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在 am職位意思產品中有9篇Facebook貼文,粉絲數超過2,674的網紅吳家揚的樂透人生,也在其Facebook貼文中提到, 李登輝總統於基督教論壇報採訪中 針對生死、信仰與國家領導者本質的看法: 以下節錄: Q:您的家庭是道教和佛教的信仰者,您在新書發表記者會上說,個人信仰的追求不是工作不順或家庭變故,而是思想的追求,並且花了5年時間到處聚會尋求神的存在,請問您為何花這麼長的時間?最後相信的關鍵原因是甚麼?...

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    2020-07-31 12:53:16
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    李登輝總統於基督教論壇報採訪中
    針對生死、信仰與國家領導者本質的看法:
     
    以下節錄:
    Q:您的家庭是道教和佛教的信仰者,您在新書發表記者會上說,個人信仰的追求不是工作不順或家庭變故,而是思想的追求,並且花了5年時間到處聚會尋求神的存在,請問您為何花這麼長的時間?最後相信的關鍵原因是甚麼?您又說花了35年時間才找到「我是不是我的我,是基督在裡面的我」,這又是段甚麼樣的信仰歷程?
     
    李登輝:我十五、六歲的時候,就開始思考自我和死亡的問題。內心常有「人是甚麼?」、「人生應當如何?」的疑問。尤其當我祖母過世時,我更想要徹底領會死亡到底是甚麼?人死了之後,又會如何?我研究很多哲學書籍,了解死亡最重要的意義是在於「我們如何活下去」。正如德國大文豪歌德在《浮世德》提的「死而成就」的觀念,了解自我的死,才能產生有肯定意義的生。

    我尋找信仰另一階段是眼見二戰後物資缺乏,日本、台灣遭到嚴重破壞,讓我感慨良深。以前我並不關心肉體與物質,但現實生活中,沒有肉體就沒有精神存在。人要生存,糧食和環境都比靈魂重要,因此我開始唯物論思考,追求社會主義。但當社會經濟復甦後,我開始發現內心的空虛無法滿足,於是開始追求更深一層心內安定。

    我認為信仰就是人和神的契約,非常重要。早期我是唯心和唯物論者,但這不能讓我了解「人是甚麼?」、「人生應當如何?」,因為人是物體和精神的綜合,人無法自己得到內心的滿足,於是我們需要尋求神。但問題是,人都只相信眼見為實,講究普遍性、合理性的科學意識,以及實實在在的存在,但科學可以解釋各項物事的存在,卻無法解釋存在的意義。「人為何而活?」、「人的根源是甚麼?」科學都無法解釋。

    但我們這樣觀念根深蒂固,必須要放下才能去尋找一個最高的存在,就是神。唯心論講自我、精神,也是講一種存在,但那是個別的存在,無法讓人了解最高的存在,因為看不見,在過往科學意識影響下,人們很難相信看不見、摸不著的神,必須去除這些觀念。

    我最終為何能放下理性思考來相信神?當時我把聖經從頭到尾讀一遍,從舊約的〈創世記〉到記載許多神蹟的新約,令我印象深刻的是約翰福音第廿章的記載,門徒多馬不相信耶穌復活這件事,他說:「我非看見他手上的釘痕,用指頭探入那釘痕,又用手探入他的肋旁,我總不信。」多馬不相信神,要摸了耶穌才信,正如我們一般人因為看不見所以否定存在的意義,所以耶穌對他說:「你因看見了我才信;那沒有看見就信的有福了。」

    只因看得見才信,就無法建立真正的信仰。這段經文讓我恍然大悟,所有東西的形體,不也因觀看角度的不同而不同,而除科學以外,藝術不也是在把看不見的東西表現出來嗎?我經過複雜的思考、矛盾衝突才堅定信仰,之後,我再進一步探討自己是誰?保羅在加拉太書第二章20節說:「現在活著的不再是我,乃是基督在我裡面活著;」這是保羅傳道的精神,堅強的信仰,這段經文讓我領悟「不是我的我」。
    當時我正開始處理國家大事,如果只是為我自己做事,那對國家社會沒甚麼幫助,領導者應有的觀念和目標是甚麼?是為國家、老百姓,有基督精神,真心真意去拼,不是為自己。過去中國社會裡,皇帝是寡人,決定一切,但我是有上帝同在,有困難不是自己決定,是去求問上帝。
     
    (中略)
     
    Q:您的《為主作見證》新書,主要是人生面臨的50個關鍵時刻如何求神帶領,尤其是擔任總統的十二年期間。但政治情勢多詭譎、惡鬥,而基督信仰講求公義信實憐憫,有許多原則和價值觀大異於世俗,您是否曾經困惑、舉棋不定?在做決定時,您是如何不背離信仰?如何辨別上帝聲音而非己意?
     
    李登輝:我出書有兩意義,一是作為基督徒,有任何困難我都和太太祈禱,然後就打開聖經尋找啟示,有牧師笑我說,我怎麼用這種方式看聖經?好像到廟裡抽籤似的。我想想確實也很好笑,不是很正確方式,但上帝就是這麼奇妙的帶領。我擔任總統12年,為何有辦法推翻威權體制,讓台灣民主化、自由化,不再是帝制的傳承,這麼艱困的改革怎麼能夠順利進行?我希望藉這本書讓大家了解,是因為有上帝與我同在。

    多年來我每次遇到的困難,我太太都有幫我寫下來,不只書上所提的五十項,我太太足足寫了三冊日記本,記錄我們每回碰到困難如何一起禱告,然後打開聖經獲得了甚麼樣的話語,上帝要跟我說的是甚麼話。

    回想當年,初接總統職位真的不知怎麼辦?從來沒當過總統啊,突然間就叫我當總統,1988年1月蔣經國辭世,當晚我根本睡不著覺,只好半夜起來讀聖經,讀到詩篇第七十三篇23─24節:「然而我常與你同在,你欃著我的右手。你要以你的訓言引導我,以後必接我到榮耀裏。」這經文真是有意思,啟示我可以放心去做,上帝一定會幫助我。

    這12年當總統期間,因為我有信仰,上帝與我同在,給我很大力量。我常說起自己爬觀音山的故事。台北淡水附近有座觀音山,我學生時代常攀登,任職總統期間也曾和太太、媳婦和孫女一同攀登。那裡四面都是陡峭懸崖,危險萬分,一不小心就會墜落,在此,沒有人能幫助自己。當總統的感覺就像每天站在觀音山頂端,但我都不怕,因為我知道上帝與我同在,讓我充滿力量面對一場又一場孤獨的戰鬥。
    當然,上帝的力量有了,我們還是需要藉由一些方法完成事情,聖經也教導我謙卑、忍耐、冷靜,若不這樣,很多事也無法做到。
     
    Q:從政這些年來難免因政策決定與理念意見不同遭遇各項批評和議論,您如何看待?
     
    李登輝:上帝啟示我、引導我,但如何找到方法真正去施行是一大問題。我個人對很多事務涉略很多,我會去找到合適的方法,但當然這方法不能和上帝的意旨有太大差距,我的關鍵思考是,我這樣做是否是為老百姓?是否是為國家?我記得長老教會的葉啟祥牧師1990年三月參加學運時,那是他第一次和我相遇,當時學生們抗議國民大會擴權,我當時也正遭逢黨內排山倒海的抗拒,我直接回答學生的疑問說:「我有權力解散國民大會嗎?」當時葉牧師相當訝異,因為當學生的他們並不了解,這種事沒那麼簡單,還有一段長遠的路要走。

    17年後,他有機會訪問我,問我:「很多人說你權謀,權謀和信仰是有衝突的,你怎麼看?」我也直接了當回他說:「我有權謀嗎?」、「事情該怎麼樣就怎麼樣!」我的回答一樣出乎他意料。

    我的意思也就是說,不要因為他人反對、有意見就自己搖擺不定,當領導人決定的事情和外界存在不同理解的衝突時,只要清楚是為老百姓好,讓人批評沒有關係,十個人十張嘴,管不了的。生氣嗎?我也不生氣,我確定為老百姓而做才是關鍵,你看歷代總統有哪個真的為老百姓在做事?還是多半只出一張嘴?我做決定時,完全不會在乎外界看法,就隨他們去說,又不會怎樣,我無所謂。

    我要確認的是上帝說的話語,我就要堅定地去執行,這就是我。如何分辨這是上帝還是自己內心的聲音?我就去祈求、禱告啊,求上帝告訴我,上帝要怎麼告訴我?就是聖經啊,這真的很奧妙,你看我書上寫的50項難題和啟示經文,沒有重複的,我的牧師朋友看了都驚訝,問我是不是故意去挑的,你看書上還有當初寫下的手稿,真的不是故意的,我就是祈禱、打開聖經,手指比下去,好像抽籤似的,聽起來這是偶然。但世間事有偶然、有必然,上帝就是這麼奇妙,讓偶然變成必然。
     
