[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別

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詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B

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在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。

為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字，我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知，可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙，也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典，更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。

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1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.

constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的。

-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).

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2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

在表示“由……材料構成”時，見於被動語態；在用於主動語態時，一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。

-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )

-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，並不能組成一本好書)

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3. account for: 說明（原因、理由等）; 導致，引起; （在數量、比例上）; 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)

(在數量、比例上）占

These products, in total, account for about 80％ of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80％。).

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4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:

-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。

-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).

-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10％。).

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5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.

consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同

-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。)

-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人，女人和孩子們組成的。).

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6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.

comprise 在表示“構成”時，其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*

-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).

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從這些動詞的意思來看，若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時，我們可用 compose 或 constitute。

England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.

(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)

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若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時，我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。

(compose 經常用於被動態，而以 be composed of 的型式出現，意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)

-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)

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詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html

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*在這幾個字當中，僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思，但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思，所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構，他們期期以為不可，而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語，一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語，如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而，在公說公有理，婆說婆有理，各有堅持的情況下，在此建議：若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握，那麼不妨使用它的同義詞，也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。

*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.

Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."

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Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose

More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.

-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.

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contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.

The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.

Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.

-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.

［媽媽寫］今日係Summer School 最後一日，有「発表会」！即係表演比D家長睇下成果！

我之前一路叫呢家做nursery，因為日文係「保育園」即托兒所，但如果同香港做法比較，佢地嘅「保育園」不止托兒、幫你睇住小朋友而已，而係通常有D課程或有唔同野玩，所以查實係「play group+托兒+少少幼稚園元素」。
呢間每個禮拜先定主題，然後每日就combine「一樣+唔同嘅活動」令小朋友加深對英文單字/用法嘅記憶，同一時間學一D概念，例如有個禮拜係關於「Money」。

話係「play group」，咁即係玩乜？
譬如：畫畫、折紙、做手工、玩Lego、睇書，之類。佢地嘅手工最正，通常廢物利用，idea好正的又好好笑。（唔....搵次再介紹）

Summer School加插了喺門口個吹氣pool玩水、出街去參觀銀行呀、消防局呀、去公園玩咁。全部都係行到去嘅地方---我話「行到去」，但有D單程以小朋友腳程都要行15分鐘的，而且烈日下！！所以放學都會散左或個頭濕水雞仔咁（通常出太多汗會換衫所以又唔會因此病左）。

因為係英文托兒所以，well，今日就比D家長睇下仔女嘅英文進步左、識左幾多。
有小朋友真係好鬼得意；有D完全唔知發生咩事咁發夢mode。有個媽咪係講唔知國語定普通話的，個女大概4-5歲完全自我世界、又叫極都唔肯坐低、老師抱走去第度又喊（我旁邊日本人夫婦想影個仔但由頭到尾比個女仔企係度遮住哂，2個人好無奈）。

為左比家長睇真正嘅小朋友，老師冇特登安排表演。而係做番上堂嘅嘢，等小朋友唔會緊張冇壓力，可以做番自己，比daddy mommy睇。真係以B為本。唔係香港咁，老師安排特備節目為證實比家長睇佢地暑期班可以令你個女曉飛，然後又驚家長投訴課程唔夠深嘅種種問題。我好鍾意呢度D人唔刻意。（嗱，呢度係沖繩，唔係東京呀，唔係全日本都係咁架。我相信東京competitive好多）

我地發覺最可愛嘅地方係：見到D小朋友，嗲哋媽咪未到果陣係咁望門口，然後表情一路好擔心咁；但嗲哋媽咪一出現即刻笑哂！！
好得意！
小朋友真係好簡單、好希望自己父母出席睇自己表演。
見到佢地咁，我相信我地將來絕對唔會缺席任何一個Mia出場嘅日子。我地其中一個一定會參與/出現的！

[生活美語] film genres 電影種類

Audio: https://www.dropbox.com/s/uodqij83igphl0o/tv%20and%20movies.mp3

Here are some common film genres. You can sometimes combine two of the genres into one (e.g. romantic comedy, action thriller, crime drama, etc.).

