現的方式跟解剖構造簡單分為前夾擠跟後夾擠，若還要再細分還會分前內側、前外側夾擠，以及後內側、後外側夾擠。

前側夾擠的症狀主要出現在腳踝背屈末端角度的時候，脛距關節 (Tibiotalar joint) 前側的組織受到擠壓。腳踝前側的有不少脂肪、滑囊組織，正常情況，這些組織會在腳踝背屈15度過後受到擠壓，但如果在遠端脛骨前側或是距骨頸有增生的骨頭的話，便可能限縮前側的空間，讓組織提早受到壓迫。如果長期在這角度下活動，就可能進一步造成慢性的發炎，或是造成關節囊韌帶的增生。除此之外，如果腳踝曾經扭過傷，造成韌帶或皺襞增厚的話，也是可能造成前側夾擠的原因之一。

雖然這些解剖構造上的變化已有多篇文章有所描述。但造成這些組織增生的原因卻仍不是很清楚。因為運動員有比較高的比例有這樣的問題，有些學者認為前側夾擠可能是因為頻繁地做出大角度的背屈，或是因為運動過程中受到的外力，讓前側軟骨邊緣反覆受到衝擊所造成。也有些學者認為，踝關節的不穩定，造成關節有不正常的微小滑動，也是一個可能造成骨質增生、或是軟組織受到夾擠的的原因。另外在比較早期的文章，一開始學者認為前側的骨質增生可能是來自於頻繁地蹠屈，牽拉到關節囊，進而造成關節處的增生，只是這樣的假設被後來的研究給推翻了。

因為前側夾擠症狀大多是在腳踝背屈的末端角度下出現，上樓梯、跑步、走上坡、爬梯還有深蹲是幾個比較容易會加劇前側疼痛的活動。若未接受妥善治療，在症狀後期可能會因為組織的增生或疼痛，造成更進一步的活動度受限、夾擠和周圍組織的傷害，再回頭限制關節活動度與功能，形成惡性循環。

後側夾擠的症狀主要出現在腳踝蹠屈到末端角度的時候，脛距關節與距跟關節後側的組織受到擠壓。後側夾擠常出現在需要頻繁把腳踝往下壓的人身上，像是芭蕾舞者、需要頻繁跳躍的運動員等等。與前側夾擠雷同，後側夾擠可能是骨質或是軟組織的夾擠，或是兩者同時存在。距骨後外側 (trigonal process) 的骨質增生是比較常被認為導致後側夾擠的原因。除此之外，頻繁的將腳板大幅度的往下踩，可能會導致後側關節囊、後下脛腓韌帶、三角韌帶的後側韌帶發炎，產生疤痕組織，進而造成組織增厚。另外我們的屈足拇長肌的肌腱經過距骨後側的內、外骨突中間的凹槽，也很容易因為過度使用，或是周遭骨質的增生，造成肌腱病變，像是肌腱或腱鞘炎的問題。

與前側夾擠的疼痛大多較為淺層、可觸摸的到相反，後側夾擠的症狀通常較為模糊，比較難有一個特定的單點疼痛，而且位置較深，通常落在阿基里斯腱底下。這也讓後側夾擠不容易和阿基里斯腱或是腓骨長肌的問題做區分。因為症狀出現在腳踝往下踩的時候，走下坡、下樓梯或是穿鞋跟較高的鞋子是幾個容易誘發症狀出現的活動。芭蕾舞者之所以比較容易出現這樣的症狀，被認為是因為需要頻繁的做出踮腳站，承重在前足的關係。

雖然影像檢查出來的骨質、軟組織的病變被認為是可能導致腳踝夾擠的原因之一，但實際上研究還是有提到，我們仍然不能光靠這些影像結果證據就判斷踝關節是否夾擠。影像檢查與我們的症狀表現之間的相關程度有限，仍需要結合其他理學檢查做綜合判斷才行。針對踝關節夾擠的介入，目前比較常見的作法仍是先採取保守治療，若在急性疼痛期，需要先避免會造成疼痛的動作，有必要的話也會使用消炎藥來控制疼痛。在非急性期，甚至是已經是慢性問題的個案，我們則需要著重在踝關節穩定、本體感覺的訓練上，畢竟前面有提到，踝關節不穩、扭傷都是可能造成夾擠的原因之一。與其他肌肉骨骼問題一樣，即使解剖構造上的異常也會被認為是造成踝關節夾擠的原因，但大多數的個案都能在不開刀的情況下有很好的進步。若有類似的狀況，一樣記得先找醫療人員的協助，避免症狀隨著時間越變越嚴重。底下的影片 (6:52) 將跟大家分享幾個簡單的踝關節穩定與本體感覺的訓練。

