［101文］股價理論上冇上限，但有冇諗過交易所報價有上限？打爆咗點算？而家就真係有人做到啦。

TLDR：千年蟲翻版呀喂！畢菲特隻嘢股價打爆機，部份newsfeed要暫停報價，等system upgrade．搞幾耐？唔使急，幫緊你幫緊你，等多一兩個星期啦。好有「總掣喺元朗」嘅feel

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
2021比別人知得多。subscribe now（https://bityl.co/4Y0h）。Ivan Patreon，港美市場評點，專題號外，每日一圖，好文推介。每星期6篇，月費80，半年已1600人訂！ 畀年費仲有85折

1. 拿，電腦嘅嘢我真係唔識的，所以技術細節交返畀識嘅人。但呢篇應該夠晒益智，又講金融又講數學又講電腦。

2. 但，大約你都諗到，系統總有上限。咁記住，一隻股票最多只能跌100%，但可以升100萬倍，upside無限（所以沽空嘅好易死）。理論上sky is the limit，真係會有公司可以打爆上限的。

3. 係邊個？之唔係又係佢，股神畢菲特，同佢旗下嘅巴郡（Berkshire Hathaway），亦都介紹返，巴郡B就三舊水美金一股有找，有排未打爆。所以今次主角係巴郡嘅A股，現價425,000美金一股。

4. 咁個導火線，當然係巴郡股價近期好強。其實強咗足足大半年。眾人覺得股神冇料到呀廢老呀契媽先係王道呀（而家已成為KFC），但你咪理，巴郡股價近期一樣屢創新高，畢菲特一樣突破1000億美金身家（＊）

5. 而巴郡A股，亦一路唔肯拆股（＊＊）。咁用股神嘅lingo，滾雪球，滾到42萬蚊，就撞牆啦

6. 因乜？因為，Nasdaq報價系統，有上限，而佢老哥隻嘢好快會打中。而家唔知點算。咪做system upgrade，但都要等多陣。可能之前真係冇預廢老咁有後勁。

7. 岔開少少，你心諗，Nasdaq關巴郡乜事？唔係得科技股？首先呢，唔關事，星巴克同百事都在Nasdaq．二來，嚴格嚟講Nasdaq唔係一個交易所（紐約交易所NYSE就有E，Nasdaq冇E），係一個交易兼報價系統。所以雖然巴郡在NYSE上，但都關Nasdaq事，因為好多data feed都係佢地做

8. 講咗咁多，Nasdaq上限係幾多？咪話巴郡42萬一股，好快頂爆，咁你估下，50萬？冇，其實係42萬9。To be exact，係$429,496.7295。

9. 嚟啦喎，咁怪雞嘅數字，梗係有啲特別原因。識電腦嘅實估到，唔識但數學好嘅（即係我）一樣知道。2嘅32次方再減1，就係4,294,967,295。咁點解唔係呢個43億嘅數係上限？因為股價有小數點，Nasdaq留返4個小數點，所以就係$429,496.7295。

10. （技術嘢：點解係32？冇錯因為32 bit．不過留意返，股價係唔會有負數的，所以唔使預負數嘅位。讀過電腦應知如果負數又要留多一堆位）（Technically 佢地叫 four-byte unsigned integer）

11. 結論？而家有啲data source真係停咗實時報價，有啲交易商直頭而家唔畀你買巴郡A股，驚自己系統支援唔到會大炒。等下啦，聽講話5月17號搞掂。

12. 另外，股價第二高嘅公司，NVR，股價亦不過係5100蚊（留意唔代表間公司第二大，呢度啲讀者應冇咁低能），打後大家都知咩Amazon Google 兩三千蚊美美金一股。講到尾就真係全人類服侍畢菲特一個

13. 仲有個問題，你心諗，明明話巴郡在紐交所NYSE上市喎，咁NYSE又有冇呢個問題？係冇的！可能一早upgrade咗

14. 最後一個問題：香港呢？哈哈哈，首先你諗下，香港股價最高（留意，唔係市值最大，亦唔一定係一手入場費最貴）嘅，係邊隻股票？幾乎反射動作你會諗騰訊（700），但答案唔係。而騰訊有冇見過1000蚊？我唔肯定，但我記得冇，因為次次去到咁上下就會拆。

