輻射傷害的防護基本理念： ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)，受曝劑量越低越好的合理抑低原則。

在輻射傷害防護的範疇內，總的來說，LNT（Linear-Non-Threshold）模式對於高劑量、高強度的輻射暴露的情況相對來說，更加的適用。在一般日常生活的狀態來說，避免輻射傷害，普遍採取 ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable），也就是越低越好的合理抑低原則，這是人類關於游離輻射防護的基本理念。

ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 越低越好的合理抑低 )原則也是美國能源部國家核子保安總署(DOE/NNSA)輻射 緊急事件支援及訓練中心(REAC/TS)出版之「The Medical Aspects of Radiation Incidents （台灣翻譯為：輻射傷害醫療處置）」手冊內容中所提及的輻射防護基本理念。

“ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is the underlying philosophy associated with protecting people from ionizing radiation.

It basically means that one should not unnecessarily expose themselves to radiation without the benefit outweighing the risk.

Time, distance, andshielding are widely considered to be the primary
concerns. At REAC/TS, we like to add a fourth item to the list - quantity. All four of these concepts are used concurrently with the others. "

其基本意涵是 : 一個人應該避免不必要且無利益的輻射 曝露風險（這裡指的是非醫療性質的輻射暴露。任何輻射暴露都會造成傷害，但在治療重大疾病的時候，兩害相權取其輕，接受有限度且嚴格控管的輻射照射將體內惡性病變組織破壞，阻止其增生、擴散惡化的潛在利益大於輻射照射所引起的傷害的醫療應用案例，不屬於這裡所指的“不必要且無利益的輻射曝露風險”的範疇）。

此外，有報導指出：“...... 在日本的實際研究案例中，「餵飲氘水佔1/3的水，經過1個禮拜，老鼠腦部組織裡的氫被替換掉，老鼠變得眼睛上吊，有攻擊性，一直囓咬鐵籠的鐵網，反覆地昏睡或暴躁。」東京工業大學理工特任教授入口紀男（Norio Iriguchi），透過老鼠實驗，提醒福島氚污染水的危害。

入口紀男教授是日本核磁共振學會委員，透過上述實驗鼠的核磁共振影像，解說老鼠腦部組織內的氫被氘替換之後，所發生的變化。「左邊有點突出的是嗅腦（嗅覺發達中樞），右下突起的部份是延髓開端。目前只有腦部明顯地浮腫了。」

福島核災後，產生大量輻射污染水，其中氚因為無法用過濾去除，又稱為氚污染水。多位專家警告，氚污染水的危害，不只是體內輻射被曝，還有在體內被當成氫嵌入到蛋白質等組織的問題。而入口紀男（用有同樣效果的氘做）的實驗，具體呈現後者的狀況。

「氚在體內被當成氫嵌入」是什麼意思呢？擁有近40年的放射線治療經驗、北海道癌症中心名譽院長西尾正道詳細解釋道：「氚在人體內會被當成氫來代謝。人體有62%是水（H2O），氚會被當成氫來結合，在種種構成人體的高分子化合物的化學式裡也一樣。」

「氚因為有這樣和物質相結合的性質，在體內造成長期被曝。用醫學實驗，可以證明氚會被當成氫攝入到細胞核內。構成DNA的基因的4個鹽基，是靠氫來結合，換成氚進去的話（失去結合力），鹽基化學式產生變化，遺傳情報也會改變。導致健康上的實際損害。」而當被攝入的氚衰變成氦時，也會損傷細胞（ http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf ）。

對此，西尾正道等專家批判：「不能說自然界本來就有而不考慮，原本自然界裡氚的最大來源就是核試爆跟核電，排放標準也是為了沸水式原子爐把氚排到海裡而制定的，並不是因為有在科學上醫學上檢討健康被害而決定的。」「因為距離極近，即便氚的放射線弱，仍會相當程度地傷害DNA。」

又，氚水的化學式是HTO，因為氚很容易和生物體內的碳結合，成為有機結合型氚（Organically Bound Tritium、簡稱為OBT），跟氚水相比，後者滯留體內時間為20~50倍，被染色體等人體重要部份攝取。「氚水被放流後，經生物攝取變成有機結合型氚，人類去吃這些生物，便會蓄積在體內。」在核食檢測上，有機結合型氚的檢測程序，又比普通的氚來得複雜。

氚，被日本諾貝爾物理學獎得主小柴昌俊，與馬克斯威爾獎（美國物理學會頒發）得主長谷川晃，稱之為劇毒。

福島核電廠在災後，因為會不斷放出有放射性的蒸氣等污染，入口紀男比喻為「國土百萬年的惡夢」。而這惡夢除了往大氣的污染，還因為地下水流經，每天產生3-400噸的輻射污染水。

在日本政府規劃的輻射污染水處理方案裡，海放是成本最低的方法，比起地下埋設等耗資千億日圓以上的方法，海放只要17~34億日圓。另一方面民間、在地漁業團體與鄰國，持強烈反對的立場。....."