Impingement syndrome is a common musculoskeletal problem in shoulder and hip joints. But have you ever heard of ankle impingement? Impingement syndrome refers to abnormal contact of bony structures or soft tissue, e.g., tendon, ligament, synovial tissue, resulting in pain and restriction. Through different causes of impingement syndrome, it includes different medical signs or symptoms. Therefore, causes of impingement syndrome differ from person to person, making it more difficult to make a right diagnosis. Although ankle impingement is not officially classified into different types like shoulder impingement, researchers still sort it into anterior and posterior impingement according to anatomical structures are involved. More specifically, it can be classified into anteriomedial, anteriolateral, posteriomedial and posteriolateral impingement.

Symptoms of anterior ankle impingement are generally induced by compression of anterior margin of tibiotalar joint in terminal dorsiflexion. There are adipose and synovial tissues in the anterior joint space. Normally, these tissues are compressed after 15 degree of dorsiflexion in healthy individuals. However, if there is osteophyte at anterior distal tibia or talus neck, it will take up the space and limit ankle movement, causing early compression. This will result in chronic inflammation, synovitis, and capsuloligamentous hypertrophy. Apart from this, ankle sprain, thickened anterior tibiofibular ligament and synovial plica are also possible causative factors.

Even though structural pathologies are well described in much research, their exact etiologies are still less understood. Research showed that athletes are tend to affected by anterior impingement, and it led to hypothesis that pathologies are caused by repetitive impact injury to anterior chondral margin from hyper-dorsiflexion or direct impact during sports. Chronic ankle instability has also been hypothesized to be the causative factor of anterior impingement, because abnormal repetitive micromotion may develop bony and soft tissue lesions. In addition, early research hypothesized anterior osteophyte is caused by traction to the anterior capsule during repetitive plantar flexion, but this theory was disproved by later anatomic studies.

Anterior impingement symptom typically presents as anterior ankle pain during terminal dorsiflexion. Climbing stairs, running, walking up hills, ascending ladders and deep squat are common aggravating activities. If anterior impingement doesn’t get treated well, in the later stage, joint mobility may be further restricted due to mechanical block or pain, resulting in vicious circle.

Posterior ankle impingement symptom typically occurs in terminal plantarflexion, due to compression of tissues posterior to the tibiotalar and talocalcaneal joint. Posterior impingement tend to occur in athletes who need to plantarflex frequently, like ballet dancers, etc. Similarly, posterior impingement can result from compression of bony or soft tissue in isolation or in combination. Trigonal process of posterior talus is the most common cause of posterior impingement. Besides this, repetitive hyper-plantarflexion may cause posterior capsule, inferior tibiofibular ligament, and posterior fiber of deltoid ligament inflammation, scarring, and thickening. Lastly, tendinitis and tenosynovitis are easily found in flexor hallucis longus tendon, running between the medial and lateral posterior process of the talus. This probably results from overuse or irritation from surrounding abnormal bony tissue. The tissues mentioned above are all possible causative factors to the posterior ankle impingement.

In contrast to patients with anterior impingement pain that are accessible to palpation, posterior impingement pain is less specific, deep to the Achilles tendon. This makes it difficult to differentiate from Achilles tendon or peroneal tendon pathology. Since posterior impingement symptom is usually irritated by repetitive plantarflexion, walking downstairs, downhill running, and wearing high-heeled shoes are some common exacerbated activities to posterior impingement syndrome. Ballet dancers are commonly affected by posterior impingement syndrome due to weight bearing on forefoot in plantarflexion position over and over again.