    李登輝:回顧我一生,不論面對多麼艱難的環境和挑戰,信仰都能給我力量。若有人問我身為領導者不可或缺的條件,我的答案就是「信仰」。

    領導者最基本關鍵是有否為國家、團體在做事,是否有明確目標?像我初任總統時,我沒權、沒班底,怎麼辦呢?你的內心要很堅定,但是得把頭先低下來,謙卑、冷靜,被別人欺負,被人家罵,你也得忍耐,一步一步去做。這是上帝教導我們的話語,人只要謙卑,不會有大煩惱,萬事都會順利。

    此外,領導者遭反對勢力與社會大眾批評也是很難避免,這也是必須要承受的壓力。像是當年國民黨在總統大選敗選時,立委謝啟大曾汙衊我太太帶8500萬美金去美國,她對此不實指控非常生氣,但我們也只能向上帝祈禱,結果上帝啟示她不用煩惱,我們看到的經文很有趣,是箴言廿六章27─28節:「挖陷坑的,自己必掉在其中。滾石頭的,石頭必反滾在他身上。虛謊的舌,恨他所壓傷的人。諂媚的口,敗壞人的事。」所以我們就決定向法院控告,結果後來謝啟大敗訴。

    領導人常會遭受打擊,所以堅強的信仰是必要的,是唯一的幫助,才能看清並超越自我,並且「行公義、好憐憫、存謙卑的心與你的神同行。」

    我一直堅信領導者要有信仰,強大的意志不會憑空而來,領導者沒有任何信仰,只知道在政治圈圈中思考政治的話,必然使命感稀薄,實踐的能量也弱。反過來說,當一個人相信頭頂上還有人在支持、照顧時,不論面對多大考驗都能無畏面對,所以我說領導人擁有信仰是關鍵。
     
    Q:現在世代對年輕人的考驗很大,許多人深感迷惘,您對這世代台灣年輕人有何看法和提醒鼓勵?
     
    李登輝:對於現代年輕人的困境,我認為國家社會都沒辦法為個人解決問題,自己要去摸索,找尋自己的人生觀、相信上帝、訓練自我、修練領導能力;當個人需要心靈救贖時,就是要借助藝術和宗教力量的時候。

    現代年輕人弱嗎?我覺得不會,在我看來他們都很拼命,不怕苦,台灣第三代應該要有人才出現了,尤其他們完全是在自由社會長大的孩子,不是專制教育下。我很希望年輕人多修練自己能力,多方面,不是只有政治,我特別要提醒年輕人,不要天天玩手機,手機可以便利地提供我們很多消息,但真真假假皆有,在這真真假假社會中要建立自己信心,就要加強藝術、宗教、內心意識等心靈的成長。
     
    (中略)
     
    Q:回顧您的這一生,您覺可以無憾地對上帝交待的是甚麼?覺得做得還不夠好的是甚麼?按您現在的心境,可以分享您目前最喜歡的幾段經文嗎?
     
    李登輝:我現在身體不好,去醫院的時間較多,我想是大限快到,去天國的時間差不多近了,所以才趕著出書為主做見證,談台灣要去哪裡?將來會如何?希望留下我的見證和想法。

    我的兒子在30歲很年輕時就過世,當時我擔任台灣省政府主席,我也只能說這是上帝安排,上帝要你何時離開,你就得何時走。我很喜歡我書籍封底形容我的一句話:「晚年的李登輝,眼界、思想已無纏累,下筆行文深切誠懇,以平實的感情回顧人生際遇,不慍不火,多少往事就人盡付風中…。如線團纏繞的人生,現在化約為一個最基本的問題:我是誰?」

    我是誰?我是「不是我的我」,明天就要化為風了,回歸自然。我一生做的事上帝是否歡喜?祂認為我做對還是做錯?我不知道,這不是我自己可以評論,終究要交付上帝看祂怎麼說。

    現在我的希望,是台灣有更多更好的領導人出來,老百姓可以過好的日子,我在基金會的工作不是為自己,是為後代著想。台灣要往哪裡去?我已經寫下我的看法,剩下要大家自己去思考未來要怎麼辦,這就是民主,大家一起想,不用我這90多歲老頭再多說了。

    現在,我很喜歡傳道書寫的:「虛空的虛空,凡事都是虛空。」人在日光之下的一切勞碌有甚麼益處?

    「人一切的勞碌,就是他在日光之下的勞碌,有什麼益處呢?」
    「一代過去,一代又來,地卻永遠長存。」
    「日頭出來,日頭落下,急歸所出之地。」
    「風往南颳,又向北轉,不住的旋轉,而且返回轉行原道。」
    「江河都往海裡流,海卻不滿;江河從何處流,仍歸還何處。」
    「萬事令人厭煩,人不能說盡。眼看,看不飽;耳聽,聽不足。」
    「已有的事,後必再有;已行的事,後必再行。日光之下,並無新事。」
    「豈有一件事人能指著說:『這是新的?』那知,在我們以前的世代,早已有了。」
    「已過的世代,無人記念;將來的世代,後來的人也不記念。」
    「我傳道者在耶路撒冷作過以色列的王。」
    「我專心用智慧尋求查究天下所作的一切事,乃知神叫世人所經練的,是極重的勞苦。」
    「我見日光之下所作的一切事,都是虛空,都是捕風。」

    這些經文是在問人活著的價值是什麼?我認為這段經文把人類最空虛的一面描述得淋漓盡致,傳道書的意義很大,就是人生要如何避免這種狀況,人活著的意義就在這裡。反過來說,沒有虛無也就沒有聖經。就因為人生虛無,所以人才需要神。

    生命在上帝的手中,我隨時離開都沒關係,我前些日和鄭逢時聊天,他問我說不怕死嗎?我說是啊,不怕死,明天、後天,誰知死亡何時臨到?我都跟家人講,到那時很簡單,把我燒一燒,灑在玉山上就好,化為塵土,隨風而去,人的一輩子,到頭來就是這樣虛空。

    我和我太太都很喜歡一首歌,歌名是「千風之歌」,歌詞和意境都很美,是表達對生者的安慰,同時呈現出近乎永恆的生命美感,也是我對生死之事的心境寫照。
     
    ——————————————–
    〈千風之歌〉
    請不要佇立在我的墓前哭泣
    因為我並不在那裡 我並沒有沉睡不醒
    而是化為千風 我已化身為千縷微風
    翱翔在無限寬廣的天空裡
    秋天 我化身為陽光 照射在田野間
    冬天 我化身為白雪 綻放鑽石般的閃耀光芒
    晨曦升起之際 我幻化為飛鳥 輕聲地喚醒你
    夜幕低垂之時 我幻化成星辰 溫柔地守護你
    請不要佇立在我的墓前哭泣
    因為我並不在那裡 我並沒有沉睡不醒
    而是化為千風 我已化身為千縷微風
    翱翔在無限寬廣的天空裡
    ——————————————–
     
    (這首歌原為美國詩作,詩名為「Do not stand at my grave and weep」。2003 年,日本小說家兼歌手,「芥川賞」得主新井滿,把此詩譯為日文版本,並取詩中第三行「I am a thousand winds that blow」的意思,把詩命名為「千の風になって」)
     
     
     
    文章來源:基督教論壇報 https://www.ct.org.tw/1239083#ixzz6TgrzvqyV
    https://www.ct.org.tw/1239105#ixzz6TguGgQXA
    https://www.ct.org.tw/1239113#ixzz6TgvlW9Iv

  • am職位意思 在 矽谷阿雅 Anya Cheng Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2020-06-01 13:28:27
    有 479 人按讚

    謝謝《商業周刊》的露出!從蘋果日報記者,到臉書產品經理...別人不敢做的傻事,都成了她的求職祕技

    金融風暴這種全球性的大蕭條,正好被我遇上了。2008年雷曼兄弟等華爾街公司垮台,美國大部分企業都在裁員,失業率超過10%,而我剛好從台灣到美國芝加哥的西北大學念行銷碩士,正準備畢業。我第一次去美國、在那也沒人脈、英文差、揹著一屁股學貸,可以說是前途堪慮。

    為了得到面試機會,我除了海投500封履歷和求職信,每一份都根據職缺說明修改,甚至一度到畢業生人數是我們系的10倍多的企管系「等門」,只求能夠攔截到一個機會。我跟以前在台灣當記者一樣,站在系館外一等就是幾小時,輪流面試的同學們一離開,面試官走出來,我就拿履歷上前毛遂自薦:「我是隔壁行銷傳播系的學生,我沒有拿到跟您的面試,但這是我的履歷,請您考慮!」

    但,我不出色的履歷幾乎沒有讓我拿到面試機會。

    聽人家說,找工作要靠人脈,但我去美國念碩士前不認識半個人,哪有人脈?不過,山不轉路轉,我念頭一轉:誰說沒人脈?學校這麼多老師,我是西北大學的學生,找老師,老師不會拒絕見我吧!我先拜訪了系主任Tom Collinger,他看著一臉愁苦的我說:「我相信每個學生的潛力!」接著建議我多跟其他老師聊聊,但系上老師早就被畢業在即的同學圍繞,我乾脆大膽地到其他科系的老師辦公室一一敲門!