15. 咁香港有冇金牛股？答案係，有的。邊隻？例如我寫過嘅，黃金ETF 2840，咪千幾蚊。另外仲有幾隻的，不一一細講

16. 於是乎，你最期待嘅問題：港交所系統，股價上限係幾多呢？畀你估下？

17. 我都唔完全肯定，有錯可以更正，但就我理解同埋睇港交所價位表，上限應該係9995。感覺，好似流咗啲喎。咁如果騰訊當初冇拆細，而家一早爆咗標啦，又點收科？

（＊）呢一刻呢個Club有8個人，留意2019年我寫過文，當時得2個人。咁你話疫情大洗牌下，咩人係贏家？話過你知啦，每次災難都係洗牌，財富再分配，有錢人更有錢。Welcome to shareholder capitalism

（＊＊）近年全球仇老，有個講法話畢菲特就係閂埋門唔畀啲新一代到等佢地冇得上流。呢個講法都夠低能。首先，新一代會買巴郡？第二，明明而家有fractional shares（留意，唔係碎股）買，你唔去投票唔去奧馬哈食牛扒聽廢老講道就得。第三，其實有B股可以買，唯一分別就係投票權少好多，但新一代會care？況且，依然可以去食牛扒的。

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝
2021比別人知得多。subscribe now（https://bityl.co/4Y0h）。Ivan Patreon，港美市場評點，專題號外，每日一圖，好文推介。每星期6篇，月費80，半年已1600人訂！ 畀年費仲有85折
＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝

📜 [專欄新文章] Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth

✍️ 田少谷 Shao

📥 歡迎投稿： https://medium.com/taipei-ethereum-meetup #徵技術分享文 #使用心得 #教學文 #medium

Once again the game-changing DEX 🦄 👑

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Outline

0. Intro1. Uniswap & AMM recap2. Ticks 3. Concentrated liquidity4. Range orders: reversible limit orders5. Impacts of v36. Conclusion

0. Intro

The announcement of Uniswap v3 is no doubt one of the most exciting news in the DeFi place recently 🔥🔥🔥

While most have talked about the impact v3 can potentially bring on the market, seldom explain the delicate implementation techniques to realize all those amazing features, such as concentrated liquidity, limit-order-like range orders, etc.

Since I’ve covered Uniswap v1 & v2 (if you happen to know Mandarin, here are v1 & v2), there’s no reason for me to not cover v3 as well ✅

Thus, this article aims to guide readers through Uniswap v3, based on their official whitepaper and examples made on the announcement page. However, one needs not to be an engineer, as not many codes are involved, nor a math major, as the math involved is definitely taught in your high school, to fully understand the following content 😊😊😊

If you really make it through but still don’t get shxt, feedbacks are welcomed! 🙏

There should be another article focusing on the codebase, so stay tuned and let’s get started with some background noise!

1. Uniswap & AMM recap

Before diving in, we have to first recap the uniqueness of Uniswap and compare it to traditional order book exchanges.

Uniswap v1 & v2 are a kind of AMMs (automated market marker) that follow the constant product equation x * y = k, with x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y in a pool and k as a constant.

Comparing to order book exchanges, AMMs, such as the previous versions of Uniswap, offer quite a distinct user experience:

AMMs have pricing functions that offer the price for the two tokens, which make their users always price takers, while users of order book exchanges can be both makers or takers.

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have infinite liquidity¹, while order book exchanges don’t. The liquidity of Uniswap v1 & v2 is provided throughout the price range [0,∞]².

Uniswap as well as most AMMs have price slippage³ and it’s due to the pricing function, while there isn’t always price slippage on order book exchanges as long as an order is fulfilled within one tick.

In an order book, each price (whether in green or red) is a tick. Image source: https://ftx.com/trade/BTC-PERP

¹ though the price gets worse over time; AMM of constant sum such as mStable does not have infinite liquidity

² the range is in fact [-∞,∞], while a price in most cases won’t be negative

³ AMM of constant sum does not have price slippage

2. Tick

The whole innovation of Uniswap v3 starts from ticks.

For those unfamiliar with what is a tick:

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tick.asp

By slicing the price range [0,∞] into numerous granular ticks, trading on v3 is highly similar to trading on order book exchanges, with only three differences:

The price range of each tick is predefined by the system instead of being proposed by users.

