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Đề Cambridge IELTS 14 Test 2 - passage 2:
BACK TO THE FUTURE OF SKYSCRAPER DESIGN

Answers to the problem of excessive electricity use by skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and early-20th centuries

A. The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of research and award-winning green building design by Short and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge.
'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. 'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool until we have run out of capacity.'

B. Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' system of vast air conditioning units.
Instead, he shows it is entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their inventors.

C. Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The energy use and carbon emissions this generates is spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of meeting our requirements.

D. Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).
'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens• in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.

E. 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour-that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.
Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.'
Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air.

F. Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.
While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake.

G. Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed and built a series of buildings over the past three decades which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then measure what happens. 'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we would be well advised to look back at design before our high-energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'

H. Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than 150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the electricity of comparable buildings in the UK.
Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to pass as expected.

I. He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on milder days and during the spring and autumn.
“My book is a recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we are now, and how we might reimagine the cities, offices and homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this. The Department of Health says new hospitals should be naturally ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we changed our outlook.”

TỪ VỰNG CHÚ Ý:

Excessive (adj)/ɪkˈsesɪv/: quá mức
Skyscraper (n)/ˈskaɪskreɪpə(r)/: nhà trọc trời
Ingenious (adj)/ɪnˈdʒiːniəs/: khéo léo
Culmination (n) /ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃn/: điểm cao nhất
Crisis (n)/ˈkraɪsɪs/: khủng hoảng
Gadget (n)/ˈɡædʒɪt/: công cụ
Squander (v)/ˈskwɒndə(r)/: lãng phí
Reliance (n)/rɪˈlaɪəns/: sự tín nhiệm
Vast (adj)/vɑːst/: rộng lớn
Accommodate (v)/əˈkɒmədeɪt/: cung cấp
Ventilation (n)/ˌventɪˈleɪʃn/: sự thông gió
Habitable (adj)/ˈhæbɪtəbl/: có thể ở được
Spectacular (adj)/spekˈtækjələ(r)/: ngoạn mục, đẹp mắt
Account for /əˈkaʊnt//fə(r)/ : chiếm
Substantial (adj)/səbˈstænʃl/: đáng kể
Frightening (adj)/ˈfraɪtnɪŋ/: kinh khủng
Sophisticated (adj)/səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd/: phức tạp
Pathogen (n)/ˈpæθədʒən/: mầm bệnh
Tuberculosis (n)/tjuːˌbɜːkjuˈləʊsɪs/: bệnh lao
Communal (adj)/kəˈmjuːnl/: công cộng
Dementia (n)/dɪˈmenʃə/: chứng mất trí
Fraction (n)/ˈfrækʃn/: phần nhỏ
Lament (v)/ləˈment/: xót xa
Panicked (adj): hoảng loạn
Lethal (adj)/ˈliːθl/: gây chết người
Threat (n)/θret/: mối nguy
Miasmas (n)/miˈæzmə/: khí độc
Infection (n) /ɪnˈfekt/: sự nhiễm trùng
Cholera (n)/ˈkɒl.ər.ə/: dịch tả
Outbreak (n)/ˈaʊt.breɪk/: sự bùng nổ
Disprove (v)/dɪˈspruːv/: bác bỏ
Advocate (v)/ˈæd.və.keɪt/: ủng hộ
Auditoria (n)/ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriə/ : thính phòng
Comparable (adj)/ˈkɒm.pər.ə.bəl/: có thể so sánh được
Contend (v) /kənˈtend/: cho rằng
Liability (n)/ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/: nghĩa vụ pháp lý
Convince (v) /kənˈvɪns/: Thuyết phục
Assist (v) /əˈsɪst/: để giúp đỡ

Các bạn cùng tham khảo nhé!