    拜訪之前我會搜尋好老師的背景,看老師在專業社群媒體領英(Linkedin)有認識哪些人,那些人服務的公司有哪些我有興趣的職位,而且會先寫信給老師。當老師說:「我不知道有誰可以介紹給你。」我就說:「你可以介紹我某某某,他是你之前在這家公司的同事!」當老師說:「那妳再寄妳的履歷給我。」我就可以說:「有,今天早上寄出了!」當老師再說:「那妳寫信跟我說希望我怎麼介紹。」我就會說:「有,你介紹我的信我也幫你寫好了,你剪下貼上就可以了!」

    有一天,我拜訪了教授Abe Peck,老師是個5、60的活潑老先生,他說他大半時間住在加州聖塔芭芭拉,那兒陽光普照還有海灘,跟下雪的芝加哥不像,接著說:「我也不認識妳,一時也想不出要介紹誰。但我明天有辦一場演講,妳可以來聽!」

    去之前,我上網搜尋了所有講者的資料,一一聯繫講者,向他們自我介紹,你如果曾經試著在網路上搜尋人,你會驚訝發現不難找到他們的email。其中有個講者叫做Peggy Walker,是美國一家小雜誌社「凡斯媒體」的執行長。

    廣告

    演講當天,我用事先背好的英文,上前和Peggy表達來意:「Hello! I am Anya. Good Luck!」(你好!我是阿雅。祝你好運!)Peggy說她有收到我事前寄的信,我開心了一下,心想:肯定有好印象!演講結束,我幾乎沒聽懂Peggy在說什麼,但我又拿著事先背好的英文說:「Good job!Can I get your card?」(妳講得真好,可以跟妳要張名片嗎?)email聯繫後,Peggy說他們沒有在徵才,不過願意請人力資源長Loreen Muzik安排我跟他們的數位團隊見面聊聊。面談後我覺得這個公司實在太適合我了!這家媒體公司有在考慮提供廣告主數位行銷服務。我心想:「數位、行銷、媒體。太幸運了,我註定要到這家公司工作!」

    幾個禮拜過去了,我沒有收到任何聯繫。我打手機給Loreen,她接起電話:「喔!我已經被裁員了,不在那家公司工作了!對了,妳可以幫我介紹工作嗎?」當時的環境真的就是那麼差!我心想,雖然她不能幫我安排面試,但總可以告訴我一些公司的訊息吧!我約她喝咖啡,在芝加哥郊區鐵道旁的一家星巴克裡,我們談話每過20分鐘就要暫停,等火車轟隆轟隆的噪音結束才能繼續。她因為已經不在公司服務,一五一十告訴了我公司的狀況。我還記得,結帳時我們兩搶著付錢,畫面看起來挺有趣的,兩個人都失業,同是天涯淪落人,彼此惺惺相惜吧!

    芝加哥找工作沒著落,我就想不如到大城市機會應該比較多吧!媒體公司最多的城市是在紐約和洛杉磯(多年後我才知道洛杉磯的媒體是指電影業,根本跟我的背景沒有相關),我於是決定花兩個月在這兩個城市找工作、拜訪業界人士。但,我一個人也不認識,要拜訪誰呢?

    出發前,我拜訪了學校的老師們,牆上貼著他參加奧運幫忙傳遞聖火、上電視評論節目的照片,教授Clarke Caywood天生就適合上鏡頭,他先是一一跟我介紹他牆上的照片,但接著說,他的學生太多,每個人都要介紹,所以他不能幫我介紹什麼人。我正感到失望,老師一邊搖搖手,一邊拆開剛收到的包裹,我發現包裹裡是傳播專家產業公會的通訊錄。老師見我似乎不太願意離開,他說:「這樣吧!這通訊錄上面的人其實我大多不認識,但我們所屬同一個公會,要不妳去看看哪些人可以聯繫,借妳15分鐘,妳翻一翻,再拿來還我!」

    我打開通訊錄,發現都是傳播領域知名公司的一級主管,我發現撿到寶,連聲謝謝老師,飛奔到系學會上的影印機,那15分鐘,我沒看,倒是一頁一頁全部印下來。同時,我也找出學院過去十五年的校友名冊。靠著這兩份資料,裡頭有上千位行銷傳播類專家,我逐一列出住在紐約和洛杉磯的人,一個個寫信跟他們聯繫。

    我寫信問這些陌生人:「可不可以請你給我15分鐘?」我想,15分鐘很短,大家可能比較願意會接受,但現場見面通常會有半個小時的時間。

    在一個大雪紛飛的早上,我剛見完一個校友,聊得很開心,但就像其他校友說的,他們公司在裁員,不但沒招人,連自己的飯碗都快不保。我狼狽地找了一家咖啡店,一邊翻著公會通訊錄,看到有美國最大電信業者Verizon的傳播長Peter Thonis,當時智慧型手機剛起飛,電信業者是影響社會動態的當紅角色,我猶豫了一下,我想,以他這樣權高位重的人,不可能回我;但我又想:「最糟會怎樣?」大不了就是他不回我啊!於是硬著頭皮寄了email給他。

    幾分鐘後,對,就在幾分鐘後,他回覆我了!當天下午在紐約一個飯店開會,5點鐘我可以在一樓咖啡廳等他,對!當天!我看著email,不敢置信,心想是不是我英文很差看錯內容,但左看右看,他確實答應見我。

    當天我戰戰兢兢地到了飯店,雖然通訊錄有照片,但我不確定是現場是哪個人,左右打量,「Are you Anya?」一個中年男子帶著大大的微笑跟我握手,我驚魂未定,他問我:「妳知道我為什麼見妳嗎?」我搖搖頭,根本緊張到沒辦法思考,他說:「像妳這麼有膽,敢直接約我見面的人不多!」

    就這樣,我陸續見到了很多業界大佬。我在紐約時報的報紙上找到了執行長的名字,試著在網路上找他的email,寫信後,他還真的答應見我!我在紐約和洛杉磯見到了上百位業界人士,每個人都說:「我很欣賞妳,但我們公司在裁員。」有一次在紐約,我穿著如今回頭看覺得很「俗」的白襯衫、黑套裝,結束跟VOGUE和GQ雜誌員工的面談,對方又對著我搖搖頭說:「我們在裁員,但是祝妳好運!」我踩著很不舒服的高跟鞋,走在垃圾發臭的紐約街頭,看到一家中餐館,坐下來點了一盤排骨飯,飯來的那一刻,我突然好想家,覺得自己好失敗,我想:「原本我在台灣,是走路有風的大報記者,怎麼會落魄到美國遇到金融風暴,到處求人,一個工作也沒有?!」那時候沒有LINE等通訊軟體,國際電話卡又不便宜,我撥了電話給芝加哥的政大校友會資深學姊Grace,眼淚不爭氣流了下來,滴到排骨飯上。

    我落寞地回到芝加哥,同期畢業的同學差不多都走光了,大家都說美國沒工作,不如趕快回亞洲卡位比較好,我看著拜訪各校友的筆記,雖然真的一個面試都沒有,但我在準備面談的過程中學到了不少東西,我了解這些各式各樣的媒體公司現在的專案、還有產業的趨勢。我想,要不我回頭跟幾個月前演講認識的凡斯媒體Peggy聯繫吧,或許這些資料對她會有幫助。

    我寫信給Peggy:「我在紐約和洛杉磯,見到了很多妳的同業和競爭對手,妳想不想知道他們在做些什麼?可以給我15分鐘嗎?」Peggy答應了!

    去之前,我做了一本商業計劃,整理了當初人資長Loreen告訴我的資料,像是凡斯的現況和困境,凡斯的其中一本雜誌讀者是美容院老闆,於是我到了美容院採訪一些讀者,也聯繫上幾個廣告主。接著整理產業趨勢和其他公司在做的專案,選出我認為凡斯最適合的幾個項目。我舉了一個例子,企劃了一個手機網站,列出其中的功能和內容。我也列出,如果要做這些專案,他們需要什麼樣專長的人,當然,我「剛好」符合大部分的條件!

    凡斯的辦公室其實很老舊,有兩層樓,一樓中間有個木製的傳統櫃檯,中間還有著創辦人的照片,Peggy的辦公室在一樓的最底端,見到Peggy,我深呼一口氣,開始簡報。我建議他們創立一個數位服務部門,用原本公司做網站的人力,為廣告主做電子報、架網站等。15分鐘後,簡報完畢,我看著Peggy,她沒有說話。我想死定了,她肯定覺得我是來搞笑的!她說:「妳願意當contractor嗎?」我當時其實不知道那是什麼意思,我只問她是不是全職、有沒有支薪,接著一口答應!回家查才知道其實contractor是約聘雇的意思,但在英文裡,也是那些水電工、土木工等臨時工的意思,我還差點以為她要我去當水電工!

