📜 [專欄新文章] 區塊鏈管線化的效能增進與瓶頸

✍️ Ping Chen

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使用管線化（Pipeline）技術可以提升區塊鏈的處理效能，但也可能會產生相應的代價。

Photo by tian kuan on Unsplash

區塊鏈的擴容方案

說到區塊鏈的效能問題，目前討論度最高的應該是分片（sharding）技術，藉由將驗證者分成多組的方式，可以同時分別處理鏈上的交易需求，即使單分片效能不變，總交易量可以隨著分片/驗證者集的數量線性增加。

除了分片，另一個常用來提升程式效能的方案是將計算步驟拆解，以流水線的方式將複雜的運算攤平，降低系統的閒置時間，並大幅提升工作效率。為了達到管線化預期的目的，會需要先知道系統的瓶頸在哪。

區塊鏈的效能瓶頸

熟悉工作量證明設計哲學的人應該會知道，區塊鏈之所以需要挖礦，並不是為了驗證交易的正確性，而是要決定交易的先後順序，從而避免雙花和帳本分裂的發生。可以說，區塊鏈使用低效率的單線程設計，並付給礦工高額的成本，都只為了一件事，就是對交易的全局排序產生共識。

在這樣的基礎之上，區塊鏈在一段時間內可以處理的交易數量是有限的，這之中包含許多方面的限制，包括 CPU 效能、硬碟空間、網路速度等。其中，關於 TPS(每秒交易數) 提升和對硬體的要求大致上是線性增加的，但在設計共識演算法時，通訊複雜度常是平方甚至三次方的關係。

以現在的目標 TPS 來說，處理交易和生成一個合法的區塊並不困難，只是因為區塊鏈的特性，新區塊需要透過洪水法的方式擴散到全網路，每個節點在收到更新請求的時候都要先執行/驗證過區塊內的交易，等於整個廣播的延時會是「驗證區塊時間×經過的 hop 數量」這麼多。似乎網路越分散、節點越多，我們反而會需要降低計算量，以免讓共識不穩定。

管線化的共識機制

使用權益證明取代工作量證明算是行業發展的趨勢，除了環保或安全這些比較顯然的好處之外，權益證明對產生共識的穩定性也很有幫助。首先，權益證明在同一時間參與共識的節點數是已知的，比較容易控制數量級的邊界；其次，權益證明的出塊時間相較工作量證明固定很多，可以降低計算資源不足或閒置的機率。

相較於工作量證明是單一節點出塊，其餘節點驗證，權益證明的出塊本身就需要很多節點共同參與，瓶頸很像是從驗證轉移到通訊上。

以 PBFT 為例，每次產新區塊都需要經過 pre-prepare, prepare, commit 三個階段，你要對同意驗證的區塊簽名，還要對「你有收到某人的簽名」這件事簽名，再對「你有收到 A 說他有收到 B 的簽名」這件事簽名，過程中會有很多簽名飛來飛去，最後才能把一個區塊敲定。

為了降低每兩個區塊間都需要三輪簽名造成的延遲，後來的共識演算法包括 HotStuff 和 Casper FFG 採用了管線化的區塊驗證過程。也就是對區塊 T 的 pre-prepare 同時是對 T-1 的 prepare 和對 T-2 的 commit。再加上簽名聚合技術，出塊的開銷在複雜度等級和係數等級都降低許多。

然而，要保持管線化的區塊生產順利，需要驗證者集合固定不變，且網路通訊狀況良好。如果會經常更動驗證者集合或變換出塊的領導者，前後區塊間的相依性會是個大問題，也就是 T 的驗證者集合取決於 T-1 裡有沒有會導致刪除或新增驗證者的交易，T-1 的合法性又相依於 T-2，以此類推。

當激烈的分叉出現的時候，出塊跟共識的流水線式耦合就從優雅變成災難了。為了避免這種災難，更新的共識演算法會限制驗證者變更的時機，有些叫 epoch 有些叫 checkpoint，每隔一段時間會把前面的區塊徹底敲定，才統一讓驗證者加入或退出。到這些檢查點的時候，出塊的作業流程就會退化成原本的三階段驗證，但在大部分時候還是有加速的效果。

管線化的狀態更新

另一個可以用管線化加速的是區塊鏈的狀態更新。如前所述，現在公鏈的瓶頸在於提高 TPS 會讓區塊廣播變慢，進而導致共識不穩定，這點在區塊時間短的以太坊上尤其明顯。可是如果單看執行一個區塊內的交易所花的時間的話，實際上是遠遠低於區塊間隔的。

只有在收到新區塊的時候，節點才會執行狀態轉移函數，並根據執行結果是否合法來決定要不要把區塊資訊再廣播出去。不過其實只要給定了交易集合，新的狀態 s’ = STF(s, tx) 應該是確定性的。

於是我們有了一個大膽的想法：何不乾脆將交易執行結果移出共識外呢？反正只要大家有對這個區塊要打包哪些交易有共識，計算的結果完全可以當作業留給大家自己算吧。如果真的不放心，我們也可以晚點再一起對個答案，也就是把這個區塊執行後的新狀態根包在下個區塊頭裡面。