Honey Lemon Hair 🍯🍋💇🏻‍♀️✨
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Full service of hair, nails, and food all in one place at @number76_tokyo & @number76_nail_eyelash & @76cafe_omotesando 🥺💕 it’s been great doing self care here, everyone is staying safe, providing and wearing masks, washing hands & constantly disinfecting, socially distancing, and ventilating that I feel extremely safe! Thank you!
ヘア、ネイル、とカフェ全部一ヶ所でセルフケアができてすごく嬉しい〜✨そしてすごく丁寧に安心させてる場所を作ってます！ちゃんと全員にマスクも配って、手洗いとしょっちゅに消毒してて、ソーシャルディスタンスを取って、そして空気ををちゃんと通してるところですごく感動した。ありがとうございます！
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🎀Hair, nails, food sponsored by @number76_tokyo @number76_nail_eyelash @76cafe_omotesando
🎀ヘア、ネイル、食べ物は @number76_tokyo @number76_nail_eyelash @76cafe_omotesando よりの提供です。
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My little helper loves helping out in cleaning because cleaning is super easy with Kao Magiclean! Its so easy to combat spills and grime with Kao Magiclean, with just one wipe greasy stains is removed from ventilating fan, oven, refrigerator, porcelain tiles, even painted and stainless steel surface. Kills 99.9% Bacteria too, all with just 1 wipe.
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Modifying a Mens Striped Shirt! [3 Styles]
1枚のシャツをDIY! 切って貼って3アイテムに



【What to prepare】
・Shirt with collar (Men's)
・Cloth (fluorescent color)
・ Glue gun
・ Wire (gold)
・ Double-sided tape for cloth

【Steps】

＜Bracelet＞
1. Cut off the shirt cuffs.
2. Remove the button and put a cut on the side.
3. Put through your favorite ribbon.

＜Detachable collar＞
1. Completely cut the collar off the shirt.

＜Off shoulder shirt＞
Preparation
Cut the fluorescent color into a thin cloth and put a double-sided tape for cloth.
1. Pass the wire through the cut collar.
2. Put a wire on the back and attach a fluorescent cloth.
3. Complete the sleeve part with a fluorescent cloth so that it shows.

※ We recommend the use of gloves, ventilating the room during work.
※ Be careful to handle the glue gun as it gets hot.


【本文】
流行のビックシルエットのシャツを使って簡単アレンジ!
ほんの一手間で自分だけのオリジナルアイテムが作れちゃう♡



【用意するもの】
・襟付きシャツ（メンズ）
・布（蛍光色）
・グルーガン
・ワイヤー（金色）
・布用両面テープ

【作り方】

＜ブレスレット＞
1.シャツのカフス部分を切り落とす。
2.ボタンを外しサイドに切れ目を入れる。
3.お好みのリボンを通して完成。

＜つけ襟＞
1.シャツの襟部分を丸く切り抜いて完成。

＜オフショルダーシャツ＞
下準備
蛍光色を布を細く切り、布用両面テープを貼る。
1.切り抜いた襟にワイヤーを通す。
2.背中部分にもワイヤーを入れ、蛍光色の布を貼る。
3.袖部分にはポイントで布を貼って完成。

※作業中は手袋の使用、部屋の換気をおすすめします。
※グルーガンは高温となりますので取り扱いには十分に注意してください。

如果覺得我介紹的不錯,歡迎贊助我的開箱影片(Please support my video Channel) PayPal : jkc1974@gmail.com


開箱介紹: DAMTOYS 新品： 1/6 U-2 “龍女”偵察機 -飛行員 /U-2 DRAGON LADY PILOT~ by 大人的玩具
賣場
http://class.ruten.com.tw/user/index00.php?s=18xtoys
FB
https://www.facebook.com/18Xtoys