    就這樣,當時,我的專長或許還是不是數位行銷或做app,但我靠著我的記者經驗,找人、採訪、創了我的第一份數位行銷工作,這工作也奠定了我日後做電商app、成長駭客和大數據行銷的基礎。我當時其實並沒有覺得我一定要在美國工作,我只是覺得,如果我失敗,我希望是因為我盡了全力還不夠好,而不是我沒有盡全力,因此沒有獲得機會。

    最糟的時代,我沒有找到工作,但我創了在美國的第一份工作。

    書摘選自:矽谷阿雅《追不到夢想就創一個!》從台灣記者到臉書電商產品經理的顛覆筆記

    作者簡介:矽谷阿雅
    台灣人,現居美國矽谷。原為台灣蘋果日報記者,毅然辭掉工作赴美讀書,一路到矽谷科技公司擔任電子商務app產品長。榮獲十多項美國數位大獎、美國Min雜誌年度最佳行銷人獎提名、Girls in Tech 40歲以下女性科技精英榜、台灣十大傑出青年提名。
    阿雅在美國的十幾年工作經驗,讓她有了很多新的視野,經常在臉書「矽谷阿雅」粉專分享在美國的職涯故事、海外求職秘訣、矽谷最新產品管理與行銷知識。在美國西北大學、聖荷西州立大學、喬治亞大學擔任客座講師,受邀在成長行銷座談會、數位分析座談會、手機創新座談會、矽谷頂級新創 加速器Plug & Play等美國大型座談會演講,也擔任人工智慧新創公司顧問。在TEDx Talk主講【慌世代-拓荒世代】,吸引台灣各大媒體驚艷報導,並在全台超過20間大專院校與企業巡迴演講。

    🔥 博客來:https://reurl.cc/Wd86qy

    彭博商業周刊 / 中文版 @ [1661021360858244:69:對商業周刊(http://xn--zsrzt.com/) 說讚的朋友]

    https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/careers/blog/3002616

  • am職位意思 在 葉漢浩 Alex Ip Facebook 的最讚貼文

    2018-12-12 12:40:13
    有 12 人按讚


    戴耀廷的結案陳詞

    公民抗命的精神

    首先,這是一宗公民抗命的案子。
    我站在這裏,就是為了公民抗命。陳健民教授、朱耀明牧師與我一起發起的「讓愛與和平佔領中環運動」,是一場公民抗命的運動。在以前,少有香港人聽過公民抗命,但現在公民抗命這意念在香港已是家傳戶曉。
    終審法院在律政司對黃之鋒案Secretary for Justice v Wong Chi Fung (2018) 21 HKCFAR 35採納了約翰羅爾斯在《正義論》中為公民抗命所下的定義。公民抗命是「一項公開、非暴力、真誠的政治行為,通常是爲了導致法律上或社會上的改變,所作出的違法行爲。」
    在律政司對黃之鋒案,賀輔明勳爵是終審法院的非常任法官。在此案,終審法院引述了賀輔明勳爵在R v Jones (Margaret) [2007] 1 AC 136的說法:「出於真誠理由的公民抗命在這國家有源遠流長及光榮的歷史。」終審法院認同公民抗命的概念是同樣適用於其他尊重個人權利的法制如香港。但為何公民抗命是光榮和文明呢?終審法院沒有進一步解釋。
    約翰羅爾斯的定義大體只能說出公民抗命的行為部分。 在馬丁路德金博士非常有名關於公民抗命的著作《從伯明罕市監獄發出的信》中,他道出更多公民抗命的意圖部分或公民抗命的精神。這信函是他在 1963年4 月16日,因在亞拉巴馬州伯明罕市參與示威爭取民權後被判入獄時寫的。
    在信函中他說:「一個人若不遵守不公義的法律,必須要公開,充滿愛心和願意接受懲罰。個人因為其良心指出某法律是不公義的,而且甘心接受懲處,是要喚起社會的良知,關注到那中間的不公義,這樣其實是對法律表達了最大的敬意。」
    馬丁路德金博士認為有時法律在表面上是公義的,但實行時卻變得不公義。他說:「我未得准許而遊行,並因而被捕,現在的確有一條法例,要求遊行須得准許,但這條法例如果是用了來…否定公民運用和平集會和抗議的權利,則會變成不公義。」
    他還說:「 面對一個經常拒絕談判的社區,非暴力的直接行動正是為了營造一次危機,以及加強一種具創造力的張力,逼使對方面對問題,也使問題戲劇地呈現出來,讓其不能再被忽略。」
    馬丁路德金博士對我啟發良多,我們也把這精神栽種在「讓愛與和平佔領中環運動」中。緊隨馬丁路德金博士在公民抗命之路的腳步,我們努力去開啟人心中那份自我犧牲的愛及平靜安穩,而非煽惑憤怒與仇恨。
    終審法院在律政司對黃之鋒案進一步引述賀輔明勳爵在R v Jones (Margaret) 的說法:「違法者與執法者都有一些規則要遵守。示威者的行為要合乎比例,並不會導致過量的破壞或不便。以証明他們的真誠信念,他們應接受法律的懲處。」
    雖然終審法院在律政司對黃之鋒案沒有引述這部分,賀輔明勳爵在R v Jones (Margaret) 還說:「另一方面,警察與檢控官的行為也要有所節制,並法官在判刑時應考慮示威者的真誠動機。」這些有關公民抗命的規則應也適用,終審法院應不會反對。
    公民抗命的目的並不是要妨擾公眾,而是要喚起公眾關注社會的不公義,並贏取人們認同社會運動的目標。若一個人被確立了是在進行公民抗命,那他就不可能會意圖造成不合理的阻礙,因那是與公民抗命背道而馳,即使最後因他的行動造成的阻礙是超出了他所能預見的。
    非暴力是「讓愛與和平佔領中環運動」的指導原則。公民抗命的行為,就是佔領中環,是運動的最後一步。進行公民抗命時,示威者會坐在馬路上,手扣手,等候警察拘捕,不作反抗。我們計劃及希望達到的佔領程度是合乎比例的。我們相信所會造成的阻礙是合理的。
    我相信我們已做了公民抗命中違法者所當做的,我們期望其他人也會做得到他們所當做的。

    追求民主

    在一宗公民抗命的案件,公民抗命的方法是否合乎比例,不能抽空地談,必須考慮進行那行動的目的。
    這是一宗關乎一群深愛香港的香港人的案件,他們相信只有透過引入真普選,才能開啟化解香港深層次矛盾之門。
    我就是他們其中一人。與那些一起追尋同一民主夢的人,為了我們的憲法權利,我們已等了超過三十年。當我還在大學讀法律時,我已參與香港的民主運動。現在,我的兒子也剛大學畢業了,香港還未有民主。
    馬丁路德金博士在信函中還說:「壓迫者從不自願施予自由,自由是被壓迫者爭取得來的。…如同我們出色的法學家所說,延誤公義,就是否定公義。」我們在追求公義,但對當權者來說,我們計劃的行動誠然是妨擾。
    《基本法》第45 條規定行政長官的產生辦法最終達至由一個有廣泛代表性的提名委員會按民主程序提名後普選產生的目標。《公民及政治權利國際公約》第 25 條規定:「凡屬公民,無分第二條所列之任何區別,不受無理限制,均應有權利及機會:…(乙)在真正、定期之選舉中投票及被選。選舉權必須普及而平等,選舉應以無記名投票法行之,以保證選民意志之自由表現 …」
    聯合國人權委員會在《第25號一般性意見》,為《公民及政治權利國際公約》第 25 (乙) 條中的 「普及而平等」,提供了它的理解和要求。第15段說:「有效落實競選擔任經選舉產生的職位的權利和機會有助於確保享有投票權的人自由挑選候選人。」第17段說:「不得以政治見解為由剝奪任何人參加競選的權利。」
    全國人民代表大會常務委員會在2004年就《基本法》附件一及附件二作出的解釋,實質改變了修改行政長官選舉辦法的憲法程序。在行政長官向立法會提出修改產生辦法的法案前,額外加了兩步。行政長官就是否需要進行修改,須向全國人民代表大會常務委員會提出報告。全國人民代表大會常務委員會根據香港特別行政區的實際情況和循序漸進的原則作出確定。相關法案須經立法會全體議員三分之二多數 通過,行政長官同意,並報全國人民代表大會常務委員會批准或者備案。
    在2014年8月31日,全國人民代表大會常務委員會完成了憲法修改程序的第二步,作出了有關行政長官產生辦法的決定。全國人民代表大會常務委員會除決定行政長官可由普選產生外,就普選行政長官的產生辦法設下了具體及嚴厲的規定。
    提名委員會的人數、構成和委員產生辦法都得按照第四任行政長官選舉委員會的人數、構成和委員產生辦法而規定。提名委員會按民主程序只可提名產生二至三名行政長官候選人。每名候選人均須獲得提名委員會全體委員半數以上的支持。
    按著全國人民代表大會常務委員會自行設定的程序,全國人民代表大會常務委員會應只有權決定是否批准或不批准行政長官提交的報告,而不能就提名委員會的組成及提名程序,設下詳細的規定。全國人民代表大會常務委員會連自己設定的程序也沒有遵守。
    若按著全國人民代表大會常務委員會設下的嚴厲條件去選舉產生行政長官,香港的選民就候選人不會有真正的選擇,因所有不受歡迎的人都會被篩選掉。這與普選的意思是不相符的。
    這些香港人進行公民抗命,是要喚起香港社會及世界的關注,中國政府不公義地違背了憲法的承諾,也破壞了它的憲法責任。我們所作的,是為了維護我們及所有香港人的憲法權利,包括了反對我們的行動的人;是為了要我們的主權國履行承諾;是為了爭取香港憲制進行根本改革;及為香港的未來帶來更多公義。

