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excipient 在 李木生醫師 Facebook 的精選貼文
目前新冠肺炎疫苗在全球的施打已經超過一億劑,我們期待新冠肺炎病毒感染的速率持續的緩和,能讓世界各地的生活盡快恢復正常,然而國外也陸續傳來施打疫苗後產生不良反應的案例,針對接種疫苗的利弊風險,各國的政府和專案也開始有許多討論。
在台灣,AZ疫苗已經開打幾週了,在這段期間有很多病人問我能不能去接種AZ 疫苗,我想從一位婦產科醫師的角度出發,跟大家分享自己的觀點,讓大家在跟醫師們討論需不需要接種時,能先有初步的觀念。
AZ疫苗可能造成的不良反應
目前國際上接種AZ 疫苗後出現嚴重不良反應的案例有兩種最受矚目:一種是嚴重的過敏反應;另外一種則是凝血過多或不足的反應。
這兩種不良反應的發生率都小於10萬分之一,很難在疫苗臨床試驗階段被發掘出來,因此只能在疫苗流通到市場後,依靠健全的通報系統蒐集更完整的數據,才有機會分析疫苗與不良反應之間的關聯。
以嚴重過敏反應來說,任何疫苗都可能因為載體的關係產生嚴重的過敏反應,所以病人在施打疫苗過後的30分鐘內,一定要留在施打的醫療院所接受觀察。AZ疫苗中使用的為Polysorbate80 或類似的分子,如果你之前曾經因為接種疫苗而有過敏反應,應該要在接種前詢問醫師AZ疫苗的載體與該次引起過敏的疫苗載體是否相同,以利避免風險。
另外一種不良反應與與血液相關,這一點比較受爭議。在2500多萬個施打的個案中,出現86 個血液異常的不良反應,大部份的這些個案都是女性而且發生在施打的頭2個禮拜。德國、法國和義大利等20幾個國家因此一度暫停施打AZ疫苗,雖然機率不大,但誰都不想冒這個險。但有些歐洲國家和澳洲最近又恢復施打,但建議50歲以下接種其他疫苗 (也有國家說30歲以下) 原因是不同專家對於這些異常凝血的不良反應與AZ疫苗的相關性有不同的見解。
婦女接種AZ疫苗前宜停看聽
對於目前正在服用避孕藥或女性荷爾蒙的女性來說,施打AZ疫苗會不會增加血栓的風險呢? 坦白說,目前資訊還不是非常完整,所以我暫時無法評論,但後續會密切注意最新的研究報告,有進一步消息,會再跟大家分享。
對於目前正在備孕,或是即將成為準媽媽的女性來說,更是需要持續追蹤這款疫苗的不良反應,因為如果病患在懷孕期間不幸感染新冠肺炎,因此發生嚴重呼吸道疾病的機率高達未孕女性的3倍,而且因為媽媽發燒或肺炎病毒造成胎兒發育不良的機率也大幅增高。相對的,在AZ臨床試驗中施打疫苗後發現懷孕的女性約有一萬人,正接受持續的密切追蹤,截至目前為止尚無證據顯示AZ疫苗會對母親或胎兒健康造成嚴重影響。這些案例和研究資訊告訴我們,女性朋友們在施打這個疫苗前更需要審慎的個別的情況,才能跟醫師有充份的溝通和討論。
誰該接種AZ疫苗?誰需要小心?