這就是對狀態更新的管線化，在區塊 T 中敲定交易順序但暫不執行，區塊 T+1 的時候才更新狀態（以及下一批交易）。這麼做的好處十分顯而易見，就是將原本最緊繃的狀態計算時間攤平了，從原本毫秒必爭的廣播期移出來，變成只要在下個塊出來之前算完就好，有好幾秒的時間可以慢慢來。新區塊在廣播的每個 hop 之間只要驗證交易格式合法（簽名正確，有足夠的錢付手續費）就可以放行了，甚至有些更激進的方案連驗簽名都省略了，如果真的有不合法交易混進去就在下個區塊處罰礦工/提案者便是。

把負擔最重的交易執行移出共識，光用想的就覺得效能要飛天，那代價呢？代價是區塊的使用程度會變得不穩定。因為我們省略了執行，所以對於一筆交易實際用掉多少 gas 是未知的。本來礦工會完整的執行所有交易，並盡可能的塞滿區塊空間，然而在沒有執行的情況下，只能以使用者設定的 gas limit 當作它的用量，能打包的交易會比實際的上限少。

緊接著，下一個問題是退費困難。如果我們仍然將沒用完的手續費退還給使用者，惡意的攻擊者可以透過發送 gas limit 超大，實際用量很小的交易，以接近零的成本「霸佔」區塊空間。所以像已故區塊鏈 DEXON 就直接取消 gas refund，杜絕濫用的可能。但顯然這在使用者體驗和區塊空間效率上都是次優的。

而最近推出的 smartBCH 嘗試擬了一套複雜的退款規則：交易執行後剩餘的 gas 如果小於 gas limit 的一半（代表不是故意的）就退款；如果剩餘量介於 50%-75% 可以退一半；超過 75% 推斷為惡意，不退款。乍看是個合理的方案，仔細一想會發現製造的問題似乎比解決的還多。無論如何，沒用掉的空間終究是浪費了，而根據殘氣比例決定是否退款也不會是個好政策，對於有條件判斷的程式，可能要實際執行才知道走哪條路，gas limit 一定是以高的情況去設定，萬一進到 gas 用量少的分支，反而會噴更多錢，怎麼想都不太合理。

安全考量，退費大概是沒希望了。不過呢，最近以太坊剛上線的 EIP1559 似乎給了一點方向，如果區塊的使用程度能以某種回授控制的方式調節，即使偶爾挖出比較空的區塊似乎也無傷大雅，也許能研究看怎麼把兩者融合吧。

管線化方案的發展性

考慮到以太坊已經堅定地選擇了分片的路線，比較激進的單鏈高 TPS 管線化改造方案應該不太有機會出線，不過管線化畢竟是種歷史悠久的軟體最佳化技巧，還是很有機會被使用在其他地方的，也許是 VDF 之於信標鏈，也許是 rollup 的狀態轉換證明，可以坐等開發者們表演。

倒是那些比較中心化的 EVM fork/sidechain，尤其是專門只 for DeFi 的鏈，管線化加速可以在不破壞交易原子性的前提下擴容，確實是有一些比分片優秀的地方可以說嘴，值得研究研究，但這就要看那些機房鏈們有沒有上進心，願不願意在分叉之餘也投資發展自己的新技術了。

給我錢

ping.eth

區塊鏈管線化的效能增進與瓶頸 was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

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2017年盛暑拍畢《巨神連線》，心律不整差點心肌梗塞向閻羅王報到，意識死神隨伺在側，人生苦短，如何了生脫死、盡斷煩惱、無所罣礙、遠離顛倒……總不得解，蒙釋迦摩尼佛開示飆淚三晝夜，聞佛法數載始知自我渺如塵埃，甚感慚愧。閒暇乃參訪名寺古剎，禮敬焚香佛陀菩薩羅漢諸神天仙王爺媽娘，台灣宮廟千奇百怪、宗派錯綜複雜（佛教、道教、一貫道、天主教、基督教、齋教、回教＆大同教、儒教鑾堂、天帝教＆天德教、慈惠堂＆勝安宮、軒轅教、道院、理教、萬國道德會、會靈山……）、神棍橫行（依人不依法、偶像崇拜、斂財、邪淫），因歷史變遷、社會動盪、政治鬥爭、意識形態等因素導致佛道混雜，但地獄造景稀少，後專注拍攝各殿閻王、判官、陰司、獄卒、七爺、八爺乃至一切罪人，各寺造景巧妙、耐人尋味，意境乖張溢於言表，造型扭曲非常人所能塑也，然匠心獨運、自成一格，專研西方藝術數十載方知真誠樸拙最美，絲毫不輸喬托（Giotto di Bondone，1267～1337）乃至米開朗基羅（Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni 1475 ~ 1564）矣。