Trades that happen within a tick still follows the pricing function of the AMM, while the equation has to be updated once the price crosses the tick.

Orders can be executed with any price within the price range, instead of being fulfilled at the same one price on order book exchanges.

With the tick design, Uniswap v3 possesses most of the merits of both AMM and an order book exchange! 💯💯💯

So, how is the price range of a tick decided?

This question is actually somewhat related to the tick explanation above: the minimum tick size for stocks trading above 1$ is one cent.

The underlying meaning of a tick size traditionally being one cent is that one cent (1% of 1$) is the basis point of price changes between ticks, ex: 1.02 — 1.01 = 0.1.

Uniswap v3 employs a similar idea: compared to the previous/next price, the price change should always be 0.01% = 1 basis point.

However, notice the difference is that in the traditional basis point, the price change is defined with subtraction, while here in Uniswap it’s division.

This is how price ranges of ticks are decided⁴:

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

With the above equation, the tick/price range can be recorded in the index form [i, i+1], instead of some crazy numbers such as 1.0001¹⁰⁰ = 1.0100496621.

As each price is the multiplication of 1.0001 of the previous price, the price change is always 1.0001 — 1 = 0.0001 = 0.01%.

For example, when i=1, p(1) = 1.0001; when i=2, p(2) = 1.00020001.

p(2) / p(1) = 1.00020001 / 1.0001 = 1.0001

See the connection between the traditional basis point 1 cent (=1% of 1$) and Uniswap v3’s basis point 0.01%?

Image source: https://tenor.com/view/coin-master-cool-gif-19748052

But sir, are prices really granular enough? There are many shitcoins with prices less than 0.000001$. Will such prices be covered as well?

Price range: max & min

To know if an extremely small price is covered or not, we have to figure out the max & min price range of v3 by looking into the spec: there is a int24 tick state variable in UniswapV3Pool.sol.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/whitepaper-v3.pdf

The reason for a signed integer int instead of an uint is that negative power represents prices less than 1 but greater than 0.

24 bits can cover the range between 1.0001 ^ (2²³ — 1) and 1.0001 ^ -(2)²³. Even Google cannot calculate such numbers, so allow me to offer smaller values to have a rough idea of the whole price range:

1.0001 ^ (2¹⁸) = 242,214,459,604.341

1.0001 ^ -(2¹⁷) = 0.000002031888943

I think it’s safe to say that with a int24 the range can cover > 99.99% of the prices of all assets in the universe 👌

⁴ For implementation concern, however, a square root is added to both sides of the equation.

How about finding out which tick does a price belong to?

Tick index from price

The answer to this question is rather easy, as we know that p(i) = 1.0001^i, simply takes a log with base 1.0001 on both sides of the equation⁴:

Image source: https://www.codecogs.com/latex/eqneditor.php

Let’s try this out, say we wanna find out the tick index of 1000000.

Image source: https://ncalculators.com/number-conversion/log-logarithm-calculator.htm

Now, 1.0001¹³⁸¹⁶² = 999,998.678087146. Voila!

⁵ This formula is also slightly modified to fit the real implementation usage.

3. Concentrated liquidity

Now that we know how ticks and price ranges are decided, let’s talk about how orders are executed in a tick, what is concentrated liquidity and how it enables v3 to compete with stablecoin-specialized DEXs (decentralized exchange), such as Curve, by improving the capital efficiency.

Concentrated liquidity means LPs (liquidity providers) can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish, which causes the liquidity to be imbalanced in ticks.

As each tick has a different liquidity depth, the corresponding pricing function x * y = k also won’t be the same!

Each tick has its own liquidity depth. Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Mmm… examples are always helpful for abstract descriptions 😂

Say the original pricing function is 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k), with the price of X token 1000 / 100 = 10 and we’re now in the price range [9.08, 11.08].

If the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is the same as [9.08, 11.08], we don’t have to modify the pricing function if the price goes from 10 to 11.08, which is the boundary between two ticks.

The price of X is 1052.63 / 95 = 11.08 when the equation is 1052.63 * 95 = 100000.

However, if the liquidity of the price range [11.08, 13.08] is two times that of the current range [9.08, 11.08], balances of x and y should be doubled, which makes the equation become 2105.26 * 220 = 400000, which is (1052.63 * 2) * (110 * 2) = (100000 * 2 * 2).

