【東京奧運「照常舉辦」、「延期」還「取消」？外媒這樣表達】

• 各例句取自於 BBC、The New York Times、The Guardian 等來源

• 總提醒：奧運 (The Olympic Games) 因為有很多運動項目，一般 The Olympic Games 被當成複數名詞，不是中文所想的「奧運比賽」，一種大型賽事的感覺。在新聞寫作中，為了避免一直重複全名，很常以 The Games 作為代稱。

• 文章 highlight: 「綜合來講，舉辦在這邊常用的是主動的 take place 或是被動用法 to be held。預定在何時舉辦的「預定」用法有 to be scheduled, to be set, to be due, 以及紐約時報很漂亮的 to be slated. 用法。」

【敘述照常舉辦】

1️⃣ We are doing all we can to ensure that the Games go ahead as planned.

這句話使用了 to go ahead as planned 當作照常舉辦。是官方和外媒最常使用的說法。as planned 為 as it is (was) planned 的省略.

2️⃣ The organizers are doing everything they can to have the games go on in the summer as planned.

這邊使用的是 to have the games go on (後面也是使用 as planned) 。有關繼續，也可以用 to continue as planned/scheduled.

3️⃣ The International Olympic Committee has sought to play down fears of Tokyo 2020 being delayed because of the coronavirus outbreak by insisting the Games will go ahead as scheduled.

這邊使用的是 to go ahead as scheduled.

【敘述東奧的舉辦起迄時間】

綜合來講，舉辦在這邊常用的是主動的 take place 或是被動用法 to be held。預定在何時舉辦的「預定」用法有 to be scheduled, to be set, to be due, 以及 to be slated.

紐約時報果然是紐時，用了 to be slated 的漂亮用法。

1️⃣ The Games of the XXXII Olympiad are set to take place from July 24 to Aug. 9 in Tokyo and surroundings.

這邊使用了 are set to take place

2️⃣ The board "expressed its full commitment to the success of the Olympic Games Tokyo 2020 taking place from 24 July to 9 August.

這句也使用了 take place, 但小心注意句型的不同

3️⃣ The Games are due to be held from 24 July to 9 August.

這邊使用了 are due to be held

4️⃣ The Summer Olympic Games are scheduled to be held from July 24 to Aug. 9 in Tokyo.

只差一點，這句使用了 are scheduled to be held

同樣使用 are scheduled to be held 的還有這句，但因為這句的重點是放在「會被延期」，所以以插入語的方式補充說明。

5️⃣ The Olympic Games, which are scheduled to be held this summer in Tokyo, could be postponed until later this year amid the coronavirus outbreak.

6️⃣ For weeks, there's been speculation that the viral outbreak could disrupt the Tokyo Olympics, which is slated to start on July 24.

【延期這樣說】

1️⃣ Speculation of a delay had mounted further when Japan’s Olympic minister, Seiko Hashimoto, had said the Games could be moved to the end of the year because of coronavirus.

延到年底 "to be moved to the end of the year"

2️⃣ Tokyo 2020 Olympics could be postponed amid the coronavirus outbreak.

這句使用的是 to be postponed

3️⃣ If the coronavirus is not under control by summer, the Tokyo 2020 Olympics contract may allow for postponement.

這邊使用的是名詞 postponement，整體感覺會比直接說 to be postponed 比較抽象一些。

4️⃣ The 2020 Tokyo Olympics won't be delayed by the coronavirus outbreak.

當然大家最常使用的 delay 也是一個選項 (注意詞性喔)

[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別

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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B

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在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。

為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字，我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知，可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙，也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典，更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。

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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.

constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的。

-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).

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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

在表示“由……材料構成”時，見於被動語態；在用於主動語態時，一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。

-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )

-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，並不能組成一本好書)

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3. account for: 說明（原因、理由等）; 導致，引起; （在數量、比例上）; 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)

(在數量、比例上）占

These products, in total, account for about 80％ of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80％。).

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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:

-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。

-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).

-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10％。).

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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.

consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同

-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。)

-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人，女人和孩子們組成的。).

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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.

comprise 在表示“構成”時，其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*

-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).

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從這些動詞的意思來看，若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時，我們可用 compose 或 constitute。

England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.

(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)

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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時，我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。

(compose 經常用於被動態，而以 be composed of 的型式出現，意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)

-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)

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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html

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*在這幾個字當中，僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思，但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思，所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構，他們期期以為不可，而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語，一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語，如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而，在公說公有理，婆說婆有理，各有堅持的情況下，在此建議：若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握，那麼不妨使用它的同義詞，也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。

*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.

Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."

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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose

More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.

-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.

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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.

The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.

Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.

-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.

★ ★ Collocations (搭配詞) Every Day (1) ★ ★ 去除中式英文的捷徑

"解決爭端"、"違反人權"、"壓制民主"、"招致批評"、"擴大規模"...

這些詞組每一個詞組你有辦法各在"兩秒鐘"內講出正確的用法嗎?

1. to settle a dispute (解決糾紛、爭端), to reach a deal (達成交易), to reach a consensus (達成共識)

Tuesday’s deal was reached after intense last-minute negotiations to settle a dispute between India and China over the headquarters of the new bank.

----Aljazeera

2. to violate human rights (違反人權)/ to repress democracy and freedom (壓制自由與民主) / to impose law 施行法規/ to impose fine 施以罰則

(1) Although Chiang made contributions to the Republic of China, he imposed martial law and the ‘White Terror,’ severely violated human rights and repressed democracy and freedom

(2) The Ministry of Health and Welfare’s Administrative Appeal Committee has canceled an NT$1.85 billion fine imposed on cooking-oil producer. .

----The Taipei Times

3. to sustain injuries (直接翻"受傷"是最自然的; 字面: 遭受身體傷害) / to sustain a wound (刀槍傷)

(1) Elsewhere, another person died from injuries sustained in an earlier strike, Qudra said, giving an overall death toll of 166.

(文法分析: 原句為 died from injuries that were sustained in an...)

----The Taipei Times

(2) He sustained a serious wound in the stomach.

4. to expand the scope of (擴大規模) / to spark protests (激起抗議) / to draw criticism 招致批評 / sharp criticism 尖銳的批評

Tokyo yesterday was slapped a lawsuit over its decision to expand the scope of the Japanese military, a divisive shift for the pacifist nation that sparked protests at home and drew sharp criticism from China.

----The Taipei Time

5. to vent frustrations / anger 發洩挫折感、洩怒

Brazil fans vent frustrations (newspaper headline)

----The Taipei Time

Note: 受詞的單複數必須視context 而斟酌，這邊請學習者特別注意。例如，是 to spark a protest 還是 spark protests 需視語意而定。切勿照單全收!