#hpd
Low Carbohydrate Diet 2020
低醣飲食（高蛋白/高脂飲食）：利用降低胰島素來降低體重。
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537084/

一般人的飲食建議：熱量 25-30 kcal/kg/d，30-35 kcal/kg/d（一般疾病）、35-40 kcal/kg/d（重症）。醣類 45%、脂肪 39%、蛋白質 16%（0.8 g/kg/d）。強調均衡飲食、蔬菜、水果、全穀類、低脂乳類、白肉（雞肉、魚肉）、豆類、蛋、堅果/種子類、植物油。限鹽、限制飽和脂肪酸/精緻糖，避免反式脂肪。

極低糖（生酮）飲食：醣類 < 10%，20-50 公克/天。
低糖飲食：醣類 < 26%，130 公克/天。
中度糖飲食：醣類 26-44%。
高糖飲食：醣類 > 45%/天（這是一般人的飲食建議）。

NHANES（N = 24825）及其他的世代研究（N = 462934）發現低醣飲食與高死亡率（心血管疾病、癌症、總死亡率）有關（觀察性研究不能證明因果相關）。
https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/…/34/2870/5475490

Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis 2018
https://www.thelancet.com/…/PIIS2468-2667(18)3013…/fulltext…
ARIC 及其他的世代研究發現低醣（< 40%）及高醣（> 70%）飲食與高死亡率有關。

The Effects of High-Protein Diets on Kidney Health and Longevity 2020
https://jasn.asnjournals.org/content/31/8/1667
觀察性研究發現高蛋白（低醣、低脂）飲食（尤其是動物性蛋白質）與 CKD 有關。其機轉可能是腎絲球高過濾、代謝性酸中毒、慢性發炎、改變腸道菌叢。

High-protein diet with renal hyperfiltration is associated with rapid decline rate of renal function: a community-based prospective cohort study 2020
https://academic.oup.com/ndt/article/35/1/98/5511599

High-protein diets increase cardiovascular risk by activating macrophage mTOR to suppress mitophagy 2020
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-019-0162-4

Overview of mitochondria and their functions
Mitochondria consist of four compartments: outer membrane (OM), intermembrane space (IMS), inner membrane (IM) and matrix. A large variety of functions have been assigned to mitochondrial proteins and protein complexes and are indicated in the figure: energy metabolism with respiration and synthesis of ATP; metabolism of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides; biosynthesis of iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters and cofactors; expression of the mitochondrial genome; quality control and degradation processes including mitophagy and apoptosis; signalling and redox processes; membrane architecture and dynamics; and the import and processing of precursor proteins that are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes. AAA, ATP-dependent proteases of the inner membrane; E3, ubiquitin-protein ligase; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; Ub, ubiquitin.

From: Mitochondrial proteins: from biogenesis to functional networks Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology