[詞彙區別] constitute, compose, consist of, comprise, account for, make up 的區別

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

詞彙區別: http://wp.me/p44l9b-16B

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

在寫作的時候，有些同學為了避免重複使用相同的詞彙，卻選用了意義上不盡相同的詞，而無法精確地表達出自己所想傳達的想法。這問題很可能來自於考生平時在語言學習上過於依賴中英翻譯，因此在不夠了解某些詞彙精準的用法的情況下，很容易造成讀者的誤解。

為了幫助同學增加詞彙量並且精確地在口說和寫作上使用這些字，我建議同學們不要一開始的時候就死記硬背一群同義詞彙 (e.g. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, reduce, alleviate) 。雖然如此做會快速幫同學累積對這些詞的認知，可是認知都會停留在模糊階段。建議同學先熟悉其中一兩個單詞以後在開始累積相關的同義詞彙，也應該用搭配詞跟片語加上完整的例句和短文來輔助自己對單詞的理解。同時同學們也應該在使用這些單詞之前先查查字典，更進一步了解這些詞彙的使用方式。

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

1. constitute: to constitute something is to form a whole, especially of dissimilar components: Love and hate can constitute a balanced relationship.

constitute 所“構成”的事物在屬性和特徵上，亦或在組織上，與組成成分是一致的。

-Seven days constitutes a week (七天構成一個星期。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

2. Compose: to compose means the same as to constitute, but implies that the components have something in common: Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen.

在表示“由……材料構成”時，見於被動語態；在用於主動語態時，一般它所表示的“構成”或“組成”總包含著融合為一，而且主語或者是複數名詞或者是集體名詞。

-Concrete is composed of cement, sand and gravel mixed with water. (混凝土由水泥、砂、石子與水摻和而構成。 )

-Mere facts, when badly stated, do not compose a good book. (僅僅有資料，如果陳述得很糟糕，並不能組成一本好書)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

3. account for: 說明（原因、理由等）; 導致，引起; （在數量、比例上）; 占 (e.g. This group accounted for 60% of the population.)

(在數量、比例上）占

These products, in total, account for about 80％ of all our sales (這些產品總共約占我們全部銷售額的80％。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

4. make up: 組成 to combine together to form something [= constitute]:

-Women make up only a small proportion of the prison population. 女人只佔監獄人口的一小部分。

-The committee is made up of representatives from every state (委員會由每個州的代表組成的。).

-Children makes up only 10% of the population (兒童只佔人口的10％。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

5. consist of: to consist of something is to be made up of it: A lethal dose of nerve agent VX consists of only 10 milligrams.

consist of 的含義與被動語態的 compose 相同

-Though the costume consists only of a sheet, it was very effective. (雖然那件化裝服裝僅由一條床單組成，但效果很好。)

-This group consists of men, women, and children.
(這個小組由男人，女人和孩子們組成的。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

6. comprise: to comprise something has the same meaning as to consist, often implying that the whole is regarded from the point of view of its individual parts: The chain is comprised of many links, and is only as strong as its weakest.

comprise 在表示“構成”時，其內涵是“包括”或“覆蓋”*

-The committee comprises men of widely different views (這個委員會由見解甚為懸殊的人組成。).

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

從這些動詞的意思來看，若要表示數個個體或項目組成一個整體時，我們可用 compose 或 constitute。

England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland compose/constitute the United Kingdom.