We can observe the following two points from the above example:

Trades always follow the pricing function x * y = k, while once the price crosses the current price range/tick, the liquidity/equation has to be updated.

√(x * y) = √k = L is how we represent the liquidity, as I say the liquidity of x * y = 400000 is two times the liquidity of x * y = 100000, as √(400000 / 100000) = 2.

What’s more, compared to liquidity on v1 & v2 is always spread across [0,∞], liquidity on v3 can be concentrated within certain price ranges and thus results in higher capital efficiency from traders’ swapping fees!

Let’s say if I provide liquidity in the range [1200, 2800], the capital efficiency will then be 4.24x higher than v2 with the range [0,∞] 😮😮😮 There’s a capital efficiency comparison calculator, make sure to try it out!

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

It’s worth noticing that the concept of concentrated liquidity was proposed and already implemented by Kyper, prior to Uniswap, which is called Automated Price Reserve in their case.⁵

⁶ Thanks to Yenwen Feng for the information.

4. Range orders: reversible limit orders

As explained in the above section, LPs of v3 can provide liquidity to any price range/tick at their wish. Depending on the current price and the targeted price range, there are three scenarios:

current price < the targeted price range

current price > the targeted price range

current price belongs to the targeted price range

The first two scenarios are called range orders. They have unique characteristics and are essentially fee-earning reversible limit orders, which will be explained later.

The last case is the exact same liquidity providing mechanism as the previous versions: LPs provide liquidity in both tokens of the same value (= amount * price).

There’s also an identical product to the case: grid trading, a very powerful investment tool for a time of consolidation. Dunno what’s grid trading? Check out Binance’s explanation on this, as this topic won’t be covered!

In fact, LPs of Uniswap v1 & v2 are grid trading with a range of [0,∞] and the entry price as the baseline.

Range orders

To understand range orders, we’d have to first revisit how price is discovered on Uniswap with the equation x * y = k, for x & y stand for the amount of two tokens X and Y and k as a constant.

The price of X compared to Y is y / x, which means how many Y one can get for 1 unit of X, and vice versa the price of Y compared to X is x / y.

For the price of X to go up, y has to increase and x decrease.

With this pricing mechanism in mind, it’s example time!

Say an LP plans to place liquidity in the price range [15.625, 17.313], higher than the current price of X 10, when 100(x) * 1000(y) = 100000(k).

The price of X is 1250 / 80 = 15.625 when the equation is 80 * 1250 = 100000.

The price of X is 1315.789 / 76 = 17.313 when the equation is 76 * 1315.789 = 100000.

If now the price of X reaches 15.625, the only way for the price of X to go even higher is to further increase y and decrease x, which means exchanging a certain amount of X for Y.

Thus, to provide liquidity in the range [15.625, 17.313], an LP needs only to prepare 80 — 76 = 4 of X. If the price exceeds 17.313, all 4 X of the LP is swapped into 1315.789 — 1250 = 65.798 Y, and then the LP has nothing more to do with the pool, as his/her liquidity is drained.

What if the price stays in the range? It’s exactly what LPs would love to see, as they can earn swapping fees for all transactions in the range! Also, the balance of X will swing between [76, 80] and the balance of Y between [1250, 1315.789].

This might not be obvious, but the example above shows an interesting insight: if the liquidity of one token is provided, only when the token becomes more valuable will it be exchanged for the less valuable one.

…wut? 🤔

Remember that if 4 X is provided within [15.625, 17.313], only when the price of X goes up from 15.625 to 17.313 is 4 X gradually swapped into Y, the less valuable one!

What if the price of X drops back immediately after reaching 17.313? As X becomes less valuable, others are going to exchange Y for X.

The below image illustrates the scenario of DAI/USDC pair with a price range of [1.001, 1.002] well: the pool is always composed entirely of one token on both sides of the tick, while in the middle 1.001499⁶ is of both tokens.

Image source: https://uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3/

Similarly, to provide liquidity in a price range < current price, an LP has to prepare a certain amount of Y for others to exchange Y for X within the range.

To wrap up such an interesting feature, we know that:

Only one token is required for range orders.

Only when the current price is within the range of the range order can LP earn trading fees. This is the main reason why most people believe LPs of v3 have to monitor the price more actively to maximize their income, which also means that LPs of v3 have become arbitrageurs 🤯

I will be discussing more the impacts of v3 in 5. Impacts of v3.