也有多項相關的醫學研究報告指出：
A 1961 experiment showed that mice dosed with 21.5 μCi/g of Cs-137 had a 50% fatality within 30 days (implying an LD50 of 245 μg/kg).

A similar experiment in 1972 showed that when dogs are subjected to a whole body burden of 3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg) of caesium-137 (and 950 to 1400 rads), they die within 33 days, while animals with half of that burden all survived for a year.

Important researches have shown a remarkable concentration of 137Cs in the exocrine cells of the pancreas, which are those most affected by cancer.

In 2003, in autopsies performed on 6 children dead in the polluted area near Chernobyl where they also reported a higher incidence of pancreatic tumors, Bandazhevsky found a concentration of 137Cs 40-45 times higher than in their liver, thus demonstrating that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium.

一項重要的醫學研究發現，人體胰腺外分泌細胞中所聚積的137Cs濃度非常高，而胰腺外分泌細胞是受癌症影響最大的人體細胞。

在2003年由Bandazhevsky研究團隊，對六名生活在靠近車諾比核災污染區附近的兒童的屍體進行醫學檢驗解剖。

解剖研究發現這六名兒童患胰臟惡性腫瘤的比率，比一般正常狀態下來的更高，經檢驗，研究團隊發現這六名兒童胰臟中所含的Cs-137濃度，竟然是肝臟中所含Cs-137濃度的40-45倍之多。研究證實在人體內Cs-137最容易聚積在胰臟內。

胰臟癌是指胰臟細胞發生癌變而產生的腫瘤，這些腫瘤細胞具有侵犯其他組織的能力。胰臟癌很少發生在40歲以下的病人，半數以上的患者超過70歲。

此外，1961年的一項實驗發現對老鼠注射21.5 μCi/g 濃度的Cs-137，在30天之內有一半的受試老鼠死亡，這項實驗的結果等同於半至死劑量為0.000245公克（也就是百萬分之245公克），所謂半至死劑量指的是指在固定濃度下，暴露一定時間（通常1～4 小時）後，觀察14 天， 能使試驗動物組群半數（50 %）死亡的濃度。

在1972 年有另外一項類似的實驗， 對受試驗的狗群注射3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg，大約百萬分之44公克濃度）Cs-137，這群受試的狗在33天內全數死亡，而另一群接受一半劑量的受試狗群，則可以存活到為期一年。

從上述的那些實際醫學研究例證，包括了比較適用於LNT模式的狀態，以及一般日常生活環境下遭遇到低劑量但是長期輻射暴露累積下來的狀態。ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 合理抑低 )原則在兩種狀態下通通一體適用。

參考資料：
https://orise.orau.gov/resources/reacts/documents/medical-aspects-of-radiation-incidents.pdf

http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf

https://e-info.org.tw/node/221554

^Moskalev, Yu. I. (1961). "Biological Effects of Cesium-137". In Lebedinskiĭ, A. V.; Moskalev, Yu. I. (eds.). Distribution, Biological Effects, and Migration of Radioactive Isotopes. Translation Series. United States Atomic Energy Commission (published April 1974). p. 220. AEC-tr-7512.

^ H.C. Redman; et al. (1972). "Toxicity of 137-CsCl in the Beagle. Early Biological Effects". Radiation Research. 50 (3): 629–648. Bibcode:1972RadR...50..629R. doi:10.2307/3573559. JSTOR 3573559. PMID 5030090.
^ Nelson A , Ullberg S, Kristoffersson H, Ronnback C (1961). "Distribution of Radiocesium in Mice". Acta Radiologica. 55, 5 (5): 374–384.
doi:10.3109/00016926109175132. PMID 13728254.

^ Bandazhevsky Y.I. (2003). "Chronic Cs-137 incorporation in children's organs". Swiss Med. Wkly. 133 (35–36): 488–90. PMID 14652805.

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花博絮語：從不請專業口譯到官網文宣菜英文——臺中宣言

花博又「花現」問題！
（「花現GNP」是花博宣傳口號 XD）

談談臺中市府官網宣傳《臺中宣言》的英文標題，見圖。

原版：累贅、不像樣的的台式菜英文：

《Taichung Declaration》has redefined the GNP Promote and raise the proposal for Green, Nature and People

設法順著原標題想表達的意思改成及格的英文：

The Taichung Declaration has redefined the pursuit of GNP growth in a new proposal of Green, Nature, and People

英文雖然對了，但仍累贅，沒有標題的樣子。

再改，使其精簡易懂，有標題樣：

The Taichung Declaration redefines GNP as Green, Nature, and People

最後這標題比較令人滿意，簡明、有重點、有哏。

* 重點明確：臺中宣言提出GNP新定義
* 明示GNP所代表的新名，但細節賣關子
* 藉此吸引讀者閱讀內文一探究竟

原標題在文法、寫作上的問題：

* 英文不存在中文新式書名號《……》

* 亂用動詞原形raise，不合文法

* 「GNP Promote」是啥？看似想表達「GNP提升」、「提升GNP」？就算視爲一個方案名，這也是糟糕的台式英文，正如Taiwan(,) Touch Your Heart 給人的感覺，無法端上國際。
問題出在把不合文法的動詞原形 promote、touch 一路用到底，不管意思如何，這顯示英語尚在牙牙學語階段，尚無動詞變化的意識和能力。