    和平示威的權利

    這案件是關乎和平示威自由及言論自由的權利。
    根據「讓愛與和平佔領中環運動」的原先計劃,舉行公眾集會的地方是遮打道行人專用區、遮打花園及皇后像廣場,時間是由2014年 10月1 日下午三時正開始,最長也不會超過2014年 10月5 日。我們期望會有三類人來到。
    第一類人已決定了會參與公民抗命。他們會在過了合法的時限後,繼續坐在遮打道上。他們是那些在「讓愛與和平佔領中環運動」意向書上選了第二或第三個選項的人。第二類人決定不會參與公民抗命,而只是來支援第一類人。過了合法的時限後,他們會離開遮打道,去到遮打花園或皇后像廣場。他們是那些在「讓愛與和平佔領中環運動」意向書上選了第一個選項的人。第三類人還未決定是否參與公民抗命的行動。他們可以到合法時限快要過去的最後一刻,才決定是否留在遮打道上。
    我們相信警方會有足夠時間把所有參與佔領中環公民抗命的示威者移走。估計會有數千人參與。我們要求參與者要嚴守非暴力的紀律。我們採用了詳細的方法去確保大部分即使不是所有參與者都會跟從。
    我們是在行使受《基本法》第27 條保障的和平示威自由的憲法權利。這也與同受《基本法》第27 條保障的言論自由有緊密關係。透過《基本法》第39條,言論自由、表達自由、和平集會的自由受《香港人權法》第16 及17條的憲法保障,而這些條文與《公民及政治權利國際公約》第19 及21是一樣的,是《公民及政治權利國際公約》適用於香港的部分。
    若原訂計劃真的執行,那可能會觸犯《公安條例》一些關於組織未經批准集結的規定,但我們相信那會舉行的公眾集會是不會對公眾構成不合理的阻礙的。會被佔領的空間,包括了馬路,是公眾在公眾假期可自由使用的。計劃佔領的時期,首兩天是公眾假期,最後兩天是周末。
    當公眾集會的地方轉到政府總部外的添美路、立法會道及龍匯道的行人路及馬路的範圍(下稱「示威區域」),雖然集會的主題、領導、組織及參加者的組成已改變了,但精神卻沒有。在2014年9 月27 和 28日,人們是被邀請來示威區域參加集會的。這仍然是公民在行使和平示威自由及言論自由的權利。
    相類似的公眾集會也曾在2012年9 月3至 8日,在反國民教育運動中在示威區域內舉行。除卻公民在那時候還可以進入公民廣場(政府總部東翼前地),在2012年9月在反國民教育運動的佔領空間,與示威者在2014年9 月27 和 28日在警方封鎖所有通往示威區域通道前所佔領的空間是很相近的。
    自2012年的反國民教育運動後,這示威區域已被普遍認同,是可以用來組織有大量公眾參與,反對香港特別行政區政府的大型公眾集會的公共空間。換句話說,公眾都認知示威區域是一個重要場地,讓香港公民聚集去一起行使和平示威自由的權利。
    根據此我們也抱有的公眾認知,當我在2014年9 月28日凌晨宣布提前佔領中環的時候,我們只可能意圖叫人來到示威區域而不會是任何其他地方。要佔領示威區域以外的地方,沒可能是當時我們所能想到的。沒有人會如此想的。
    在梁國雄對香港特別行政區案Leung Kwok-hung v. HKSAR (2005) 8 HKCFAR 229, 終審法院指出: 「和平集會權利涉及一項政府(即行政當局)所須承擔的積極責任,那就是採取合理和適當的措施,使合法的集會能夠和平地進行。然而,這並非一項絕對責任,因為政府不能保證合法的集會定會和平地進行,而政府在選擇採取何等措施方面享有廣泛的酌情權。至於甚麼是合理和適當的措施,則須視乎個別個案中的所有情況而定。」
    如控方証人黃基偉高級警司 (PW2) 在作供時所說,當有太多的示威者聚集在鄰接的行人路,警方為了示威者的安全,就會封鎖示威區域內的馬路。能有一個公共空間讓反對政府的人士和平集會以宣洩他們對香港特別行政區政府的不滿,對香港社會來說,那是一項公共利益。即使在示威區域長期舉行集會是違反《公安條例》,但這不會對公眾構成共同傷害。受影響的部分公眾只是很少,而造成的不便相對來說也是輕微。
    終審法院常任法官包致金在楊美雲對香港特別行政區案Yeung May-wan v. HKSAR (2005) 8 HKCFAR 137中說:「《基本法》第二十七條下的保障,不會純粹因為集會、遊行或示威對公路上的自由通行造成某種干擾而被撤回。本席認為,除非所造成的干擾屬不合理,即超出可合理地預期公眾可容忍的程度,否則集會、遊行或示威不會失去這項保障。關於這一點,本席認為,大型甚或大規模集會、遊行或示威的參加者往往有理由指出,只有如此大規模的活動才能協助有效地表達他們的意見。除此之外,本席認為最明顯的相關考慮因素是干擾的嚴重程度和干擾為時多久。不過,也可能有其他的相關考慮因素,本席認為包括以下一項:在有關的干擾發生之前,是否有人曾一度或數度作出一項或多項干擾行為?可合理地預期公眾能容許甚麼,乃屬事實和程度的問題,但在回答這個問題時,法庭務須謹記,毫無保留地保存相關自由,正是合理性的定義,而非僅是用作決定是否合理的因素之一。」
    參與示威區域的公眾集會的示威者並不能構成阻礙,因示威區域的馬路是由警方封鎖的。警方封鎖示威區域的馬路是為了保障示威者的安全 ,讓他們可以安全地及和平地行使和平集會的權利。就算在示威區域是造成了一定程度的阻礙,考慮到示威者是在行使他們的和平示威自由的憲法權利,那阻礙也不能是不合理的。
    即使當示威者在2014年9 月28日走到分域碼頭街及夏慤道,人們只是被邀請來到示威區域而不是留在那些道路上。警方被要求開放通向示威區域的通路,好讓人們能去到示威區域與示威者們一起。若非通往示威區域的通路被警方封鎖了,大部份人即使不是所有人,應都會進入示威區域,而那些道路就不會被佔領。催淚彈也就沒有需要發放。
    警方應有責任去促使公民能在示威區域舉行公眾集會,但警方卻把示威區域封鎖了,阻礙人們來到示威區域參與公眾集會。示威區域內的示威者不可能意圖或造成任何在示威區域以外所出現的阻礙,因他們只是邀請人們來到示威區域與他們一起。
    當警方見到已有大量人群在示威區域外意圖進入示威區域,警方仍不負責任地拒絕開放通向示威區域的通路。警方必須為示威區域外所造成的阻礙及之後發生的所有事負上責任。
    在警方發放87催淚彈及使用過度武力後,一切都改變了。如此發放催淚彈是沒有人能預見的,事情再不是我們所能掌控。到了那時候,我們覺得最重要的事,就是帶領參加運動的人平安回家。
    在發放催淚彈後的無數個日與夜,我們竭力用不同方法去盡快結束佔領。我們幫助促使學生領袖與政府主要官員對話。我們與各方商討能否接受以變相公投為退場機制。我們籌組了廣場投票。即使我們這些工作的大部分最後都沒有成效,但我們真的是盡了力及用盡能想到的方法去達到這目標。最後,我們在2014年12 月3日向警方自首。金鐘範圍的佔領在2014年12 月11日也結束了。