創立於1986年的石門金剛宮風景優美可眺望北濱，雖主祀四面佛，儒釋道眾神尊也不含糊，可過七星橋解厄、繞行五百黝黑羅漢敲鑼印心、跪拜亞洲最大臥佛涅槃像，安太歲自不在話下，甲子太歲爺雙眼長出手掌印象甚深，1994年經閻羅王指示廟公建造一條肚內設極樂世界及陰曹地府之神龍，行走暗黑通道觸動感應機關，只見面容猙獰受刑者呼天搶地喊冤、身邊盡是血肉糢糊殘肢敗屍腦漿塗地，十殿閻羅各司其職、威儀攝人。新北市林口區青嶺湖北文紫祥宮包公廟則以壁面彩塑地獄浮雕獨步全台，粉嫩色彩搭配卡漫風格，尤為造型簡直恐怖到可愛透頂，該廟主祀森羅殿閻羅天子包拯（包青天），陽世冤屈者可至此參拜祭解，求破懸案者眾，逢中元普渡皆以紙紮船渡亡魂至彼岸，全台唯一閻羅天子巨像籌備中，四周環繞墓地，適合修不淨觀也。台灣首尊彰化八卦山大佛旁南天宮（1971）地府則是首座電動地府，規模精小但驚嚇度破表，略顯破敗但五光十色仍蠻凶悍，出自已故台南大道長金登富之作，而電動神明起始可追溯至1960年代北港朝天宮。倒是嘉義水上鄉白人牙膏觀光工廠「戴相府」、「將軍府」設置十殿地府出乎意料之外，乾淨亮麗、ㄧ殿ㄧ間、簡單樸實。由高雄蓮潭龍虎塔龍口入內可見全臺唯一交趾陶地獄牆面，尊尊栩栩如生，續入龍身乃進聞聲救苦白衣觀音大士三十三化身浮雕隧道，造型設色甚為古錐。高雄大岡山超峰寺入口處「西方三聖蓮池海會」（阿彌陀佛、觀世音菩薩、大勢至菩薩巨像）旁設靜態十殿閻羅（1970年代初），雖略為陳舊然韻味猶存，續往上行可抵「證菩提道－釋迦如來應化事迹」雕塑園區，一攬世尊畢生精華。如來年邁時，琉璃國王為報長期被釋迦族輕蔑之傲慢心，世尊雖三次單獨伽跌坐 阻擋大軍進攻之路，但因緣果報無法逆轉，昔日婢女所生王子瞋恨無以復加，還是滅了祖國。自持神通第一目犍連不忍無辜百姓慘遭屠殺，遂以缽盛救度五百族人，最終卻化為血水，佛言神通廣大仍不敵千百劫業力，因緣果報屢試不爽。其母死後墜入餓鬼道飢餓難耐，目犍連遂展神通救渡，但所食尚未入口皆化為赤火，佛陀囑咐農曆七月十五日僧眾解安居自恣日，於盆中設甘露美食供養十方僧眾，因此超度亡母。後世「盂蘭盆法會」乃至「水懺法會」、「瑜珈焰口法會 」皆為消業障、斷塵垢之超渡儀軌，既渡亡魂也自懺悔。

台南麻豆代天府規模宏大、造型豔麗，不但可遊十八層地獄尚可逛天堂（1979年興建，1983年開放)，燈光絢爛、聲響駭人，獨自漫步宛如觀落陰、地獄走一回。先過「心頭山」、入「清心池」、進「陰陽界」、抵「交簿廳」、達「鬼門關」、遊「補經所」、探「枉死城」、行「奈何橋」，至ㄧ殿泰廣王照「孽鏡台」現造惡原形，睹抱柱、火床等小地獄。二殿楚江王開「陰查簿 」判案定奪，觀糞尿泥、餓鬼、舞池、寒冰、膿血、鞭韃、舌犁、劍葉、戟腹拋接、砧截……等小地獄。三殿宋帝王刑罰為倒吊、銅鐵刮臉、挖眼、搗樁、倒烤、吸血、穿肋、抽筋、蛆蛀等小地獄……兼遊「四生（胎、卵、濕、化）回魂府」。四殿五官王掌管腰斬、拔舌、沸湯、刺嘴、剝皮、箭樹、車崩、射眼……等十六小地獄。隨五殿森羅王豋「望鄉臺」回眸親人最終眼後觀擊膝、誅心、刀山、飛刀火石……小地獄。六殿卞城王別稱「大叫喚大地獄」，轄火牛、虎啖、噬腎、鉗嘴含鍼、釘喉、磨摧、砍頭……等小地獄。七殿泰山王為「熱惱大地獄」，窺烙手指、抽腸、頂石蹲身、油釜滾烹、割舌穿腮……等十六小地獄。八殿都市王掌管「大熱惱大地獄」兼火狗、鐵汁、鐵蛇、鋸劈斷肢、釘板、灸脊、鐵丸、磅秤……等小地獄。九殿平等王直轄十八層「阿鼻大地獄」，直透地心、內中陰森、不見五指、滿溢地漿，皆為極犯，另轄紫赤毒蛇鑽孔、夾頂、鐵鴉、針雨、蜂蠍……等小地獄。至十殿輪轉王上「觀生臺」、「轉劫所八司」（查驗司 、稽善司 、考過司 、恩怨司 、壽命司 、支配司、掌劫司 、授生司）後至「孟婆亭」飲「醧忘湯」忘盡前塵往事，依前世功德過金、銀、玉、石、木、竹六種橋樑至「轉輪臺（紫河車）」入六道輪迴轉生投胎。據《十八泥犁經》記載，人過世後七七四十九天為「中陰生」，經閻羅王審判善惡業力判定去留或懲罰百千萬劫，犯五逆重罪則墮入「無間地獄（阿鼻地獄）」永劫不復。地藏王乃幽冥教主，統轄十殿閻羅，逢三曹普渡便在各殿設「講道所」超度尚存善根之鬼魂。