(英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭組成了聯合王國。)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

若要表示一個整體是由個數個體或項目所組成時，我們可用 comprise* 或 consist of / be composed of 。

(compose 經常用於被動態，而以 be composed of 的型式出現，意思和用法跟 consist of 完全一樣。)

-The United Kingdom comprises*/consists of/is composed of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

(聯合王國是由英格蘭、威爾斯、蘇格蘭和北愛爾蘭所構成)

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

詳細的說明: http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

*在這幾個字當中，僅 comprise 兼具其他字的意思，但它也是最麻煩、最讓人困擾的字。英語 評論人士強烈反對 comprise 被用作 constitute 的意思以及 comprise 以被動態形式 be comprised of 來表示 consist of 的意思，所以對於 Fifty states comprise the United States. (五十個州組成了美國) 和 The United States is comprised of fifty states. (美國是由五十個州所組成) 這樣的句子結構，他們期期以為不可，而堅持只有 The United States comprises fifty states. 才是唯一正確的用法。但他們反對的這兩種用法其實早已是不 折不扣的標準英語，一些新版的字典甚至將 be comprised of 堂而皇之地列為片語，如 The course is comprised of ten core modules. (這門課是由 10 個核心單元組成)。然而，在公說公有理，婆說婆有理，各有堅持的情況下，在此建議：若使用 comprise 會讓你覺得心虛或沒把握，那麼不妨使用它的同義詞，也就是沒有爭議的 constitute, consist of 或 be composed of 來代替之。

*An interesting history of sense development concerning the word comprise has caused confusion, if not hate for the word itself. The most common mistake is confusing consist and comprise with each other. To say A lethal dose of nerve agent VX comprises of only 10 milligrams, is wrong because it is not analyzed from each separate component or milligram, but rather as a whole dose. In fact, there is a lot of skepticism and criticism of the word “comprise” all together. “None of the many neat schemes purporting to describe its correct use seems accurately to describe the way Standard English users actually employ comprise.” (Bartleby) Thus it is suggested to use constitute and/or compose as active verbs, while consists and/or includes as passive. However, if your use of the word can clearly indicate its context, separate from the its other accepted use, choosing a substitute is not necessary.

Also, ”Comprises” is "better" grammar than ”is comprised of.” “The whole comprises multiple parts” is better than, “The whole is comprised of multiple parts.” Even better though is, “Multiple parts comprise the whole."

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

Sources:
http://www.bartleby.com/68/3/1403.html
http://bulo.hjenglish.com/question/33021/
http://blog.cybertranslator.idv.tw/archives/2590
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/dictionaries/english/data/d0081813.html
http://www.learnerhall.org/2012/12/consist-of-compose-contain-comprise.html
http://everything2.com/title/consist%252C+comprise%252C+constitute%252C+or+compose

More sentences:
-The pie chart consists of/comprises of the percentages of four different fuel sources used in electricity production.

-Electricity (that is) produced with coal composed/constituted/accounted for 50% of the total electricity (that is)produced.

★★★★★★★★★★★★★★

contain vs. include:
Contain: Something is considered to be within something else.

The toy contains many small moving parts. ->The small moving parts are a part of the toy.

Include: Something is added to something else, possibly containing it, possibly not.

-This toy includes batteries. -> The batteries are not a part of the toy. They just come with the toy.

【喬的回顧系列：英文中十個常錯的用法！】
喬今天要請各位同學來回顧這一篇，也許很多人也犯過同樣的錯，一起來溫故知新或者警戒自我吧！

<十個英文文法常犯的錯誤>
喬今天幫各位整理常犯文法錯誤之中文版以及自己以前批改學生作業的經驗，在這邊跟各位同學做分享，祝各位寫作越來越好：

1. affect與effect的混淆
這兩個字往往造成很大的響應，因為太多人把他們搞錯了。於是來好好講解一下。
[1] effect (n.) = a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause 「效應」、「影響」
例1: The radiation leak has had a disastrous effect on/upon the environment.
例2: I tried taking tablets for the headache but they didn’t have any effect.
例3: I think I’m suffering from the effects of too little sleep.

[2] effect (V.) = cause (something) to happen; bring about 「使(某事)發生：導致」切記不是「影響」的意思，許多字典上也會告知讀者不可以跟”affect”混用
例: The new machines finally effected the transition to computerized accounting last spring.