    不恰當檢控

    這是關乎不恰當地以公眾妨擾罪作為罪名起訴的案件。
    如賀輔明勳爵in R v Jones (Margaret) 所指出,檢控官也有公民抗命的規則要遵守的,他們的行為要有所節制。
    在 “Public Nuisance – A Critical Examination,” Cambridge Law Journal 48(1), March 1989, pp. 55-84, 一文,J. R. Spencer 看到:「近年差不多所有以公眾妨擾罪來起訴的案件,都出現以下兩種情況的其中一個: 一、當被告人的行為是觸犯了成文法律,通常懲罰是輕微的,檢控官想要以一支更大或額外的棒子去打他; 二、當被告人的行為看來是明顯完全不涉及刑事責任的,檢控官找不到其他罪名可控訴他。」兵咸勳爵在 R v Rimmington [2006] 1 AC 469 採納了J. R. Spencer 對檢控官在控訴公眾妨擾罪時暗藏的動機的批評。
    若有一適當的成文罪行能涵蓋一宗公民抗命案件中的違法行為,我們可以合理地質問為何要以公眾妨擾罪來起訴?即使這不構成濫用程序,但這案件的檢控官一定已違反了賀輔明勳爵在 R v Jones (Margaret) 所指出適用於他的公民抗命的規則,因他並沒有節制行為。
    這是關乎不恰當地以串謀及煽惑人煽惑為罪名起訴的案件。
    同樣地,在一宗公民抗命的案件及一宗涉及和平示威自由的權利的案件,以串謀及煽惑人煽惑為罪名起訴,那是過度的。在串謀的控罪,控方提出的証據是我們的公開發言。按定義,公民抗命一定是一項公開的行為。若這些公開發言可以用於檢控,那會把所有的公民抗命都扼殺於萌芽階段。那麼說公民抗命是一些光榮之事就變得毫無意義,因公民抗命根本就不可能出現。更惡劣的後果是,社會出現寒蟬效應,很多合理的言論都會被噤聲。對言論自由的限制必然是不合乎比例。
    在香港普通法是否有煽惑人煽惑這罪名仍存爭議,但即使真有這罪行,在一宗公民抗命的案件及一宗涉及和平示威自由的權利的案件,以串謀及煽惑人煽惑為罪名起訴,那是過度地、不合理地及不必要地擴展過失責任。
    因主罪行是那惹人猜疑的公眾妨擾罪,以煽惑人煽惑去構成公眾妨擾罪來起訴,那更會把過失責任擴展至明顯不合理的程度。若檢控官的行為不是那麼過度和不合理,起訴的罪名是恰當的,我們是不會抗辯的。無論如何,當控罪相信是過度及不合理,我們提出抗辯不應被視為拒絕接受法律的懲處,違反了違法者的公民抗命規則。
    有些問題是我這位置難以解答的。若檢控官違反了賀輔明勳爵在 R v Jones (Margaret) 所指出的公民抗命的規則,那會有甚麼後果呢?由誰來糾正這錯誤呢?

    守護法治

    歸根究底,這是一宗關乎香港法治與高度自治的案件。
    作為香港法治及憲法的學者,我相信單純依靠司法獨立是不足以維護香港的法治。 缺乏一個真正的民主制度,政府權力會被濫用,公民的基利不會得到充分的保障。沒有民主,要抵抗越來越厲害對「一國兩制」下香港的高度自由的侵害,會是困難的。在「雨傘運動」後,還有很長的路才能到達香港民主之旅的終點。
    終審法院常任法官鄧國楨在退休前法庭儀式上致辭說:「雖然法官決意維護法治,讓其在香港的價值及運用恒久不變,但關鍵在於社會對法官予以由衷的支持。那應是何等形式的支持?我認為,應是全面而徹底的支持。如果法官受到不公的抨擊,請緊守立場並支持他們。可是,不要只因爲某些事件才對他們表示支持。那並不足夠,也可能已經太遲。大家應致力在社會上培養有利於法治的氛圍。我們在香港擁有新聞自由及選舉自由,必須努力發聲,讓你的選票發揮作用。請相信我,自由的代價是要時刻保持警覺。更重要的是,永遠不要放棄或低估自己的力量。如果我們整體社會堅持維護法治,無人可以輕易把它奪走。千萬不要讓此事變得輕而易舉。」
    我們都有責任去守護香港的法治和高度自治。我在這裹,是因我用了生命中很多的年月,直至此時此刻,去守護香港的法治,那亦是香港的高度自治不可或缺的部份。我永不會放棄,也必會繼續爭取香港的民主。
    我相信法治能為公民抗命提供理據。公民抗命與法治有共同的目標,就是追求公義。公民抗命是有效的方法去確保這共同目標能達成,至少從長遠來說,公民抗命能創造一個氛圍,讓其他方法可被用來達成那目標。
    若我們真是有罪,那麼我們的罪名就是在香港這艱難的時刻仍敢於去散播希望。入獄,我不懼怕,也不羞愧。若這苦杯是不能挪開,我會無悔地飲下。

    DCCC 480/2017

    Closing Submission of Tai Yiu-ting (D1)

    1. First, this is a case of civil disobedience.

    2. Here, I am standing up for civil disobedience.

    3. The Occupy Central with Love and Peace Movement, initiated by Professor Chan Kin-man, Reverend Chu Yiu-ming and I, was a movement of civil disobedience.

    4. Civil disobedience, known little by Hong Kong people in the past, is now a household idea in Hong Kong.

    5. The Court of Final Appeal in Secretary for Justice v Wong Chi Fung (2018) 21 HKCFAR 35 at paragraph 70 endorsed the definition of civil disobedience put forward by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice (Revised Edition, 1999) at p. 320.

    6. Civil disobedience is “a public, nonviolent, conscientious yet political act contrary to law usually done with the aim of bringing about a change in the law or policies of the government.”

    7. In Secretary for Justice v Wong Chi Fung, the Court of Final Appeal with Lord Hoffmann as the non-permanent judge repeated at paragraph 72 what Lord Hoffmann had said in R v Jones (Margaret) [2007] 1 AC 136 at paragraph 89, “civil disobedience on conscientious grounds has a long and honourable history in this country.” The Court of Final Appeal accepted that the concept of civil disobedience is equally recognisable in a jurisdiction respecting individual rights, like Hong Kong.

    8. However, it was not explained why civil disobedience is honourable and civilised.

    9. John Rawls’ definition spells out more the actus reus of civil disobedience.

    10. In his very famous work on civil disobedience, Letter from a Birmingham Jail reproduced in The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 71, No. 1/4 (Winter - Autumn, 1986), pp. 38-44, Dr Martin Luther King Jr. provided more the mens rea of civil disobedience or the spirit of civil disobedience. The Letter was written by him on 16 April 1963 while in jail serving a sentence for participating in civil rights demonstration in Birmingham, Alabama.

    11. He said (p. 41), “One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the very highest respect for law.”

    12. To Dr King, a law could be just on its face but unjust in its application. He said in the Letter (p. 40-41), “I was arrested…on a charge of parading without a permit. Now there is nothing wrong with an ordinance which requires a permit for a parade, but when the ordinance is used to …deny citizens the First Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and peaceful protest, then it becomes unjust.”

    13. He also said (p. 39), “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and establish such creative tension that a community that has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatise the issue that it can no longer be ignored.”

    14. I was inspired very much by Dr King, and this is the same spirit we have implanted in the Occupy Central with Love and Peace Movement. Following Dr King’s steps closely in the path of civil disobedience, we strive to inspire self-sacrificing love and peacefulness but not to incite anger and hatred.

    15. The Court of Final Appeal in Secretary for Justice v Wong Chi Fung further cited what Lord Hoffmann had said in R v Jones (Margaret), “[T]here are conventions which are generally accepted by the law-breakers on one side and the law-enforcers on the other. The protesters behave with a sense of proportion and do not cause excessive damage or inconvenience. And they vouch the sincerity of their beliefs by accepting the penalties imposed by the law.”

    16. Though the Court of Final Appeal did not quote this part of the judgment in Secretary for Justice v Wong Chi Fung, Lord Hoffmann in R v Jones (Margaret) also said, “The police and prosecutors, on the other hand, behave with restraint and the magistrates impose sentences which take the conscientious motives of the protesters into account.” These other conventions of civil disobedience should also apply, and it is not likely that the Court of Final Appeal would object.

    17. The purpose of civil disobedience is not to obstruct the public but to arouse public concern to the injustice in society and to win sympathy from the public on the cause of the social movement.

    18. If it is found that a person is committing an act of civil disobedience, he could not have intended to cause unreasonable obstruction as it will defeat the whole purpose of civil disobedience itself even if his action might at the end have caused a degree of obstruction more than he could have known.

    19. Non-violence was the overarching principle of the Occupy Central with Love and Peace Movement. The act of civil disobedience, i.e. occupy Central, was the last resort of the movement. The manner of civil disobedience by the protesters was to sit down together on the street with arms locked and wait to be arrested by the police without struggling. The scale of occupation was planned and intended to be proportionate. We believe that the obstruction must be reasonable.

    20. I believe we have done our part as the law-breaker in civil disobedience. We expect the others will do their parts.

    21. In a case of civil disobedience, whether the means of civil disobedience is proportionate; contextually, the end must be considered.

    22. This is a case about some Hong Kong people who love Hong Kong very much and believe that only through the introduction of genuine universal suffrage could a door be opened to resolving the deep-seated conflicts in Hong Kong.

    23. I am one of those Hong Kong people. With all people who share the same democratic dream, we have waited for more than thirty years for our constitutional rights. Since the time I was a law student at the University, I had been involved in Hong Kong’s Democratic Movement. Now, my son has just graduated from the University, democracy is still nowhere in Hong Kong.