TV and Movies 電影藝術
action (n.) 動作片
action thriller (n.) 動作驚悚片
adventure (n.) 冒險片
animation (n.) 動畫片
art theater (n.) 藝術影院
audience (n.) 觀眾；讀者群
banned film (n.) 禁映影片
biography (n.) 傳記
board of censors (n.) 審查署
cable (n.) 有線電視
cast (n.) 演員陣容
children and family (n.) 兒童和家庭片
cinema (n.) 電影院 (美作:movie theater, the movies)
classics (n.) 經典片
comedy (n.) 喜劇
concession stand (n.) 貨攤，商攤
credits (n.) 字幕顯示的原作者[製作者、攝影者等]之名
crime (n.) 犯罪片
crime drama (n.) 罪案劇
crime show (n.) 犯罪
dialogue (n.) 對白
distributor (n.) 發行人
documentary (n.) 記錄片
double/stand-in (n.) 替身演員
drama (n.) 戲劇
epic (n.) 史詩片
family (n.) 家庭片
fantasy (n.) 幻想片
film festival (n.) 電影節
film industry (n.) 電影工業
film noir (n.) 黑色電影
film, motion picture (n.) 影片,電影 (美作:movie)
foreign film (n.) 國外片
full-length film, feature film 長片
game show (n.) 遊戲節目
historical film (n.) 歷史片
horror (n.) 恐怖片
host (n.) 節目主持人
lead (n.) 主角
lighting (n.) 燈光
martial arts (n.) 武俠片
music video (n.) 音樂視頻片
musicals/dance (n.) 音樂劇片/歌舞片
news (n.) 新聞
premiere (n.) 首映式
projector (n.) 放映機
rating (n.) 按等級分類；階級；類別
romance (n.) 愛情片
romantic comedy (n.) 愛情喜劇片
scene (n.) 場景
science fiction(n.) 科幻片
script (n.) 編劇
shooting (n.) 攝製
short(film) (n.) 短片
situation comedy (n.) 情景喜劇
soap opera (n.) 肥皂劇
soundtrack (n.) 音帶,聲帶
sports (n.) 運動片
subtitles (n.) 字幕
superhero (n.) 超級英雄片
suspense (n.) 懸念片
thriller (n.) 驚悚片
ticket counter/window (n.) 售票處
trailer (n.) 預告片
variety show (n.) 綜藝節目
war (n.) 戰爭片
westerns (n.) 西部片

Cinematography (電影藝術)
actors/actresses (n.) 演員
adaptation (n.) 改編
art theater (n.) 藝術影院
cast (n.) 陣容
censorship (n.) 審查制度
cinematography (n.) 電影（技術）電影放映
dialogue (n.) 對白
director (n.) 導演
dubbed film (n.) 配音複製的影片,譯製片
fade-in (v.) 淡入
fade-out (v.) 淡出
film industry (n.) 電影工業
footage (n.) 影片長度
full-length film, feature film (n.)長片
intermission (n.) 幕間休息
lighting (n.) 燈光
movie theater (n.) 電影院
panoramic screen (n.) 寬銀幕
premiere (n.) 首映式
production (n.) 製片
projection booth, projection room (n.)放映室
projector (n.) 放映機
release (n.) 准予上映
scenario, screenplay, script (n.) 編劇
series (n.) 系列片
setting (n.) 設置
shoot (v.) 拍攝
short(film) (n.) 短片
showing, screening, projection (n.)放映
silent film (n.) 默片,無聲片
sound track (n.) 電影音帶, 聲帶

看電影必知的百個英文詞彙: http://edu.sina.com.cn/en/2009-01-14/104149278.shtml

主要電視劇類型: http://www.sinoss.net/qikan/uploadfile/2010/1130/7329.pdf

用以描述自己喜歡書籍的日常英語:
http://www.englishtown.cn/community/modules/Blog/EntryId/3568/default.aspx?Group_Id=ADEAMgA

Image source: http://www.cinelinx.com/filmmaking/item/1812-5-tips-to-help-make-your-film-reel-the-best-possible.html

Complete List 完整托福和雅思單字表+mp3: http://tinyurl.com/lk3fglc

老師雖然每次在提供單字表時都會附上中文解釋(課堂上補充搭配的片語)，但這只是方便學生更快知道這個單字最通用的意思，不代表是它最完整的涵義及用法，有心的同學應該再進一步使用其它工具查詢，以讓自己的進步更迅速。當然，你也可以利用老師或字典提供的單字音檔加强自己對字的辨識能力和發音!

學習單字的方式:
英文單字學習 I: https://www.dropbox.com/s/tq2ym9m3ihsbuy6/vocabI.pdf
英文單字學習 II: https://www.dropbox.com/s/eu51xclk7qxb211/vocabII.pdf

Free Online Dictionaries 免費線上字典和辭典: http://tinyurl.com/kzctz56

【What to prepare】
· Hanger
· Chain
· Pliers and scissors
· Cable band

① Chain hanger
Just put a chain in the hanger.

② Kitchen paper holder
Put a notch in the hanger and pass the kitchen paper there.

③ Pillow hanger
Put a cable band to combine two hangers.

④ Banana rack
Pull out the hanger and spread it, bend it like folding it in half.

＜用意するもの＞
・ハンガー
・チェーン
・ペンチやはさみ
・結束バンド

①チェーンハンガー
ハンガーにチェーンを掛けるだけ。

②キッチンペーパーホルダー
ハンガーに切り込みを入れて、そこにキッチンペーパーを通す。

③枕ハンガー
二本のハンガーを結束バンドで連結させ、そのままぴっぱり変形させる。
後は枕などを間に挟み、片方のハンガーの首をもう片方のハンガーに掛ける。

④バナナラック
ハンガーを引っ張りたてに広げ、そのまま半分に畳むように曲げる。
最後にハンガーの首の部分をバナナが掛かるようバランスを見ながら折り曲げて完成。