那麼在實務上究竟應不應該建議接種AZ疫苗呢?我認為決定的因素有幾個:
病人接觸新冠肺炎的風險
台灣目前沒有社區感染,感染病毒的機會並不高,只是境外移入仍存在風險,短期來說,若是爆發社區感染才開始接種疫苗,也需要等三個禮拜以上才能形成有效地保護力。而長遠來說,國人還是需要接種疫苗達到一定比率才能安全的開放國門。若是因為工作需要出國的朋友,就應該依目的地的盛行率做決定,像是在歐美地區,接種疫苗的好處明顯的大於壞處;而像我一樣的醫護人員,在工作上比較有可能接觸到病毒帶原者,感染的風險也會較高,也應該考慮接種疫苗,增加保護力。
病人是否罹患慢性病
研究顯示有高血壓、糖尿病或BMI >30的病患在感染新冠肺炎病毒後,更容易而產生嚴重的呼吸道疾病,因為健康上的風險高,上述慢性病的病患也可以考慮接種疫苗。若有上述問題但懷孕的婦女,則應與婦產科醫師討論其利弊。
備孕或懷孕中的婦女
接種AZ疫苗後,有超過半數的人反應接種處疼痛、倦怠或頭痛的問題,而且大約有1成的人會發燒,雖然這些不良反應都是暫時的,很快就會消失,若希望盡可能避免懷孕初期發燒的情況,計劃懷孕或孕期中的女性可以考慮懷孕初期避開接種疫苗。有些證據顯示若接種第一劑後懷孕,在生產後才接種第二劑也能提供相同的保護,不需再重打第一劑。若孕期間接種其他疫苗如百日咳與流感疫苗則與AZ疫苗的施打需考慮間隔約兩個禮拜。
接種AZ疫苗有利有弊,除了關切衛福部及相關專家提出的建議,我們也可以就自己目前的狀態先想一想,在做決定前停看聽,如果有其他的問題,千萬別忘了跟你的醫師作討論喔!
The global “COVID-vaccinated” population has reached 100 million. In the process of reaching herd immunity via mass vaccination, more rare but serious adverse effects from these vaccines are being reported in the mass media. Discussions about the safety of vaccines arevigorous at both government and the community levels.
The AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine has been used for COVID vaccination in Taiwan for a few weeks now. Many of my patients asked me if they are suitable for vaccination. So here I would like to share my thoughts with you as an obstetrician and gynaecologist.
Adverse reactions associated with the AZ vaccine
There are two types of adverse reactions being discussed the most in the international community: severe allergic reactions and blood-clotting problems. Both of these adverse reactions occur in the order of one in ten thousand, which were difficult to discover during the clinical trial stage. Therefore most of the data we see now are an accumulation of real-time data as we proceed with global vaccination.
The severe allergic reaction (such as anaphylaxis) can occur with any medication being administered to the human body. For vaccines it is usually the vehicle or the excipients molecule with which it is used to carry the active vaccine that incites the allergic reactions. Polysorbate 80 is a suspected culprit excipient used in the AZ vaccine. So if one has had severe allergic reaction in other vaccines that uses polysorbate 80 as its vehicles then it is possible the person can also be allergic to the AZ vaccine.
The abnormal blood-clotting reactions associated with the AZ vaccines are being discussed vigorously in both the scientific community and the media. In about 25 million recipients of the AZ vaccine, 86 cases of serious abnormal blood-clotting cases were reported by March 2021. Most cases occur within first 2 weeks of vaccination and most are women. Although the AZ vaccination was temporarily stopped in some European countries earlier in March, it has resumed since with some countries recommend vaccination in those 50 yo or above (some say 30 or above). Currently there is no international consensus amongst the experts.
Many professional bodies of obstetrics and gynaecology around the world have issued statements regarding vaccination against COVID19 in women planning pregnancy or breast feeding. Thus far most have only cautioned against the vaccination if there is serious concurrent comorbidities such as those who are immunocompromised or organ transplant. There does not seem to have report of additional risks of the vaccination during pregnancy. There is insufficient evidence to conclude if oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy are risk factors for developing vaccine-related blood clotting events. More time and data are required to tell.
So should women receive the AZ vaccine? These factors should be considered and discussed with your doctors.
Risk of contracting COVID
Contracting COVID during pregnancy is associated with 3-fold risk of serious complications. So immunisation against COVID should be prioritised if the area you live in carries high risk of infection.
Underlying chronic conditions
For those with hypertension, diabetes or high BMI, because higher risk of COVID related complications are expected, vaccination might offer risk-reducing benefits. but in women with diabetes or high BMI where high risk pregnancy is expected, one should discuss the risks and benefits with your own obstetrician.
Pregnancy
More than half of recipients will get injection site pain and about 10% will develop a fever. To avoid fever during early pregnancy one can avoid getting vaccination during this period. If one has become pregnant after the first dose, there is evidence that receiving a second dose after pregnancy still offers protection against COVID. for those who need flu or whooping cough vaccination during pregnancy, one should consider taking the COVID vaccine 2 weeks apart from the other vaccines.