⁷ 1.001499988 = √(1.0001 * 1.0002) is the geometric mean of 1.0001 and 1.0002. The implication is that the geometric mean of two prices is the average execution price within the range of the two prices.

Reversible limit orders

As the example in the last section demonstrates, if there is 4 X in range [15.625, 17.313], the 4 X will be completely converted into 65.798 Y when the price goes over 17.313.

We all know that a price can stay in a wide range such as [10, 11] for quite some time, while it’s unlikely so in a narrow range such as [15.625, 15.626].

Thus, if an LP provides liquidity in [15.625, 15.626], we can expect that once the price of X goes over 15.625 and immediately also 15.626, and does not drop back, all X are then forever converted into Y.

The concept of having a targeted price and the order will be executed after the price is crossed is exactly the concept of limit orders! The only difference is that if the range of a range order is not narrow enough, it’s highly possible that the conversion of tokens will be reverted once the price falls back to the range.

As price ranges follow the equation p(i) = 1.0001 ^ i, the range can be quite narrow and a range order can thus effectively serve as a limit order:

When i = 27490, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹⁰ = 15.6248.⁸

When i = 27491, 1.0001²⁷⁴⁹¹ = 15.6264.⁸

A range of 0.0016 is not THAT narrow but can certainly satisfy most limit order use cases!

⁸ As mentioned previously in note #4, there is a square root in the equation of the price and index, thus the numbers here are for explantion only.

5. Impacts of v3

Higher capital efficiency, LPs become arbitrageurs… as v3 has made tons of radical changes, I’d like to summarize my personal takes of the impacts of v3:

Higher capital efficiency makes one of the most frequently considered indices in DeFi: TVL, total value locked, becomes less meaningful, as 1$ on Uniswap v3 might have the same effect as 100$ or even 2000$ on v2.

The ease of spot exchanging between spot exchanges used to be a huge advantage of spot markets over derivative markets. As LPs will take up the role of arbitrageurs and arbitraging is more likely to happen on v3 itself other than between DEXs, this gap is narrowed … to what extent? No idea though.

LP strategies and the aggregation of NFT of Uniswap v3 liquidity token are becoming the blue ocean for new DeFi startups: see Visor and Lixir. In fact, this might be the turning point for both DeFi and NFT: the two main reasons of blockchain going mainstream now come to the alignment of interest: solving the $$ problem 😏😏😏

In the right venue, which means a place where transaction fees are low enough, such as Optimism, we might see Algo trading firms coming in to share the market of designing LP strategies on Uniswap v3, as I believe Algo trading is way stronger than on-chain strategies or DAO voting to add liquidity that sort of thing.

After reading this article by Parsec.finance: The Dex to Rule Them All, I cannot help but wonder: maybe there is going to be centralized crypto exchanges adopting v3’s approach. The reason is that since orders of LPs in the same tick are executed pro-rata, the endless front-running speeding-competition issue in the Algo trading world, to some degree, is… solved? 🤔

Anyway, personal opinions can be biased and seriously wrong 🙈 I’m merely throwing out a sprat to catch a whale. Having a different voice? Leave your comment down below!

6. Conclusion

That was kinda tough, isn’t it? Glad you make it through here 🥂🥂🥂

There are actually many more details and also a huge section of Oracle yet to be covered. However, since this article is more about features and targeting normal DeFi users, I’ll leave those to the next one; hope there is one 😅

If you have any doubt or find any mistake, please feel free to reach out to me and I’d try to reply AFAP!

Stay tuned and in the meantime let’s wait and see how Uniswap v3 is again pioneering the innovation of DeFi 🌟

Uniswap v3 Features Explained in Depth was originally published in Taipei Ethereum Meetup on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

