[關於反芻動物全身麻醉的風險，反芻動物中，全身麻醉的弊大於利。] 有興趣的朋友可以多了解一下喔! (中文翻譯的部分為Google翻譯的，能夠閱讀英文的朋友建議看原文會比較清楚喔)
還有很多很多相關的學術發表，就不貼那麼多出來啦!

Cooper結紮的日期是4月26日，他現在很健康很調皮。

(德叔真的超級超級愛看這些學術發表的文章，但是我還是相信醫生的專業。)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334673867_The_Use_of_Epidural_Anaesthesia_over_General_Anaesthesia_in_Ruminants
全身麻醉是現代醫學的重要組成部分。它是一種藥物誘導的可逆病症，包括特定的行為和生理特徵，包括無意識、健忘症、鎮痛和運動不能——伴隨自主神經、心血管、呼吸和體溫調節系統的穩定性。
[反芻動物全身麻醉具有內在風險，如瘤胃內容物反流、唾液分泌過多和肺部誤吸的可能性；因此並不總是推薦使用本地或區域技術。硬膜外麻醉是一種中樞神經阻滯技術，經常用於獸醫實踐中，用於治療家畜會陰、骶骨、腰椎和尾椎部位的不同產科和外科手術干擾。關於在反芻動物和其他物種的各種外科和實驗室程序中使用硬膜外麻醉的科學研究已經有幾項。總之，全身麻醉的弊大於利，特別是在反芻動物中。因此，硬膜外麻醉是首選。

General anaesthesia is an essential component of modern medicine. It is a drug induced reversible condition that includes specific behavioral and physiological traits unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and akinesia- with concomitant stability of the autonomic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and thermoregulatory systems.
[General anesthesia in ruminants has inherent risks such as regurgitation of ruminal contents, excessive salivation and the possibility of pulmonary aspiration; therefore it is not always recommended and local or regional techniques may be used instead. Epidural anaesthesia is a central neuraxial block technique which is used regularly in veterinary practice for treatment of different obstetrical and surgical interferences in the perineal, sacral, lumbar, and caudal parts of the thoracic region of domestic animals. There have been several scientific researches on the use of epidural anesthesia in ruminants and other species for various surgical and laboratory procedures. In conclusion, the disadvantages of general anaesthesia outweigh the advantages especially in ruminant specie. Therefore, epidural anaesthesia is the most preferred.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118886700.ch1
瘤胃鼓脹、腹脹、反流和吸入性肺炎是與家畜全身麻醉相關的常見問題，應通過適當的預防措施和必要的麻醉前考慮來預見和解決。家畜在麻醉期間可能會出現胃內容物反流和誤吸，尤其是未禁食的動物。反芻動物在麻醉期間通常會大量分泌唾液。惡性高熱的觸發因素包括壓力（例如興奮、運輸或麻醉前處理）、鹵化吸入麻醉劑（例如氟烷、異氟烷、七氟烷和地氟烷）和去極化神經肌肉阻滯藥物（例如琥珀膽鹼）。同樣，氟烷似乎是豬惡性高熱的最有效和最常見的觸發因素。麻醉前禁食可能不能完全防止反流，但會減少瘤胃內容物中的固體物質數量。獸醫應將這些知識與適當的麻醉前準備和適當的圍手術期管理相結合，以確保這些動物的麻醉成功。
Ruminal tympany, bloat, regurgitation, and aspiration pneumonia are common problems associated with general anesthesia in farm animal species that should be anticipated and addressed with proper precautions and the necessary preanesthetic considerations. Regurgitation and aspiration of stomach content can occur in farm animal species during anesthesia, especially in nonfasted animals. Ruminants normally salivate profusely during anesthesia. The triggering agents of malignant hyperthermia include stress (e.g., excitement, transportation, or preanesthetic handling), halogenated inhalation anesthetics (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane), and depolarizing neuro-muscular blocking drugs (e.g., succinylcholine). Similarly, halothane appears to be the most potent and most frequently reported trigger of malignant hyperthermia in pigs. Preanesthetic fasting may not completely prevent regurgitation, but it will decrease the amount of solid matter in the rumen content. Veterinarians should incorporate the knowledge with proper preanesthetic preparations and appropriate perioperative management to ensure successful outcome of anesthesia in these animals.

【賽加】
#物種信息

之前跟大家介紹過鴨嘴獸、山貘以及紅禿猴這樣在動物園非常少見或者已經接近絕跡的動物，今天的主題也面臨一樣的處境，更甚者，牠們在野外的處境還比上述三者更加岌岌可危。

賽加羚羊(Saiga tatarica，又稱高鼻羚)是Saiga屬下的唯一物種，除了標幟性的大鼻子之外，不成比例的巨大頭顱與異常纖細的四肢等特徵讓牠們成為外型最詭異的哺乳動物之一，同時，可能也是最瀕危的一種。賽加羚目前被IUCN列為極危物種，雖然野外數十萬隻的數量相比其他同評級的物種來說算是擁有非常龐大的族群，但是極端敏感的生理讓牠們時常爆發數以萬計的死亡潮，比如2015年因為暖春引發的巴斯德氏菌與梭菌感染，好不容易恢復的族群在四天內死了將近6萬頭，兩週內死亡超過13萬；2017年時又因為被鄰近棲地的家畜傳染小反芻獸疫 (Peste des petits ruminants)而造成數千頭的折損。如此劇烈的族群波動更可能加劇族群瓶頸效應，令野外的賽加羚和圈養族群一樣，健康一代不如一代。