Like all medicines/procedures, decision to receive the AZ vaccination is individualised based on the benefits and risks associated. It is important to review government updates on vaccination and this article hopefully provides some framework on which women can consult their physicians when considering the AZ vaccination.
excipient 在 小小藥罐子 Facebook 的最讚貼文
【藥事知多D】抗組織胺知多D:止痕不止痕?
舉凡大部分皮膚過敏,例如異位性濕疹(Atopic Dermatitis),患處往往可能會出現紅、腫、熱、癢。
其中最重要的是止痕。
為什麼?
唔……因為相較紅、腫、熱而言,要是情況還是不太嚴重,往往只可能會影響外觀,你不看、我不說,自己往往未必會察覺得到這些症狀,對吧?
所以眼不見為淨還是可以自欺欺人的。
問題是,痕,你是不會不知道的。
當然單是痕癢,問題本來不大。真正的問題是,基於本能反應,痕癢便可能會抓癢,抓癢便可能會抓傷表皮(Epidermis),體外的致敏原便可能突破這層物理性屏障刺激皮膚誘發痕癢。簡單說,愈痕便會愈抓,愈抓便會愈痕,最後便可能會形成一個「愈痕愈抓,愈抓愈痕(Itch-scratch Cycle)」的惡性循環。
還有要是抓出傷口,還可能會增加患處出現感染的風險。
所以止痕是非常重要的一環。
至於其中一種常用的止痕藥一般主要是抗組織胺(Antihistamine)。
抗組織胺主要透過跟H1-受體(H1-receptor)的作用抗衡組織胺(Histamine)止痕,目的在截斷「愈痕愈抓,愈抓愈痕」的惡性循環,簡單說,不痕便不抓,不抓便不痕,從而希望能夠改善症狀,控制情況。
在劑型上,主要分為口服、外用兩種。
理論上,相較外用而言,口服可能是一個較理想的選項。因為外用抗組織胺裡面的藥用輔料(Excipient)可能會誘發皮膚致敏(Cutaneous Sensitization),抗敏不成反致敏,未必適用於紓緩異位性濕疹的症狀。[1]
值得一提,在異位性濕疹上,組織胺只是其中一種介質,不是唯一一種介質,甚至可能不是一種主要介質誘發痕癢。[1][2]
所以抗組織胺固然能夠抗衡組織胺,不過還是可能會「錯重點」。
這方面,抗組織胺可能是一種常用的選項,不過未必是一種理想的選項。
話雖如此,不過抗組織胺還是有一定的用途的。
這話怎麼解?
首先相較早上而言,晚上一般會較痕癢。
為什麼?
答案很簡單。
早上的時候,不論有事無事,當大家睜開眼睛後,便會忙著東、忙著西,其中一個,不用問,當然是滑手機,對吧?
這樣子,忙著忙著,注意力便會開始分散,從而可能會忘記異位性濕疹所產生的搔癢感。
不過待到晚上,情況便會截然不同。
這時候,人們唯一要做的便是睡覺。在這個情況下,人們便可能會較容易覺得痕癢,自然較難入睡。
這時候,抗組織胺便可以派得上用場。
這話怎麼解?
相較而言,第一代抗組織胺(First Generation Antihistamine)較常會產生睡意,所以一些第一代抗組織胺,例如Diphenhydramine、Hydroxyzine,順道便可以做一種助眠藥幫助因為夜間痕癢而難以入睡的用藥者入睡。
綜觀芸芸眾多抗組織胺裡,除了是一種抗組織胺外,Doxepin還是一種三環類抗抑鬱藥(Tricyclic Antidepressant, TCA),除了可能會紓緩痕癢的症狀外,還可能會紓緩抑鬱的症狀,較適用於一些同時罹患抑鬱症的異位性濕疹人士。[1][2][3]
這是一個十分重要的考量,為什麼?
唔……暫時姑且撇開中醫不說,在西醫上,難聽一點,異位性濕疹暫時可以說是一種「不治之症」。這就是說,只能醫治,不能根治。
面對這種隨時可能會復發的病症,患者一直往往徘徊在受控、失控之間,換是你,抓著抓著,會不會抓出狂來?所以這些患者同時可能會罹患抑鬱症,Doxepin便可能是一個較適合的選項。
(如欲了解更多用藥資訊,歡迎看看「小小藥罐子」網誌。)
💊💊💊💊💊💊💊
BLOG➡️http://pegashadraymak.blogspot.com/
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YT➡️https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQOMojMd6q7XnESMWwldPhQ
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著作➡️藥事知多D、用藥知多D、藥房事件簿、家居用藥攻略(各大書店有售)
Reference:
1. Leung DY, Hanifin JM, the Work Group on Atopic Dermatitis, et al. Disease management of atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79:197-209.