[3] affect (V.) = have an affect on; make a difference to 「影響」「侵襲」「感染」「打動」
例1: Both buildings were badly affected by the fire. 「侵襲」
例2: The divorce affected every aspect of her life.「影響」
例3: It’s a disease which affects mainly older people.「侵擾」
例4: I was deeply affected by the film. (= It caused strong feelings in me). 「打動」
*以上例句採自”dictionary.cambridge.org”與“dictionary.com”

2. 把than寫成then
這點真的超多人會寫錯：than是「比」的意思；而then是「然後、接著」的意思
(O) His dog is more adorable than mine.
(X) His dog is more adorable then mine.

3. fewer與less的用法搞混
要闡述”比較少”的概念，這兩個詞常常被搞混
fewer (adj.) + 可數名詞 He keeps fewer dogs than I do.
less (adj.) + 不可數名詞 He had less soup than I did.

* 值得一提的是，如果是想要用”number”這個詞來表達”較少的數目”，可以說”smaller number”，為何用”smaller”呢？根據維基百科( goo.gl/f3vRxA)，對於number要使用fewer還是less似乎有不少的爭議，可自行前往該網站觀覽，但是smaller number是不會錯的用法。

4. 搞混few, a few, little, a little的用法
這四個字詞的確很繞口，但是只要把握大原則就不會用錯了。
few (adj.) = nearly nothing 幾乎沒有 + 可數名詞
a few (adj.) = some but not many 很少 + 可數名詞
little (adj.) = nearly nothing 幾乎沒有 + 不可數名詞
a little (adj.) = some but not much 很少 + 不可數名詞

5, 分詞構句前後主詞不一致
例： (X) Bursting into tears, I tried to comfort Nancy.
這句話的中文翻譯會變成：
「當我嚎啕大哭，我嘗試著去安慰南希。」整個變得很奇怪而且沒有邏輯，分詞構句使用正確是加分的，但是主詞不一會變得很難懂。
(O) When Nancy burst into tears, I tried to comfort her.

6. 常常會把lie與lay搞混了，其實很多美國人也會搞混，所以多注意吧！
lie (V.) 說謊
lay (V.) 放置; 鋪設

"說謊": lie-lied-lied (現在分詞:lying)
"躺": lie-lay-lain (現在分詞:lying)
"放置": lay-laid-laid (現在分詞:laying)

7. 使用雙引號的時候，句號逗錯地方，逗號要逗在雙引號裡面：
(X) “You are fabulous”.
(O) “You are fabulous.”

8. 否定的”也”，要用”nor”不用”not”
例: He didn’t go to the party, nor did I.

9. everyday與every day
everyday是形容詞，表示每天的；every day是副詞，表示每日、每天
(O) He wakes up at 8: 00 every day.
(X) He wakes up at 8:00 everyday.

10. 搞混Borrow跟lend的用法，兩者的差別其實很好記！
borrow (V.) take and use (something that belongs to someone else) with the intention of returning it 借入
lend (V.) grant to (someone) the use of (something) on the understanding that it shall be returned 借出

一翻譯，意思就失落了。讀許多世界文學的英文譯本，許多譯者在前言都會解釋：例如，普希金的詩，在俄文中，原來有一股俄文才體現出來的磅礡，一經英譯，原意多少就失落了。不是譯者筆拙，而是兩種語文，畢竟如兩個人的性格，要把他們匹配在一起，無論怎樣水乳交融，總有些字眼傳遞的感覺，是英文無法表達的。

Lost in Translation，是一個翻譯家無法訴說的遺憾。原文含蓄百轉千迴，話中有話，意外別有洞天，他十分清楚，但翻譯的搜索枯腸，確實找不到心心相印的字眼。此中有真意，欲說已無言，翻譯家常常有這樣的痛苦，不是不精通外文，而是翻譯時多方尋覓還是無法搭得上電線。

例如：中文一句：「捨不得啊」，怎樣英譯呢？ Cannot afford？太冰硬了。 Miss it very much？也不是這個意思。中文的「依依不捨」，一硬譯成英文，原文的那股纏綿繾綣的意思就失落了，這就叫 Lost in translation。