人類居於五趣（阿修羅、人、傍生、餓鬼、地獄）雜居地五濁惡世之堪忍世界，犯十惡業（殺生、偷盜、邪淫、妄語、兩舌、惡口、綺語、貪慾、嗔恚、愚痴）者必墮三趣惡道。如何出「三界」（欲界、色界、無色界）二十八天？凡人無此意識，別說能破「十二因緣」（無明、行、識、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死）還滅門，更別想斷除「四聖諦」（苦、集、滅、道）集地八十一品見惑與八十八使思惑（五利使-身見、邊見、邪見、見取見、戒禁取見、五鈍使-貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑），了悟「五蘊」（色、受、想、行、識）本空、「十二入」（眼、耳、鼻、舌、意、色、聲、香、味、觸、法）空、「十八界」空，破俱生我執與分別我執、法執甚至空執，生十一處「善心所」（信、精進、慚、愧、無貪、無瞋、無痴、輕安、不放逸、行捨、不害），降二十六處「惡心所」（貪、瞋、癡、慢、疑、惡見、忿、恨、覆、惱、嫉、慳、誑、諂、害、憍、無慚、無愧、掉舉、惛沉、不信、懈怠、放逸、失念、散亂、不正知），須知善根斷盡則陷永劫輪迴、無垠轉世之苦。

地獄可能空滅嗎？若地獄空乏人間多鬼怪，地獄淨空世間何嘗非淨土？若能證空性何處現地獄？

地獄曠古來便廣泛流傳各部族間，老死生滅為自然運行之基礎、宇宙意識之核心，然今文明昌盛如咱城邦並非慾望消弭之所，惡性所及實無可根除，礙於憲法國家法律社會軍隊企業公司學校家庭團體之層層束縛不亞於十八層，乃遁於壓抑、束己情懷，暗埋心底、日久貪嗔痴慢疑怨噌會疊穢。而六塵未熄，心多妄念，妖魔鬼怪魑魅魍魎孤魂閃靈出沒於荒郊乃至人間，會靈於曠野密林以增性靈乃出世高人修煉之舉，我等凡人擅闖宛如迪士尼般之人造地獄，三魂七魄尚不足以出竅，驚邪恐怖淒厲猙獰倒滿足了自以為是的慚愧，豈不謬哉？

病毒肆虐年半有餘，全球確診者逼近一億八千萬，枉死者近四百萬，堪比戰爭規模，望眾生發慈悲心、令往生者安息、善待其他物種、平等有情眾生。地獄本空，唯妄念生起一切羨慕嫉妒恨而地獄現前。盡以此書作為世界新冷戰獨裁者、超限戰者、暗網駭客、陰險狡猾冷嘲熱諷落井下石者之良知備忘錄矣。

姚瑞中寫於2021年端午節

Postscript

I have been living recklessly in Taiwan for more than fifty years. According to Zi Wei Dou Shu (Purple Star Astrology), Tan Lang is the sole star in my house of Self. This star, which represents xxx, forms an equilateral triangle with that star Qi Sha and Po Jun on the square chart and constitutes a Sha Po Lang pattern. The pattern indicates a kind of turbulence and change, a life of wandering with ups and downs and it tells a lot about my life. After my ill-fated youth, I started from scratch and traveled around the world with exhibitions that I participated. Like a flaneur, I wandered around ruins, nature, and temples with every type of film camera obliviously. Thus, I founded the Hall of Illusion and claimed to be the master of the hall. Several times a day, I pondered a quote from the Diamond Sutra, “Everything with form is unreal.” In addition, I usually stayed in the darkroom developing film and enlarging those negatives overnight. However, I treasured the simplicity of the black and white world. The earthly, gaudy, garish, phony and pleasing qualities within colored photos make the images even more realistic than the real world. It is not my cup of tea, so I seldom took colored photos. In Confucian thought, the age of fifty marks the stage knowing the mandate of Heaven. I am now at my fifties and realize how ephemeral human life is. However, I am not an immortal, nor having sagelike characteristics. I just learned that the stage of stainless (the second bhūmi) and develop a pure mind that is free from doubt and defilement. However, I’m still far from the immovable state and need to practice.