爲何 GNP Promote 是菜英文？進一步佐證：

請上 Google 搜索 "GNP Promote" （記得加英文引號），出現百餘條結果，清一色與「臺中宣言」有關，細查其實皆出自同一則臺中政府官方英文新聞文章，即本文探討的文章標題。難道「提升GNP」這概念在全人類有英語記錄的歷史中，是臺中市府首推？當然不！更合理的推論是：

一、像樣的英文不是這樣寫。
二、不像樣的這個英文表達，在全宇宙為臺中市府獨創。

這篇文宣，判斷又是不重視翻譯專業的結果。其實，有待批評的英文書寫問題還多著，有興趣的讀者不妨一讀，親自感受一下。

正如不久前逢甲大學一位外國英語教授針對「英語列爲第二官方語言」的計畫投書賴院長，批評這做法是緣木求魚，我也認爲台灣政府各層級應該檢討是否真已準備好，有能力拿出像樣的對內、對外的英語書寫。答案好像不證自明。

以下轉錄臺中官網全文，先是介紹何謂臺中宣言，後是臺中宣言英文版。（連結見留言）

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《Taichung Declaration》has redefined the GNP Promote and raise the proposal for Green, Nature and People

Issued by Information Bureau Date:2018-04-19

Taichung will conduct World Flora Expo in November. Green productivity proposed by the City Government was based on the Flora Expo addressed concepts of Green productivity, Nature sustainability and People with Green-ability.「Taichung Declaration」is aiming for inviting 100 cities to sign up. Taichung City Mayor, Chia-lung Lin has signed the declaration with Changwon City Mayor, Ahn Sang-soo tonight at Masan Baseball Stadium in South Korea, he also kicked off the starting game for the Taiwanese baseball pitcher, Weichung Wang, who is working currently in South Korea. It’s very meaningful to have Changwon City as the first city to sign up to the Taichung Declaration.

The theme of 2018 Taichung World Flora Expo is「Exploring GNP」 which change the old meaning of GNP as Gross National Product. Redefined GNP now means Green productivity, Nature sustainability and People with Green-ability for pursuing green productivity and facilitating the ecological eternity and embrace the nature in addition to pursuing the technological development. to make people’s living better. We wish to promote and raise the awareness of enhanced collaborations between international societies because this is the only way to connect people to help each other for sharing the goodness and prosperity for the world. (4/11*11)*Information Bureau.

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Taichung Declaration：

《Taichung Declaration》
A New Proposal for GNP

Have you ever thought about that, sound of blooming, could be heard?

Modern people are busy in earning their livings when they are pursuing the development of economics and technologies. They’ve been too busy to see things through so they’ve forgotten to listen to the hearts, realize the nature how close they are relying on the environment.

In 2018, let’s find out the balance for ourselves, let’s listen to the whispers of the nature, let’s listen to the happy sounds of the blooming, we can feel the the value of life and how great to be alive. After all, the meaning of life is to make the world better.

2018 Taichung World Flora Expo will raise a new proposal for GNP. GNP has it’s own life and means Green, Nature and People so it is no more a neutral number of Gross National Product. GNP stands for green productivity and facilitating the ecological eternity to make people’s living better.

It’s the time to move forwards, it’s the time to look back to the past. When we move forwards to develop the smart technologies in the future, we should remember to turn to embrace the nature again to facilitate the ecological eternity. We believe the prosperity and environmental protection can exist concurrently while the technologies can live with the nature.

Green Productivity

City in green and green in the city. The economical growth traded off by the environment will no more last as we know quite well how to play the role as one of the members in the global village. By applying green technologies, reducing energy consumption and create the shared resources to construct a sustainable city with green production and green economics as the backbone.

Nature Sustainability

The mountain geography left from the ice age and the recent wetland scenes formed by the waves and tides are all the low polluted ecological environment and diverse biological systems we would like to sustain. We will never pay the price of nature to pursue the technological prosperity again. We will rebuild the tight connections between people and nature to find back the harmony and balance between people and nature.

People with Green-ability

We are anticipating people will develop their green concepts and capabilities. Such trivial things as personal thought, diet, living and action or big scope as urban construction and future development, all of them will become the group energy of Green to contribute to the international society. So-called green concepts is to implement the actions, including respect the varieties and embrace diversity. No matter in the aspects of culture, race, politics, education or religion, we will maintain the old traditions and develop the innovations to share a better future with everyone. The aesthetics of living is to live with varieties and grow with the compatibilities.

We believe,
The perfect balance among production, ecology and living can be obtained.
Listen to the nature, connect with the society and link to the world.
Collaborate and facilitate the development of international non-government organizations.
Create the new model of urban management.
Because we connect with each other,
We will share the achievements and good results.

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