    24. Also said by Dr King in the Letter (p. 292), “…freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed…We must come to see with the distinguished jurist of yesterday that ‘justice too long delayed is justice denied.’”

    25. In seeking for justice, our planned action in the eyes of the powerholders may indeed be a nuisance.

    26. According to Article 45 of the Basic Law the ultimate aim of the selection of the Chief Executive (“CE”) is by universal suffrage upon nomination by a broadly representative nominating committee in accordance with democratic procedures.

    27. Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (“ICCPR”) provides that, “Every citizen shall have the right and the opportunity, without any of the distinctions mentioned in article 2 and without unreasonable restrictions: … (b) To vote and to be elected at genuine periodic elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing the free expression of the will of the electors…”

    28. The United Nations Human Rights Committee gave its understanding and requirements of universal and equal suffrage under Article 25 of the ICCPR in its General Comment No. 25 adopted on 12 July 1996. (CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7).

    29. Paragraph 15 provides that, “The effective implementation of the right and the opportunity to stand for elective office ensures that persons entitled to vote have a free choice of candidates.”

    30. Paragraph 17 provides that, “political opinion may not be used as a ground to deprive any person of the right to stand for election.”

    31. Through its Interpretation of Annex I and Annex II of the Basic Law in 2004, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (“NPCSC”) in effect changed the constitutional procedures to amend the election methods of the CE.

    32. Before the CE can put forward bills on the amendments to the election methods to the Legislative Council (“LegCo”), two more steps are added. The CE is required to make a report to the NPCSC as regards whether there is a need to make an amendment and the NPCSC must make a determination in the light of the actual situation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (“HKSAR”) and in accordance with the principle of gradual and orderly progress. Such bills need to have the endorsement of a two-thirds majority of all the members of the LegCo and the consent of the CE, and they shall be reported to the NPCSC.

    33. On 31 August 2014, the NPCSC completed the second step of the constitutional reform process by issuing a decision on the election method of the CE. The NPCSC laid down specific and stringent requirements on the election method of the CE by universal suffrage in addition to the determination that starting from 2017 the selection of the CE may be implemented by the method of universal suffrage.

    34. The number of members, composition and formation of the Nomination Committee (“NC”) have to be made in accordance with the number of members, composition and formation method of the Election Committee for the 4th CE. The NC can only nominate two to three candidates for the office of CE in accordance with democratic procedures. Each candidate must have the endorsement of more than half of all the members of the nominating committee.

    35. In accordance with the procedure added by itself, the NPCSC should only have the power to make a determination of approving or not approving the CE’s report but not providing detailed requirements on the composition and nomination procedures of the NC. The NPCSC has failed to follow the procedures set by itself.

    36. If the requirements set by the NPCSC on the election method of the CE were to be followed, electors in Hong Kong would not have a genuine choice of candidates in the election as all unwelcome candidates would be screened out. This is not compatible with the meaning of universal suffrage.

    37. These Hong Kong people resorted to civil disobedience to arouse more concern in the community and the world that the Chinese Government had unjustly broken its constitutional promise and breached its constitutional obligation.

    38. We did all we had done to protect our constitutional rights and the constitutional rights of all Hong Kong people including those who disagreed with our action, to demand a constitutional promise to be honored by our sovereign, to strive for a fundamental reform in the constitutional system of Hong Kong, and to bring more justice to the future of Hong Kong.

    39. This is also a case of the right to freedom of peaceful demonstration and the right to freedom of speech.

    40. According to the original plan of the Occupy Central with Love and Peace Movement, the public meeting to be organised was to be held at the Chater Road Pedestrian Precinct, the Chater Garden, and the Statue Square, from 3:00 pm on 1 October 2014 to the latest on 5 October 2014.

    41. We expected that there would be three groups of people coming. The first group of people decided to commit the act of civil disobedience. They would continue to sit on the Chater Road after the notified time expired. They would be the people who had chosen the second or the third option in the letter of intent of the Occupy Central with Love and Peace Movement.

    42. The second group of people decided not to commit the act of civil disobedience but just came to support the first group of people. They would leave the Chater Road after the notified time expired and move to the Chater Garden or the Statue Square. They would be the people who had chosen the first option in the letter of intent of the Occupy Central with Love and Peace Movement.

    43. The third group of people might not have made up their mind yet on whether they would join the action of civil disobedience. They could decide at the very last moment when the notified time expired by choosing where to stay.

    44. We believed that the police would have sufficient time to remove all the protesters joining the act of civil disobedience of occupy Central; estimated to be a few thousands.

    45. We asked all participants to observe the discipline of non-violence strictly. We adopted specific measures to ensure most if not all participants would follow.

    46. We were exercising our constitutional right to the freedom of peaceful demonstration protected by Article 27 of the Basic Law. It is also closely associated with the right to freedom of speech also protected by Article 27 of the Basic Law. By Article 39 of the Basic Law, constitutional protection is also given to freedom of opinion, of expression and of peaceful assembly as provided for in Articles 16 and 17 of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights, those articles being the equivalents of Articles 19 and 21 of the ICCPR and representing part of the ICCPR as applied to Hong Kong.

    47. If the original plan were to be carried out, it might breach some requirements under the Public Order Ordinance concerning the organisation of unauthorised assembly. However, we believed that the public meeting to be held would not cause unreasonable obstruction to the public.

    48. The space to be occupied, including the carriageway, can be freely used by every citizen on public holidays.

    49. The first two days of the planned occupation were public holidays and the last two days were the weekend.

    50. When the venue of the public meeting was moved to the area outside the Central Government Offices including the pavements and carriageways at Tim Mei Avenue, Legislative Council Road and Lung Hui Road (“the Demonstration Area”), though the public meeting’s themes, leadership, organization and composition of participants had changed, the spirit had not.

    51. People were asked to join the public meeting in the Demonstration Area on 27 and 28 September 2014. It was still an exercise of their constitutional right to freedom of peaceful demonstration and freedom of speech by Hong Kong citizens.

    52. Similar public meetings had been held in the Demonstration Area during the Anti-national Curriculum Campaign from 3-9 September 2012. Citizens at that time could have access to the Civic Square, i.e. the East Wing Forecourt of the Central Government Offices. Other than that, the space being occupied by protesters during the Anti-national Curriculum Campaign in September 2012 was very similar to the space that was being occupied by protesters on 27 and 28 September 2014 before the police cordoned all access to the Demonstration Area.

    53. Since the Anti-national Curriculum Campaign in 2012, the Demonstration Area has been generally recognised to be the public space that can be used for organising big public meetings with a large number of people participating to protest against the Government of the HKSAR. In another word, the Demonstration Area is known to the public to be an important venue for citizens of Hong Kong to gather and to exercise their right to peaceful demonstration together.

    54. On the basis of this public knowledge that we share, at the time when I announced the early beginning of the Occupy Central in the small hours on 28 September 2014, we could only be intending to ask people to come to the Demonstration Area but no other place. Occupying places outside the Demonstration Area could not have been in the thought of us at that time. No one could have intended that.

    55. The Court of Final Appeal in Leung Kwok-hung v. HKSAR (2005) 8 HKCFAR 229 at paragraph 22 pointed out that, “…the right of peaceful assembly involves a positive duty on the part of the Government, that is the executive authorities, to take reasonable and appropriate measures to enable lawful assemblies to take place peacefully.”

    56. As senior superintendent Wong Key-wai (PW2) said in his evidence, the police closed the carriageways in the Demonstration Area for the safety of the protesters when there were too many protesters on the adjacent pavements.

    57. Having a public space for the public opposing the Government of the HKSAR to gather and vent their dissatisfaction against the Government peacefully is a public benefit to the society of Hong Kong. No common injury to the public can be caused even if a public meeting is being held in the Demonstration Area in contravention with the Public Order Ordinance for a prolonged period. The section of the public that will be affected is very small and the inconvenience caused is comparatively insignificant.

    58. Mr Justice Bokhary PJ said in Yeung May-wan v. HKSAR (2005) 8 HKCFAR 137 at paragraph 144, “The mere fact that an assembly, a procession or a demonstration causes some interference with free passage along a highway does not take away its protection under art. 27 of the Basic Law. In my view, it would not lose such protection unless the interference caused is unreasonable in the sense of exceeding what the public can reasonably be expected to tolerate. As to that, I think that the participants in a large or even massive assembly, procession or demonstration will often be able to say with justification that their point could not be nearly as effectively made by anything on a smaller scale. Subject to this, the most obviously relevant considerations are, I think, how substantial the interference is and how long it lasts. But other considerations can be relevant, too. These include, I think, whether the interference concerned had been recently preceded by another act or other acts of interference on another occasion or other occasions. What the public can reasonably be expected to tolerate is a question of fact and degree. But when answering this question, a court must always remember that preservation of the freedom in full measure defines reasonableness and is not merely a factor in deciding what is reasonable.”