In the summer of 2017, after filming the work Incarnation, I experienced a severe heart rhythm problem which almost triggered myocardial infarction and could have killed me. Consequently, I realized that death was waiting for me and the life is too short to figure out how I can liberate myself from the cycle of Birth and Death. I couldn’t comprehend how to be free from all afflictions and worries and how to avoid delusive ideas. I wept for three days and nights after being enlightened by Shakyamuni Buddha. Up to the moment, I felt ashamed that I failed to realize that the self is as insignificant as dust after these years learning and practicing Buddhism. Since then, I have visited famous temples and monasteries in my spare time, worshiping Buddha, Bodhisattvas, arhats, and all the deities and immortals. Taiwan’s temples are myriad with a enormous number of sects, including Buddhism, Taoism, Yiguandao, Catholicism, Christianity, Chinese religions of fasting, Islam& Baháʼí Faith, Confucianism, Tiandiism& Tian-De Teachings, Xiwangmu cult, Yellow Emperor Sect, Precosmic Salvationism, Liism, World Wide Ethical Society, séance cult, etc. Some people even claim that they can mediate communication between the deities or spirits of the dead with human beings, having their believer rely on themselves instead of the orthodox dharma or dogma and pay excessive respect and admiration for the mediums or objects, accumulating wealth through such an unfair means or even harassing their believer sexually. Due to Taiwan’s historical changes, social turbulence, political struggles, and ideological issues, Buddhism and Taoism are somehow mixed. However, there are few emphases on the concept of the hell. As I took photographs of Yama of each court, judges, wardens of the underworld, jailers, General Fan and Hsieh (the ghost escorts) and all sinners, I found few temples cleverly created hellish scenes that are intriguing, exaggerating, and extraordinary. However, the creations are unparalleled unique. I have been studying Western arts for decades and then I came to realize that simplicity makes the most beautiful works of art. These hellish scenes can even compete with works of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337) and Michelangelo Di lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (1475-1564).

Jingang Temple Shimen District, founded in 1986, overlooks the beautiful North shore. Although the temple is mainly dedicated to Phra Phrom (the Thai representation of Mahabrahma), spirits of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism can also be founded in the temple. The worshipper can go cross the Seven Star bridge to relieve bad luck, walk along the five hundred arhat statues and knock on the gong to affirm one’s Buddha nature. Furthermore, the worshipper can also prostrate themself before Asia’s largest statue of Buddha in Nirvana (the Reclining Buddha statue) and pacify the Taoist Tai Sui deity of the year. I was impressed by the Jia-Zi Tai Sui General that a pair of palms grow out of his eyes. In 1994, the biō-kong (the person taking charge of the temporal affairs of a temple) received a divine inspiration from Yama (the King of Hell) that he had to build a sacred hall in the shape of a divine dragon, with the interior designed according to the World of Ultimate Bliss and the Underworld. When the visitor walks in the dark hallway, they will see the tortured people (dioramas, of course) scrunching their faces and crying bitterly and loudly in excessive grief as the visitor triggers the mechanism. One will even find them in the midst of flesh, body liquid and blood, mutilated limbs, and rotten corpses. While each of the ten Yamas are focusing on their own duties, showing their sacred dignity that collect visitors’ attention. The Baogong Temple in Linkou District, New Taipei City exclusively features colorful depiction of hellish scenes in relief in Taiwan. With its pastel shades and cartoon-like style, the relief is both grotesque and adorable at the same time. This temple is dedicated to Bao Zhen (also known as Justice Bao) representing the incarnation of Yama. Living people who have been treated unjustly can come worshipping Bao Gong and receive exorcism. Therefore, many people come here for seeking to solve unsolved cases. In Zhongyuan Festival (the ghost festival), the temple will burn the Zhizha (paper craft) boat to ferry the ghosts to the other shore, which is the shore of enlightenment. The only giant statue of Yama in Taiwan is still in the making. The temple is surrounded by a cemetery, suitable for meditating on the loathsomeness and impurity. Nantian Temple (1971), located next to the Eight Trigram Mountains Buddha in Changhua, features the first animatronic underworld. Despite the small size, the animatronic underworld is intensely shocking. Though it’s slightly worn, the colorful dioramas are still brutally ferocious. The creator was the late venerable Dao Zhang (Taoist priest) Jing Deng-fu while the origin of animatronic deities can be traced back to the 1960s Beigang Chaotian Temple. On the contrary, the Whiteman Toothpaste Tourism Factory in Shuishang Township, Chiayi, features ten Yamas with individual booth. The place is unexpectedly clean and polished yet keeps a simple and modest tone. Then, the Dragon Pagoda of the Dragon and Tiger Pagodas at Lotus Lake in Zuoying, Kaohsiung, holds the only relief of hellish scenes made of Kochin ceramic. All the figures are vivid and life-like. If one goes further into the pagoda, they will see a relief tunnel of the thirty-three incarnations of the white-robed form of Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara) on a white lotus, with a lovely and interesting design. Another Hall of Yama is built in the 1970s next to the entrance of Dagangshan Chaofeng Temple, located in the Alian District of Kaohsiung. Visitors will also see three statues of the Three Holy Ones of the Western Pureland (Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, Mahāsthāmaprāpta) which assemble at a lotus pond. Although the hellish scene looks somewhat antiquated, you may still find its previous charm. If one goes further, they will reach the sculptural garden of “Attaining the Bodhi Way: the Incarnation of Sakyamuni Buddha,” where the visitor can see the essence of Bhagavato’s (meaning the Blessed one, one of the common epithets for Buddha) life. When Tathāgata (another epithet for Buddha) was old, the king of Kosala wanted to avenge the arrogance of the tribe of Shakyas who had long despised him, regarding him as a son of a maiden. Although Buddha has sat in lotus position alone three times to stop the army from attacking his tribe. However, one can never reverse the cause and following karma. The prince born of a maiden was so furious that he eventually destroyed his homeland. Maudgalyāyana (one of the Buddha’s closest disciples), who is said to have had supernatural abilities that surpassed the other disciples, could not bear to see the slaughter of innocent people. Thus, he saved five hundred people of his tribe with a pātra (an eating utensil of Buddhist monks). Unfortunately, everything he did was in vain, those who were saved eventually turned into a puddle of blood. The Buddha said that the supernatural abilities cannot surpass the power of karma. The cause and effect work all the time. When Maudgalyāyana’s mother fell into the path of hungry ghost, he used his supernatural abilities to save his mother from hunger. However, all the food turned into fire before being fed to his mother. Later, the Buddha commanded the monks to put nectar and dishes in a basin on the 15th day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar for the monks from all directions to free his mother from reincarnation. In later times, the Ullambana Dharma Service, the Compassionate Samadhi Water Repentance, and the Yoga Collection for Feeding the Searing Mouths Dharma Service are rituals to eliminate karmic hindrance and to cease to worldly delusions. Through such practices, one can free the dead as well as confess their repentance.