👏 歡迎轉載分享鼓掌

⚡️ "โยนค่าลงไปแบบ Reference กับ Value มันแตกต่างกันยังไงนะ ?"
.
☕ หลายๆคนคงทราบดีว่าเวลาเราประกาศตัวแปรในภาษา JavaScript นั้นเราไม่จำเป็นต้องบอกว่าตัวแปรนี้เป็นตัวแปรชนิดอะไร เราสามารถประกาศ let หรือ var ตามด้วยชื่อตัวแปรแล้วใส่ค่าตัวเลข หรือข้อความลงไปได้เลย
.
📚 แต่ที่จริงแล้วข้อมูลใน JavaScript เองก็มีชนิดแตกต่างกันเหมือนกันนะ ซึ่งก็ชนิดก็คล้ายๆกับภาษาอื่นๆ เช่น String Integer หรือ Array เพียงแต่เราไม่ต้องบอกมันว่าเราจะเก็บข้อมูลชนิดไหนในตัวแปรเท่านั้นเอง
.
💻 และตอนนี้จะพูดถึงการแบ่งตัวแปรออกเป็น 2 กลุ่มใหญ่นั่นก็คือชนิดข้อมูลที่ทำงานกับ Value หรือค่าภายในตัวแปร และชนิดข้อมูลที่ทำงานกับการอ้างอิงหรือ Reference ทั้ง 2 ชนิดนี้ทำงานอย่างไรและแตกต่างกันยังไง มาดูกันเลย
.
🙏 ขอบคุณข้อมูลดีๆจาก: https://dev.to/bhagatparwinder/reference-vs-value-5dbg
.
#BorntoDev - 🦖 Coding Academy ให้การพัฒนาเทคโนโลยีเป็นเรื่องง่ายสำหรับทุกคน

2,147,483,647 has been the known maximum value for a 32-bit signed binary integer in a few games. Pokémon GO is one of them as we find that out after reaching that number for the Experience Points (XP).

Join me as I travel, eat and play Pokémon GO the way a local trainer would in their own country and city. Visiting one country and one city at at time through Pokémon GO.

Subscribe if you would like to watch my Pokémon GO travel adventure as I visit different countries, cities and communities, https://tinyurl.com/y65jruw2

Social:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/brandontan91/
TWITTER: https://twitter.com/brandontan91

Vlogging Set-Up:
Camera - Sony RX 100 Mark 7
Mic - Rode VideoMicro
Screen Recorder - iPad Mini 5

Pokémon is Copyright Gamefreak, Nintendo and The Pokémon Company 2001-2016

All images and names owned and trademarked by Nintendo, Niantic, The Pokémon Company, and Gamefreak are property of their respective owners.

มาลองเขียนโปรแกรมคำนวณโปรโมชั่น มา x จ่าย y กัน เช่น มา 4 จ่าย 3 โดยเนื้อหาในคลิปจะแสดงให้เห็นถึงขั้นตอนการออกแบบโปรแกรม โดยแบ่งส่วนของโปรแกรมออกเป็น input-process-output
การใช้ // (integer division) และ % (mod) เพื่อช่วยในการคำนวณโปรโมชั่น
การแปลงโค้ดให้อยู่ในรูปของฟังก์ชันเพื่อให้ใช้งานได้สะดวกยิ่งขึ้น
ดาวน์โหลดโค้ดได้ที่ ► http://bit.ly/2JHGhAb
เชิญสมัครเป็นสมาชิกของช่องนี้ได้ที่ ► https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=prasertcbs
playlist สอนภาษา Python ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GH4YQs9t4tf2RIYolHt_YwW
playlist สอนภาษาไพธอน Python OOP ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GEIZzlTKPUiOqkewkWmwadW
playlist สอน Python 3 GUI ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GFB1Y3cCmb9aPD5xRB1T11y
playlist สอนภาษา C เบื้องต้น ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GHHgz0S1tSyIl7vkG0y105z
playlist สอนภาษา C++ ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GEfZwqM2KyCBcPTVsc6cU_i
playlist สอนภาษา C# ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GE4trr-XPozJRwaY7V9hx8K
playlist สอนภาษา Java ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GF26yW0zVc2rzjkygafsILN
playlist สอนภาษา PHP เบื้องต้น ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GH_6LARFxozL_viEsXV2wgO
playlist สอนภาษา R เบื้องต้น ► https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLoTScYm9O0GF6qjrRuZFSHdnBXD2KVICp

免費訂閱草地狀元，讓黃西田帶你看見台灣職人的精神↓↓
https://www.youtube.com/user/set29itake

更多店家資訊與活動資訊，請前往草地狀元FB粉絲頁↓↓
https://www.facebook.com/set.careermaster

更多台灣奇特風景，請前往草地狀元IG↓↓
https://www.instagram.com/i.career131/?hl=af