還有，從前的中國少女，向男人撒嬌，一跺腳，喜歡說：「我不依你」。「我不依你」，有千般的嗲氣，萬分的嫵媚，在輕罵之中，帶有像絲一樣的溫情，不可能英譯，這是語文的一種奇特的意態，再高手的大師，在外文也找不到一項言詞的配混。

還是英文和法文之間比較易溝通。大量的法語詞彙，直接入侵英文，像 Deja-vu，乾脆用法文原文入英，市場不干預 Laissez-faire，法文最先發明，今天已無國界。連開演唱會，最後一句 Encore，也必定由千萬歌迷狂呼高喊才有地動山搖的震撼，用英語叫 Again，或者 Once more，不行，這就叫 Lost in Translation。

人世間的溝通，常有百詞莫辯的時候。一個詞彙的精緻，一碟小菜的美味，還有一個女人的溫柔，該怎樣來傳遞而表達呢？花能解語，但語不可詮花，一切的美感都凝聚在舌尖， Lost in Translation，是一種酥在骨子裡的痛苦。惟有經歷過這樣的折磨，才明白這世界，不止翻譯是徒勞，有時溝通也是白費，真情幻意的妙諦，盡在意會之中。

【誠徵翻譯評論】

clip #39 的主題為翻譯文學，以下摘錄自海明威作品《老人與海》的原文選段，並引張愛玲、藍婷和楊照的譯本，希望收集讀者對各譯本的評語，由編輯部整理後刊於專題。

讀者可於留言欄發表評論，字數不限。

----------------------------------------------------

Original text by Ernest Hemingway:
“You better be fearless and confident yourself, old man,” he said. “You’re holding him again but you cannot get line. But soon he has to circle.”
The old man held him with his left hand and his shoulders now and stooped down and scooped up water in his right hand to get the crushed dolphin flesh off of his face. He was afraid that it might nauseate him and he would vomit and lose his strength. When his face was cleaned he washed his right hand in the water over the side and then let it stay in the salt water while he watched the first light come before the sunrise. He’s headed almost east, he thought. That means he is tired and going with the current. Soon he will have to circle. Then our true work begins.
After he judged that his right hand had been in the water long enough he took it out and looked at it.
“It is not bad,” he said. “And pain does not matter to a man.”
He took hold of the line carefully so that it did not fit into any of the fresh line cuts and shifted his weight so that he could put his left hand into the sea on the other side of the skiff.
“You did not do so badly for something worthless,” he said to his left hand. “But there was a moment when I could not find you.”

張愛玲譯：
「老頭子，你還是顧你自己吧，你也得勇敢，有自信心，」他說。「你沒讓他掙脫，但是你收不回釣絲來。但是他不久就得要轉圈子了。」
老人現在用他的左手和肩膀來拉住他，他彎下腰來用右手掬起水來，洗掉他臉上糊著的稀爛的鯕鰍肉。他怕那腥氣會使他作嘔，他一嘔吐，就沒力氣了。他臉洗乾淨了，又把右手伸在船邊的水裏洗了洗，然後就讓它泡在那鹽水裏，同時他注視著日出前天剛剛亮起來的情景。他是差不多朝東走，他想。可見魚是疲倦了，跟著潮流走。不久他就得轉圈子了。然後我們真正的工作就開始了。
他認為他的右手泡在水裏時間夠長了，就把它拿出來，朝它看看。
「不壞，」他說。「疼痛是不礙事的，並不傷人。」
他小心地握住那釣絲，使它不至於嵌進新割破的地方，他向另一邊倚著，使他可以在船那一邊把左手插到水裏去。
「你這無用的東西，這次成績倒還不錯，」他對他的左手說。「但是起初有那麼一會子我找不到你。」

藍婷譯：
「你還是自己勇敢一些，對自己要充滿信心才是、老頭。」他對自己說：「你現在只能握住繩子，可是你還不能收回繩子。相信他很快就會繞圈子了。」
老人現在用左手和肩膀撐住繩子，彎下腰用右手掬起水來，洗掉臉上糊成一團的肉渣，他很怕那腥味會使自己作嘔，只要一嘔吐，就會沒力氣了。他把臉洗乾淨，又把右手伸到船邊的水裏洗一洗，然後就讓他泡在鹽水裏，並注視著太陽升起之前的第一道曙光，魚幾乎是朝東方前進，他想，這表示牠已經很疲倦了，所以只好順著海流前進。相信等一會牠就會開始轉圈子，到那時候我們便要一決勝負了。
他認為他的右手在水裡泡得夠久了，於是便把他拿回來瞧一瞧。
「還不算壞嘛！」他說：「疼痛並不礙事，也算不了甚麼。」
他小心地握住繩子，使它不致於又磨擦新割破的地方，然後，把繩子向另一邊轉移一下，以便左手可以在船的另一邊放進海水裏面。
「你這沒用的傢伙，你還不算太差勁！」他對著自己的左手說：「不過有一陣子我差點找不到你。」

楊照譯：
「你自己最好甚麼都不怕，充滿自信，老傢伙，」他說：「你又掌握住他了，不過你沒辦法把線拉回來。不過很快地，他得繞圈圈。」
老人用左手和肩膀掌握那魚，彎下身舀水在右手，把臉上黏著的海豚魚肉洗掉。他擔心魚肉讓他噁心，一旦吐了會失去力量。臉乾淨了，他將右手伸出船沿進到水裡，然後讓手留在鹹水裡，看著太陽升起前最早的光線出現。他幾乎是朝東了，他想。這意味著他累了，所以順著洋流游。很快地他就得繞圈圈了。那樣真正的活兒就開始了。
他判斷右手在水中夠久了，他把手拿出來，盯著手看。
「還不壞，」他說：「疼痛對一個男人來說不算一回事。」
他小心地握住釣線，避免碰到新割的傷口，然後移動重心，以便能夠將左手從小船的另一邊放進海中。
「你這次還算蠻有用的，」他對左手說：「但有一陣子我找不到你。」

hurt, ache, sore, pain 疼痛用字
hurt 的痛是特定位置的描述方式，ache 比較大範圍隱隱作痛。sore 是酸痛，是痛的一種型態，pain 也是比較特定位置的痛，但痛感是很強烈的，pain 本身的意思就是痛苦的意思。大概就是這樣的用法，還是要慢慢學習，或許還有很多細節用法，這是大致上的不同。(sore throat 喉嚨痛是固定的用法，是感冒的一種症狀)

My back hurts. I feels sore in the lower part.
我背痛。我的腰感覺很酸。(back 指肩膀到腰部，腰要用 lower back)

I twisted my ankle. It's in a lot of pain.
我扭到我的腳踝。非常的痛。

***************
It really hurts. (真的很痛)
It hurts a lot. (真的很痛)
It hurts pretty bad. (真的很痛 這是口語的方式，不會用 pretty badly)
It hurts badly. (很少這樣的用法)
所以如果要講很痛，可以用前三句比較好

***************
 請吉娜喝咖啡 (台灣)
台幣300元，謝謝你
https://p.ecpay.com.tw/E0173

請吉娜喝咖啡 (國外)
http://www.paypal.me/ginainger

輕鬆背5000英文單字影片
如何快速背單字
https://youtu.be/wypSE6WTeBU

輕鬆背5000單字會員課程
打字背單字課程
http://www.wordsgo-members.com/

輕鬆背5000單字
基礎單字試用版本
http://www.wordsgo.com/2000w/2000menu.html

 加入吉娜英文FB 粉絲頁
學習更多道地美式口語英文
https://www.facebook.com/wordsgo/

吉娜提供教學服務：
KK音標課程
基礎英文從頭學起
學好英文諮詢
請寫信到
webmaster@wordsgo.com

# 疼痛英文 hurt vs. ache
# 疼痛英文 sore vs. pain