其實在上世紀中後期開始，幾乎全世界動物園較為發達的地區都有嘗試飼養過賽加羚，包括韓國、日本、歐美各國甚至是阿拉伯都有過圈養紀錄，英國更是早在19世紀中葉就引進過賽加羚，但從現況看來，很明顯的，全都以失敗告終。雖然雌性在8月齡時即具備繁殖能力，多胞胎的情況也時常發生，但這仍然不足以彌補牠們異常纖細的肉體與神經造成的折損，別說嘲雜的遊客了，根據記錄，甚至連麻雀群的振翅聲都能讓牠們魂飛魄散甚至撞牆而死（與此同時，運送過程中的折損率也超高），再加上需要平坦開闊的草原供其漫遊，賽加羚在圈養環境下的平均壽命可能不到5歲，甚至比在野外還短。

目前世界上還有圈養賽加羚的地方，大多數都是採行半圈養措施的保護區，比如中國甘肅武威的瀕危動物研究中心（一度減少到9隻，但現今約有100餘隻）、烏克蘭的Askania Nova（超過200隻且每年繁殖數十隻）以及位於俄羅斯卡爾梅克的野生動物中心（Центр диких животных，約100隻）等等，其中唯一仍向一般民眾開放展示的大概只有哈薩克的阿拉木圖動物園，根據資料今年初仍有8隻個體。

捱過了冰河期，逃出生天繁衍至今，賽加羚卻仍跟許多瀕危的野生動物一樣遭面臨人類的威脅，除了將頭骨或犄角做為裝飾品外，也有磨碎了拿去煉製中藥的，人類總是如此隨意的就造成一個物種甚至生態系統的危機，等到想挽回時，卻又總是顯得那麼無力，保育工作不會止息，但在這樣的大環境下，它究竟還能抵擋滅絕的浪潮多久？

更多詳細資料可參考ZooChat的討論串:
https://www.zoochat.com/…/history-of-saiga-in-captivity.24…/

等一下坐車時再讀。 C15 C17 很有趣。

C15 ：(Wiki)

Pentadecanoic acid is a saturated fatty acid. Its molecular formula is CH3(CH2)13COOH. It is rare in nature, being found at the level of 1.2% in the milk fat from cows.[2] The butterfat in cows milk is its major dietary source[3]

C17：(Wiki)

Heptadecanoic acid, or margaric acid, is a saturated fatty acid. Its molecular formula is CH3(CH2)15COOH. It occurs as a trace component of the fat and milkfat of ruminants,[2] but it does not occur in any natural animal or vegetable fat at high concentrations.

心血管代謝疾病:超越卡路里的影響

高糖加上高脂飲食,或許才是增加心血管代謝疾病風險最主要的原因.

高糖加上高脂飲食透過影響大腦相關
獎勵系統(reward system)及腸道菌態平衡(gut microbiome),擾亂能源平衡系統(Energy balance).

Pathways and mechanisms linking dietary components to cardiometabolic disease: thinking beyond calories.
obesity reviews:2018 May 14.
doi: 10.1111/obr.12699.

Conclusion
1.Evidence suggests that consumption of n-6 fatty acids
results in lower cardiometabolic risk factors/risk compared
with isocaloric amounts of SFA. However, differences
exist between individual SFA, and the food matrix needs to be considered; e.g. dairy foods such
as cheese and yogurts are associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk. More research is needed to clarify the differences among the individual SFA and SFAcontaining
foods.

2.Evidence strongly suggests that consumption of
fructose-sweetened, HFCS-sweetened or sucrosesweetened beverages increases cardiometabolic risk factors/risk compared with isocaloric amounts of
starch. More research is needed comparing the metabolic
effects of SSB versus sugar in solid food and sugar
in solid food versus refined or whole grain starch.

3.There is currently insufficient evidence that a highCHO
diet affects weight gain or weight loss to a different
extent than a high-fat diet. Susceptibility to weight
gain when consuming diets high in refined CHO/glycaemic load may be affected by the metabolic status of the individual (i.e. glucose tolerance/insulin
sensitivity). More studies focused on strategies to prevent
weight regain in weight-reduced subjects are
needed.

4.RCTs ranging from 4 weeks to 3 years in duration
demonstrate that consumption of aspartame does not
promote body weight gain in adults. Well-controlled
and long-term RCTs in adults are warranted to assess
the effects of saccharin, acesulfame K and steviol glycosides on body weight and other health outcomes. More
studies to assess the effects of all types of NNSs in children
are needed.

a• Continued research on the following topics could provide
important insights and strategies for slowing the
obesity epidemic.

b• The high-sugar, high-fat palatable Western diet
could be perturbing both sides of the energy balance
equation through effects on brain regions associated
with reward and/or on the gut microbiome.

c• Susceptibility to weight gain may be affected by exposure
to sugar and/or NSS during critical periods
of development from pre-conception to adult life