Madou Daitian Temple is a magnificent and colorful temple in Tainan. Not only can the worshippers visit the eighteen levels of Hell but also the Heaven (it was built in 1979 and inaugurated in 1983) here. The lighting and sound effects are stunning and frightening. When walking alone in the space, one may feel like taking a Guan Luo Yin trip (a Taoist necromancy which leads people’s spirits to hell and communicate with the dead ones) to visit the underworld prison. Before arriving the first court of the underworld, the visitor will walk through the Mountain of Heart Summit, the Pure Heart Pond, the Frontier between the Living and the Dead Realms, the Soul Registry Hall, the Portico of Demons, the Center for Complementary Teaching of Canonical Books, the Citadel of Premature Death, and the Bridge of Vanity. When one arrives at the first court, they will see King Chin-guang, who is in charge of the court, using the Mirror of Retribution to show the earthly form of evil creatures and also witness the sub-hell of Pillar-Holding and Fire Bed, etc. At the second court, King Chu-jiang collates the register of sins the souls of the dead have committed to impose the punishments. Here, you will see the sub-hell of Excrement and Urine, Hungry Ghost, Burning Dance Floor, Ice, Pus and Blood, Whipping, Tongue-Raking, Sword Blade, Stomach-Piercing, Chopping, etc. Next, the dead at the third court, ruled by King Song-di, will receive the punishments including inversion tortures, face-skinning with steel and copper knife, eye-wrenching, pounding, blood-sucking, rib-piercing, roasting, tendon-taking, being eaten by maggots. The visitor can pay a visit to the Palace of Soul-Resuscitation for the Four Forms of Creatures (birth from an egg, birth from a womb, birth from moisture, and birth by transformation). King Wu-guan is in charge of the fourth court. There are sixteen sub-hells at the fourth court including Waist Chop, Tongue Removal, Boiling Pond, Mouth-stabbing, Skin-peeling, Sword Tree, Burning Wheels and Cart, Eye-shooting, etc. Next, at the fifth court, sinful souls are allowed to ascend the Tower of Hometown-Viewing to take a final look of their family. The visitor will witness sub-hells of Knee-striking, Heart-slicing, Blade Mountain, Flying Swords and Burning Stones, etc. The King of Bian City takes charge of the sixth court, which is also known as the “Great Hell of Screaming,” with sub-hells including Fire Cattle, Tiger-Biting, Kidney-Eating, Mouth-Poking, Throat-Nailing, Iron Mill, Decapitation, etc. The King of Tai-shan is in charge of the seventh court, the “Great Hell of Heat and Fire.” The sixteen sub-hells at this court include Finger-Searing, Bowel-Hauling, Stone-Bearing, Boiling Oil, Tongue-Removal and Cheek-Piercing, etc. Next, the King Du-shi is in charge of the eighth court, the “Great Hell of Intense Fire and Heat,” and the sub-hells including Fire Dogs, Molten Iron, Iron Snakes, Dismemberment, Steel Spikes, Burning-Marrow, Iron Ball, Scale, etc. The ninth court is ruled by the King Ping-deng. It is known as the biggest court, Avici Hell (the Hell of Incessant Suffering), which if the lowest level of the hell realm and the interior is gloomily and terrifyingly dark. Those who committed the most serious evil deed will be sent to the Avici Hell. Sub-hells such as Poisonous Snake, Brain-Removal, Crow-Gnawing, Raining Needles, Wasps and Scorpions are included at this court. After arriving the tenth court, ruled by the Great King of the Reincarnation Palace, one can visit the “Observatory of Life on earth” and the “eight bureaus of the Reincarnation Palace” (including the Bureau of Judicial Control, the Bureau of Good-Actions, the Bureau of Bad-Actions, the Bureau of Debts, Gratitude, and Vengeance, the Bureau of Longevity and Destiny, the Bureau of Familial Ties, the Bureau of the Reincarnated, and the Bureau of Birth). The sinful one will be sent to the Pavilion of Mengpo and made to drink the Soup of Forgetfulness to forget all past affairs. According to the sinful one’s merits of previous life, they will go across one of the six bridges (gold, silver, jade, stone, wood, bamboo) to the “Reincarnation-Wheel (Wheel on the Crimson River).” Finally, one is able to reborn in the six realms. According to the Aṣṭadaśa nāraka sutra ( the Eighteen Hells Sutra), after one passes away, they will enter an intermediate and transitional state between death and rebirth, known as antarābhava in Sanskrit, for forty-nine days. The being will be evaluated by Yama, who will decide if one should get reborn or get punished at the hell. Those who committed the Five Grave Offenses (killing one’s father, killing one’s mother, killing an Arhat, shedding the blood of a Buddha, and creating a schism within the community of Buddhist monks and nun who practice for attaining enlightenment.) will be sent to the Avici Hell and stay there eternally. Kṣitigarbha is the Lord of the Nether World, ruling the ten court of Hell. The lord will set up the “Hall of Teaching” at each court to salvage those sinful ones who still obtain few merits at the offering rituals.