定價880 RMB, 預計2016年第3季度上市
DAMTOYS ELITE SERIES 1/6 U-2 DRAGON LADY PILOT (NO.78030)
DAMTOYS 精英系列 1/6比例 U-2 “龍女”偵察機 飛行員 (NO.78030)
1/1 Full Scale U-2 Dragon Lady Patch will included in every box, Thanks for your supports!
1/1 全尺寸 U-2“龍女”臂章將隨盒附送,感謝您的支持!
DAMTOYS 1/6 U-2 DRAGON LADY PILOT
DAM 78030
HEADSCULPTURE
DAM 2.0 NARROW SHOULDERS BODY
HAND PALMS x2
LONG UNDERWEAR
S1034 FULL-PRESSURE SUIT
FULL-PRESSURE SUIT HELMET
FULL-PRESSURE SUIT GLOVES
FLIGHT BOOTS
FULL-PRESSURE SUIT VENTILATING UNIT
VENTILATING UNIT AIR TUBE
VENTILATING UNIT OXYGEN HOSE
CHECKLIST
PEN X2
U-2 PATCH
FLAG PATCH WITH NAME
FOOD TUBE X2
DRINKING BOTTLE
FIGURE STAND
1/1 FULL SIZE U-2 DRAGON LADY PATCH
.................................................. ...........................
DAMTOYS 1/6 U-2 “龍女”偵察機 飛行員
DAM 78030
頭雕
DAM 2.0窄肩素體
手掌 x2
長內衣
S1034 全密閉增壓服
全密閉增壓服頭盔
全密閉增壓服手套
飛行靴
全密閉增壓服送風單元
送風單元氣管
送風單元氧氣管
一覽表
筆 X2
U-2 臂章
國旗名條章
軟管食物 X2
飲水瓶
人偶支架
1/1 全尺寸U-2“龍女”臂章

如果覺得我介紹的不錯,歡迎贊助我的開箱影片(Please support my video Channel) PayPal : jkc1974@gmail.com


開箱介紹: DAMTOYS 新品： 1/6 U-2 “龍女”偵察機 -飛行員 /U-2 DRAGON LADY PILOT~ by 大人的玩具
賣場
http://class.ruten.com.tw/user/index00.php?s=18xtoys
FB
https://www.facebook.com/18Xtoys

定價880 RMB, 預計2016年第3季度上市
DAMTOYS ELITE SERIES 1/6 U-2 DRAGON LADY PILOT (NO.78030)
DAMTOYS 精英系列 1/6比例 U-2 “龍女”偵察機 飛行員 (NO.78030)
1/1 Full Scale U-2 Dragon Lady Patch will included in every box, Thanks for your supports!
1/1 全尺寸 U-2“龍女”臂章將隨盒附送,感謝您的支持!
DAMTOYS 1/6 U-2 DRAGON LADY PILOT
DAM 78030
HEADSCULPTURE
DAM 2.0 NARROW SHOULDERS BODY
HAND PALMS x2
LONG UNDERWEAR
S1034 FULL-PRESSURE SUIT
FULL-PRESSURE SUIT HELMET
FULL-PRESSURE SUIT GLOVES
FLIGHT BOOTS
FULL-PRESSURE SUIT VENTILATING UNIT
VENTILATING UNIT AIR TUBE
VENTILATING UNIT OXYGEN HOSE
CHECKLIST
PEN X2
U-2 PATCH
FLAG PATCH WITH NAME
FOOD TUBE X2
DRINKING BOTTLE
FIGURE STAND
1/1 FULL SIZE U-2 DRAGON LADY PATCH
.................................................. ...........................
DAMTOYS 1/6 U-2 “龍女”偵察機 飛行員
DAM 78030
頭雕
DAM 2.0窄肩素體
手掌 x2
長內衣
S1034 全密閉增壓服
全密閉增壓服頭盔
全密閉增壓服手套
飛行靴
全密閉增壓服送風單元
送風單元氣管
送風單元氧氣管
一覽表
筆 X2
U-2 臂章
國旗名條章
軟管食物 X2
飲水瓶
人偶支架
1/1 全尺寸U-2“龍女”臂章