2. Leung DYM, Eichenfield LF, Boguniewicz M. Atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema). In: Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, et al, eds. Fitzpatrick' s Dermatology in General Medicine, 6th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2003:1180-1194.
3. Klein PA, Clark RAF. An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1522-1525.
https://pegashadraymak.blogspot.com/2020/12/antihistamineforatopicdermatitis.html
excipient 在 台灣光鹽生物科技學苑 Facebook 的最讚貼文
<已截止>2020/9/30 (星期三) 【新藥開發系列】-新藥開發各階段CMC法規要求與如何製作CTD模組三送審文件
*****此次課程已截止,也請勿再填寫表單及匯款!謝謝!*****
如欲參加下次課程,可先至預約報名系統登記:
http://www.biotech-edu.com/custom_cg9078.html
後續如有開課,將會優先通知報名,謝謝!
授課師資:廖永智 博晟生醫股份有限公司 法規部經理
【授課大綱】
1. CMC regulations introduction
化學製程管制法規介紹
Introduction of ICH Quality Guidelines, and shows their
connection with clinical/pre-clinical
國際醫藥法規協和會(ICH)品質法規指引介紹及CMC與臨床前
及臨床試驗的關聯性
2. Common technical document(CTD) Module 3 Structure
國際通用技術文件模組三的架構
How to perform your CMC package
如何製作模組三CMC送審文件
3. CMC requirements in Clinical Phase (I/II/III)
臨床試驗一期至三期CMC的法規要求
Specific CMC requirements in each clinical phase
臨床試驗各階段特別的要求
4. Other CMC considerations in new drug development
新藥開發CMC其他重要議題的考量
API and Excipient Sourcing, analytical method development,
validation development, report documentation..etc
主成分及賦形劑來源/分析方法開發/確校方法開發/報告撰寫型
式
學員對象:
(1)從事藥品化學製程管制(CMC)工作者
(2)參加過新藥或臨床試驗系列課程者
(3)目前從事新藥臨床試驗相關工作者 (如PI,PM,RA,RD,MA,DM,ST,CRA, CRC,QC,QA等…)
(4)有藥物開發與製造相關需求者
主辦單位:台灣光鹽生物科技學苑
課程地點:光鹽會議中心
課程日期:109年9月30日 (三) 14:00至17:00 (13:30 開始報到)
課程費用:每人2,200元 團體報名(含2人以上)每人2,000元
報名方式:<報名已截止>
*上課達滿時數三小時,並完成案例演練者,核發本課程結業證書
【溫馨提醒】
本學苑採用線上繳費系統,請注意下列重要事項:
1.請學員報名務必先填寫Google報名表單後,再進入線上繳費系統。
2.本線上系統有下列兩種繳費方式
(1)信用卡繳費-需輸入卡號、有效月/年、卡片背面末三碼、手
機驗證
(2)ATM櫃員機-產生虛擬帳號,由ATM轉帳
3.如您需報帳,可直接於線上繳費系統中輸入公司正確統編,或您可來信學苑告知。(凡發票打抬頭統編者,視為單位/公司付費派訓,結訓證書將署名「xxx單位/公司(統編公司)及學員姓名」,敬請學員自行評估,謝謝。
4.因繳費系統產生之帳單三日後即失效,敬請特別留意,如有任何問題,請來信或來電與學苑聯絡。
5.公司報名作業,如無法於本繳費系統作業者,再來信或來電本學苑洽詢。
*因應疫情變化,為維護上課學員之健康,實施下列安心防疫培訓政策:
1.自本學苑公告日起(2020/3/11)至開課日(2020/9/30),全面限制自境外返台者 (不分國家)參加本學苑課程。
2.自課程公告日起(2020/8/25)至開課日(2020/9/30)凡有收到居家隔離、居家檢疫、自主健康管理者,均不得參加本學苑課程。