Human beings live the Sahā world (sahāloka in Sanskrit, meaning “endurance of suffering,” a concept of mundane world in Mahāyāna Buddhism) where they share with other reincarnations (including beings of the hells, of the preta, and of malevolent nature spirits) with five turbidities (the Kalpa turbidity, the view turbidity, the affliction turbidity, the living beings turbidity, and the life turbidity). Those who commit the ten evil deeds (killing, stealing, adultery, lying, using immoral language, slandering, equivocating, coveting, anger, and false views) must fall into the three evil paths (animals, preta, and hell). However, how can one escape from the three realms/ twenty-eight heavens (including the six heavens of the desire realm, the eighteen heavens of the form realm, and the four heavens of the formless realm)? Worldly people who don’t have such an awareness cannot leave the cycle of the twelve nidanas (meaning causes or motivations), let alone eliminate the eighty-one afflictions (that have been produced due to misunderstanding regarding reality) and the eighty-eight illusions (including five afflictions of advanced practitioners, also known as five views: view of self, extreme view, evil view, view of attachment to views, and view of morality; and five unintelligent temptations: desire, anger, stupidity, arrogance, and doubt) of thought within the three realms and four Arya satyas (noble truths, including suffering, arising, ending, and path). They cannot realize that the essence of the five skandhas (referring to aggregates of clinging, including the matter of form, sensation, recognition, mental formation, and consciousness) , the twelve ayatana (meaning sense base, including six internal bases: eye, ear, nose, tongue, body, and mind and six external bases: visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects), and the eighteen dhātavah (meaning compositional elements of human existence, including six consciousness, six faculties, and their objects) are the emptiness and the void. Furthermore, they cannot dispel the two reasons for clinging to the idea of the self and the attachment to elemental constructs and even believe in the two (false) tenets that that karma and nirvana are not real and that the ego and phenomena are real. As a consequence, they fail to develop the eleven wholesome mental factors (faith, energy, conscience, being ashamed, non-attachment, non-aggression, non-delusion, calmness, equanimity, conscientiousness, and non-injuriousness) and cease the sixteen unwholesome mental factors (desire, greed, anger, delusion, arrogance, doubt, wrong view, wrath, enmity, hypocrisy, vexation, jealousy, parsimony, deceit, flattery, harming, ambitiousness, stupidity, lacking of faith, idleness, being unrestrained, forgetting, distraction, non-discernment, ). One must bear in mind that once all our virtuous roots are discontinued, they will be trapped in the never-ending reincarnation and the suffering of infinite continuity.
Is it possible that the hell will be empty one day? If the beings in hell will become extinct while evil spirits inhabit the mundane world, the world could be considered as a pure land. If we could witness the nature of the void, then hell will exist no more.
Since ancient times, the concept of hell has been widely spread among all tribes. Aging, death, beginning, and end are the basis of nature and the core of cosmic consciousness. However, the prosperous civilization as our island is not a place where desire can be eliminated. It’s impossible to eradicate evil nature. Since fetters brought by the constitution, the state, the law, society, the military, corporations, schools, families, and groups are not less than the eighteen levels of hell, the mortals repress themselves, bury their feelings. Day after day, greed, anger, stupidity, arrogance, doubt, and resentment are stacking. However, since the six dust (visible objects, sound, odor, taste, touch, and mental objects) has not yet been extinguished, people in the mundane world are still full of delusions. The demons, devils, evil spirits, and the wondering dead exist in the wilderness, while only advanced practitioners with transcendent would attempt to make contact with the dead in the wasteland and forest. Worldly people like us trespass in Disneyland-like man-made hell. It is absurd and ridiculous that the hellish scenes cannot stop us from perpetrating evil deeds, but the horrific and cruel scenes yet satisfy our self-righteous shame.

The pandemic has been boiling over for more than a year and a half. The number of infected patients worldwide is nearly a hundred and eighty million, and the death toll has risen to four million, which is equivalent to a war crisis. I hope that we can all be compassionate, give peace to the dead, treat all sentient beings well and equally. The hell is innately empty; however, deluded and misleading thoughts would give rise to all jealousy and hatred and then manifest the hell before us. This book merely serves as a memorandum of conscience for dictators of the world’s new cold war, supporters of unrestrained warfare, dark web hackers, and those who are cunning and contemptuous and maltreat others when knowing they have problems.