Though osseous or soft tissues abnormality in radiography is seen to be one of the causes of ankle impingement, it doesn’t mean that we can simply blame patient’s symptom on these structural pathology. In fact, there is a limited correlation between medical image findings and our symptom. We should integrate patient’s history, physical examination, imaging studies, etc., for accurate diagnosis. Conservative treatment remains first option to manage ankle impingement. In acute stage, patient should avoid from doing provocative activities. If it is necessary, NSAIDs can be used for pain management. In chronic stage, clinicians should focus on ankle stability and proprioception training because ankle instability and sprain are both causative factors of ankle impingement. Just like other musculoskeletal disease, even though structural abnormality is thought to be a possible cause of ankle impingement, most ankle impingement cases still respond well to conservative treatment. If you have any similar medical problem, please find medical professions for help. The video below will show you some simple ways to train our ankle stability and proprioception.

參考資料：
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27608626/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00247-019-04459-5
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5065672/

#腳踝夾擠 #踝關節不穩 #腳踝扭傷 #本體感覺訓練 #物理治療 #ankleimingement #ankleinstability #anklesprain #proprioception #physiotherapy #hunterptworkout

【#新聞點評】由英國保守黨人羅哲思牽頭的Hong Kong Watch，昨天正式成立。在香港自治風雨飄搖之際，這個國際支援組織的成立，顯得格外重要。

憲法專家佳日思在比較自治政體著作《Practising Self-government》中就指出，由於自治政體多在全國政治中處於弱勢，如要長期維持自治地位，國際社會的持續監察是重要條件之一。環顧世界，意大利的南提洛爾自治地位穩固，前宗主國奧地利和歐盟的監察角色，可謂舉足輕重；相反，澳洲的諾福克島忽略經營國際連結，結果去年被澳洲單方面取消自治地位時，諾福克島就處於無人支援的困境。

香港人要凝聚每一分支持我城自治的力量。

Hong Kong Watch, a concern group headed by UK conservative Benedict Rogers, has been formally established yesterday. These days Hong Kong's autonomy is certainly under unprecedented pressure, the establishment of this international concern group is of particular importance.

In his classical publication "Practising Self-government", constitutional law expert Yash Ghai has pointed out that autonomies are usually weak within national power structure, therefore it is of paramount importance for autonomies to secure international support so as to preserve their autonomous status. For example, the autonomous status of South Tyrol in Italy has been strengthened by the international support from its former sovereign Austria and also European Union; while Norfolk Island in Australia failed to secure international support making it so vulnerable when Australia unilaterally suspended its autonomous status last year.

Hongkongese must attach great importance to securing all kinds of support for Hong Kong's autonomy.

▋延伸閱讀
從世界思考香港前途／方志恒
https://goo.gl/TsrHiG
重思香港自治的國際因素／鄺英豪
https://goo.gl/pU0jj6
被遺忘的香港需要民間外交／黃冠能
https://goo.gl/KZjV3z
閱讀《香港革新論》：
https://goo.gl/t6jDbU

#國際連結 #民間外交 #香港自治 #南提洛爾 #諾福克島 #HongKongWatch

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關於川蔡通話，來自台灣的聲音。

"A simple phone call with the elected leader of Taiwan has not brought death or destruction. Instead, it has provided an opening, however fraught and imperfect, for a much-needed reconsideration of an unhealthy and anachronistic policy. Dismissing Taiwan’s democracy is not only an affront to Taiwan but to democracy everywhere. Americans — liberal, conservative and otherwise — would do well to stop using Taiwan as a tool to score political points at home or against China, and instead examine their commitments to human rights, freedom and democracy."

一通與台灣總統的電話，並不會為美國帶來損害。相反地，儘管這通電話令人憂慮且具有瑕疵，它仍然提供了一個機會，讓人們反思這樣一個不健康、且早已過時的「外交慣例」與一中政策。忽視台灣民主制度的價值，不僅是對台灣的冒犯，也是對這個世界上任何一個角落裡的民主的冒犯。不論保守、自由派、或是持各種其他主張的美國人們，請你們停止將台灣用作一種在國內鬥爭的工具，或者用以與中國博弈的棋子，而應該反過來，好好檢視自己對人權、自由、與民主的承諾。