    59. No obstruction can be caused by the protesters participating in a public meeting in the Demonstration Area as all carriageways in the Demonstration Area were closed by the police. The police closed the carriageways in the Demonstration Area to ensure the protesters there can exercise their right to freedom of peaceful assembly safely and peacefully. Even if there were to be some degree of obstruction in the Demonstration Area, the obstruction could not be unreasonable in light of the constitutional right to freedom of peaceful demonstration of the protesters.

    60. Even after protesters walked into the carriageways of Fenwick Pier Street and Harcourt Road on 28 September 2014, people were continuing to be asked to come to the Demonstration Area but not to stay on those roads. The police were demanded to reopen the access to the Demonstration Area so that people could come and join the protesters in the Demonstration Area. If the access to the Demonstration Area were not blocked by the police, most if not all of the people out there would have entered the Demonstration Area and those roads would not have been occupied. No tear gas would need to be fired.

    61. It should be the duty of the police to facilitate the holding of a public meeting in the Demonstration Area by citizens. However, the police had cordoned the Demonstration Area and prevented people from joining the public meeting in the Demonstration Area. Any obstruction outside the Demonstration Area could not be intended or caused by the protesters gathering in the Demonstration Area who were just inviting other people to join them in the Demonstration Area.

    62. The police irresponsibly refused to reopen the access to the Demonstration Area even after the police saw that a large number of people were gathering outside the Demonstration Area intending to enter the Demonstration Area. The police must be responsible for the obstruction outside the Demonstration Area and what happened afterwards.

    63. Everything changed after the firing of the 87 canisters of tear gas and excessive force had been used by the police.

    64. The firing of tear gas in such a way was something that no one could have known. Matters were no longer in our control. By then, the most important thing we wanted to do was to bring everyone home safe.

    65. In the many days and nights following the firing of the tear gas, we had tried to use different methods to bring an earlier end of the occupation. We helped arrange a dialogue between the student leaders and senior government officials. We tried to convince others to accept an arrangement of de facto referendum as a mechanism to retreat. We organised a plaza voting. Even though most of the things we had done came to be futile, we did work very hard and exhausted all methods we could think of to achieve this goal. In the end, we surrendered to the police on 3 December 2014. The occupation at the Admiralty area ended on 11 December 2014.

    66. This is a case about the improperness of laying charges relating to public nuisance.

    67. As asserted by Lord Hoffmann in R v Jones (Margaret), prosecutors also have conventions to follow in a case of civil disobedience. They should behave with restraint.

    68. In “Public Nuisance – A Critical Examination,” Cambridge Law Journal 48(1), March 1989, pp. 55-84, at p. 77, J. R. Spencer observed that, “...almost all the prosecutions for public nuisance in recent years seem to have taken place in one of two situations: first, where the defendant’s behaviour amounted to a statutory offence, typically punishable with a small penalty, and the prosecutor wanted a bigger or extra stick to beat him with, and secondly, where the defendant’s behaviour was not obviously criminal at all and the prosecutor could think of nothing else to charge him with.”

    69. Lord Bingham in R v Rimmington [2006] 1 AC 469 at paragraph 37 endorsed the criticisms of J. R. Spencer concerning the ulterior motive of a prosecutor laying a charge of public nuisance.

    70. If there is an appropriate statutory offence to cover the unlawful act in a case of civil disobedience, one would rightly ask why laying the charges of public nuisance? Even though it might not be an abuse of process, the prosecutor in this case must have breached the convention of civil disobedience applicable to him as asserted by Lord Hoffmann in R v Jones (Margaret) for failing to behave with restraint.

    71. This is a case about the improperness of laying charges of conspiracy and incitement to incite.

    72. Similarly, laying charges of conspiracy and incitement to incite is excessive in a case of civil disobedience and a case of the right to freedom of peaceful demonstration.

    73. Pieces of evidence relied upon by the prosecution in the conspiracy charge were public statements made by us. Civil disobedience by definition must be a public act. If these public statements can be used to support the prosecution, all civil disobedience at its formation stage will be suppressed. It is meaningless to talk about civil disobedience as something honourable as no civil disobedience would have happened. Even worse, a chilling effect will be generated in society, and many legitimate speeches will be silenced. The restriction on the right to freedom of speech must be disproportionate.

    74. Whether there can be an offence of incitement to incite under the Hong Kong common law is still disputable. Even if there is such an offence, laying charges of incitement to incite in a case of civil disobedience and a case of the right to freedom of peaceful demonstration must have extended culpability excessively, unreasonably and unnecessarily.

    75. Since the substantial offence is the questionable offence of public nuisance, laying a charge of incitement to incite public nuisance must have extended culpability to even a manifestly unreasonable degree.

    76. If the prosecutor has not acted in such an excessive and unreasonable manner and proper charges were laid, we would not have filed a defence.

    77. Nonetheless, filing a defence against charges believed to be excessive and unreasonable should not be considered to be failing to comply with the conventions of civil disobedience on the part of the law-breakers as not accepting the penalties imposed by the law.

    78. There are some questions that I am not in the position to answer. If the prosecutor fails to comply with the convention of civil disobedience asserted by Lord Hoffmann in R v Jones (Margaret), what will be the consequence? Who is responsible for rectifying the wrongs?

    79. At the end, this is a case about Hong Kong’s rule of law and high degree of autonomy.

    80. As a scholar of the rule of law and the constitutional law of Hong Kong, I believe that merely having judicial independence is not sufficient to maintain the rule of law in Hong Kong.

    81. Without a genuinely democratic system, powers of the government can still be exercised arbitrarily, and the fundamental rights of citizens will not be adequately protected. Also, without democracy, it will be difficult to withstand the more and more severe encroachment on Hong Kong’s high degree of autonomy under the policy of “One Country Two Systems”. After the Umbrella Movement, there is still a long way before we can reach the destination of Hong Kong’s journey to democracy.

    82. Mr Justice Tang, PJ at his Farewell Sitting (2018) 21 HKCFAR 530 at paragraphs 17-19 said, “…although judges are prepared to uphold the rule of law as it has always been understood and applied in Hong Kong, the community must be willing to support them. In what form the support should take? I think the support should be all-embracing. If the judiciary is unfairly attacked, you should hold firm and stand up for them. But, support should not only be events driven. That is not enough. It may be too late. You should endeavour to nurture an atmosphere friendly to the rule of law. We have a free press and free elections in Hong Kong. Make your voice heard and your vote count. Believe me, the price of freedom is indeed eternal vigilance. Above all else, do not give up or underestimate your strength. If we as a community insist on the rule of law, it cannot be taken from us easily. Do not make it easy.”

    83. We all have our duty to defend the rule of law and the high degree of autonomy in Hong Kong.

    84. I am here because I have used many years of my life and up to this very moment to defend the rule of law of Hong Kong, an integral part of Hong Kong’s high degree of autonomy. I will also never give up on striving for Hong Kong’s democracy.

    85. I believe that civil disobedience can be justified by the rule of law. Civil disobedience and the rule of law share the same goal in pursuing justice. Civil disobedience is an effective way of securing the attainment of this common goal at least in the long run by creating the climate within which other means can be used to achieve that goal. (See Benny Yiu-ting Tai, “Civil Disobedience and the Rule of Law,” in Ng, M. H. (Ed.), Wong, J. D. (Ed.). (2017). Civil Unrest and Governance in Hong Kong. London: Routledge. At pp. 141-162.)

    86. If we were to be guilty, we will be guilty for daring to share hope at this difficult time in Hong Kong.

    87. I am not afraid or ashamed of going to prison. If this is the cup I must take, I will drink with no regret.


    List of Authorities

    1. Secretary for Justice v Wong Chi Fung (2018) 21 HKCFAR 35, paragraphs 70 and 72.
    2. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Revised Edition, 1999), p. 320.
    3. Martin Luther King Jr. “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 71, No. 1/4 (Winter - Autumn, 1986), pp. 38-44.
    4. R v Jones (Margaret) [2007] 1 AC 136, paragraph 89.
    5. UN Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 25 adopted on 12 July 1996 (on Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights), CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.7, paragraph 15 and 17.
    6. Leung Kwok-hung v HKSAR (2005) 8 HKCFAR 229, paragraph 22.
    7. Yeung May-wan v HKSAR (2005) 8 HKCFAR 137, paragraph 144.
    8. J. R. Spencer, “Public Nuisance – A Critical Examination,” Cambridge Law Journal 48(1), March 1989, pp. 55-84, p. 77.
    9. R v Rimmington [2006] 1 AC 469, paragraph 37.
    10. Farewell Sitting for the Honourable Mr Justice Tang PJ (2018) 21 HKCFAR 530, Tang PJ, paragraphs 17-19.
    11. Benny Yiu-ting Tai, “Civil Disobedience and the Rule of Law” in Ng, M. H. (Ed.), Wong, J. D. (Ed.). (2017). Civil Unrest and Governance in Hong Kong. London: Routledge. At pp. 141-162.

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