June 2021,

Yao Jui-chung

我大概從這個粉絲頁開始（今年是第九年）就一直在鼓吹一些離經叛道的事情 😂，其實從小就知道自己跟別人不一樣（不管是哪種不一樣🤪），然後11歲就吵著要一個人去美國唸書（完全不覺得父母要一起來我才能去。）

這些年來身邊也一直有人跟我說我很特別或跟其他人都不一樣，做一些不是正常人（？）會有的決定。大概都是聽聽而已，因為我完全不覺得自己這樣不正常。

因為我commit的只有我自己的成長跟我想要的生活而已，我清楚知道我要過怎樣的生活，我清楚知道我要的人生是怎樣的感覺，所以只要不是跟那些對頻的，我都會當耳邊風。

『一切都是自己選的』是我很小就有的認知，我自己選了要去美國，所以我就是全然接受那時遇到的一切，也因此，很多人問我說怎麼可以那麼勇敢，我真的不懂大家在說什麼。

就是我自己選的，我負責。

十年後回台灣也是自己選的，身邊所有的人都以為我會留在美國，但我很清楚知道我那時想要做什麼，我想要旅行，所以我那幾年基本上是沒有在存錢，也沒有在認真工作，就是離經叛道啦，因為我選擇的體驗是「旅行」。

那段時間我蠻常叫人家辭職啊、休學啊 😂，想做什麼就去做啊～身邊也自然而然吸引來這些人（你知道你是誰 😂），但我那時沒發現，我是有意識的在做這個選擇，因為我想要「體驗」那樣的生活，但部分人做這個選擇的根本是逃避，因為不知道自己要什麼。

我後來去了上海也是因為想要體驗上海的生活（還有因為那時的瑞典男友工作上有限制，那是當時最適合我們，可以最快結束遠距的第三地。）我那時是在兩天內就接收到工作（完全沒有「找」），四個月後就搬過去。

但當時的頻率是混雜的，那是我沒有意識到的東西，因為我那是認為要有錢才能換取自由，我那時想法是自由有代價（因為戶頭裡的存款一直在降低，然後那時被灌輸的觀念是中國錢好賺），這本身是一個能量的交換，也導致後來我無意識進入了匱乏狀態，久久無法自拔。

如果你回顧我2017~18年左右的文章，都是靠北抱怨中國居多，跟我當時16年剛去探勘時，什麼都能看到好的一面的狀態差很多。

然後有一段時間粉絲還因為靠北中國瞬間double（謝謝你們的加入 😂），但後來意識到那不是我想要維持的頻率（所以後來又掉了ＸＤ無所謂汰舊換新。）

這也是我意識到維持頻率，而且是「對的頻率」的重要性的開始，在那之前，接收對我來說是超容易的，但我不懂得要怎樣維持，也因此，不管是感情還是工作，都是一開始很好，後面就會走下坡，一直是這樣的循環。

我開始覺察自己現實生活中投射出去的東西是否都是我自己想要體驗的，我開始從生活中的選擇轉換成「思想上的選擇」。

換句話說，我開始做我自己思想的主宰，因為我是創造者，我可以選擇。

這也是為什麼我完全不會鼓吹先苦後甘、或是要「為眼前的事情負上責任」這種思維模式，因為那不是你真的想要的頻率。

It's not how it works.

大家都聽過 #吸引力法則 ， 但很少人在講 #頻率法則 —— 頻率法則是吸引力法則的基底，你如果不懂頻率法則，你無法有效利用吸引力法則。

頻率法則就是：你不是在接收你想要的 —— 你在接收的是「你是」、「你想」、「你說」、「你感受」的。你必須要先和你的內在連結，弄清楚你想要體驗什麼，就算沒有實際上的想法，至少你知道你想要的感覺是什麼，接著再去採取行動。

那個行動會是自然而然的，也是我常在我們社團裡說的，「靈感行動」或是「對頻行動」(inspired or aligned action)。你不用問我怎樣才知道自己是在做靈感行動，你如果是在透過腦袋想的，那叫做算計 (manipulation)。

我不是說你不能透過manipulation來接收理想現實，但通常你會很累，因為你沒對頻，你只是在且戰且走。

換句話說，如果你認為自己現在必須要先完成一些責任才能去做你想做的事，這完・全・不・是・對・頻・行・動。

這只是你認為要這樣（社會、旁人眼光加諸），但若是你很清楚自己選擇的是什麼，你根本不需要浪費生命在「眼前的責任」。

所以什麼延遲滿足感，要先suffer才能有美好的理想現實也是你給自己創造出來的劇碼而已。

我2019年初來到峇里島時，可是什麼都沒有。沒工作、跟別人講我一些發展的想法其實也都是在應付別人而已，因為我知道正常人喜歡聽藍圖。但我越講覺得越累，我騙誰啊，我想說服誰啊？我就是什麼都不知道啊，我根本不知道接下來人生會發生什麼事。

我憑著的就是一個「知道」，知道我的人生在我自己手裡、知道這裏是我的新生活、知道所有一切都是回歸到我自己。

我唯一的commitment就是我自己，不是其他人的意見。

你真的要負責的，就是自己的選擇和創造而已，然後你知道你要喊卡和轉向，隨時也都可以，因為這是你的人生，那些對你人生有太多意見的人都只是因為不想好好面對自己的人生才會在那裡碎嘴。

Tell them to mind their own business and stop giving a fuck.

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