เซนต์ โทมัส อไควนัส: ธรรมชาติของกฎหมายคือ เหตุผลของพระเจ้า

เซนต์ โทมัส อไควนัส (ST.Thomas Aquinas) (1226 – 1274) เป็นนักบวชและนักปรัชญา
ชาวอิตาเลียน ผู้สร้างงานนิพนธ์ชิ้นสำคัญ เรื่อง “Suma Theologica” ซึ่งเป็นการเชื่อมวิธีคิดแบบเหตุผลนิยม (Rationalism) กับเจตนานิยม (Voluntarism) เข้าด้วยกันโดยนำเอาปรัชญาของอริสโตเติล มาสังเคราะห์กับปรัชญาทางคริสต์ศาสนา ในขณะที่อริสโตเติล ยืนยันว่ามนุษย์สามารถค้นพบกฎหมายธรรมชาติได้โดยอาศัย “เหตุผล” ในตัวมนุษย์เอง

อไควนัส ก็ได้พยายามเชื่อมโยงเรื่อง “เหตุผล” (Reason) ดังกล่าวเข้ากับ “เจตจำนง” (Will) ของพระเจ้า โดยถือว่า การนำเอาเหตุผลของมนุษย์มาเชื่อโยงกับหลักธรรมของพระผู้เป็นเจ้า ซึ่งเขาเชื่อว่าเหตุผลที่สูงกว่า เป็นเหตุผลที่สมบูรณ์ถูกต้องมากกว่าในการใช้เป็นเครื่องมือค้นหากฎหมายธรรมชาตินั้นปรากฏอยู่ใน “เหตุผลของพระเจ้า” (Divine Reason) หรือ “เจตจำนงของพระเจ้า” ซึ่งถือว่ามีความบริสุทธิ์ถูกต้องมากกว่า “เหตุผลของมนุษย์” ซึ่งอาจมีความผิดพลาดได้และจากจุดนี้เองที่ทำให้เขาสรุปว่า “หลักธรรมโองการหรือเจตจำนงพระเจ้าคือที่มากฎหมายธรรมชาติ” (Christian Natural Law)

อไควนัส ได้กล่าวถึง กฎหมายประเภทต่างๆโดยรับเอาการแบ่งประเภทของกฎหมายของ ออสติน มาอธิบายและให้ความหมายในการแบ่งแยกประเภทของกฎหมายโดยเชื่อมระหว่าง “เหตุผล” เข้ากับ “เจตจำนงของพระเจ้า” ออกเป็น 4 ประเภท ตามลำดับชั้นทางกฎหมาย คือ กฎหมายนิรันดร กฎหมายธรรมชาติ กฎหมายอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ และ กฎหมายของมนุษย์ ดังนี้

กฎหมายนิรันดร (Lex aeterna / EternalLaw) จัดว่าเป็นกฎหมายสูงสุด ซึ่งเป็นเหตุผลหรือปัญญาอันอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ที่คอยบงการความเคลื่อนไหวหรือการกระทำทั้งปวงในจักรวาล และมีเพียงพระเจ้าเท่านั้นที่ล่วงรู้ถึงกฎหมายนี้มนุษย์ทั่วไปอาจหยั่งรู้ได้โดยตลอด

กฎหมายธรรมชาติ (Lex naturalis / Natural Law) กฎหมายธรรมชาติถือว่าเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของกฎหมายนิรันดรที่สามารถเข้าถึงได้โดยอาศัย “เหตุผล” อันเป็นคุณสมบัติธรรมชาติที่พระเจ้าประทานให้ ซึ่งมีหลักธรรมอันเป็นมูลฐานที่สุดก็คือ “การทำความดีและละเว้นความชั่ว” ที่มีอยู่ภายในตัวของเราเอง

กฎหมายอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ (Lex divina / Divine Law) หมายถึง กฎเกณฑ์หรือหลักธรรมต่าง ๆ ที่ถูกจารึกไว้ในคัมภีร์ไบเบิล (Bible)

กฎหมายของมนุษย์ (Lex humana / Human Law) หมายถึง กฎหมายที่มนุษย์บัญญัติขึ้นมาใช้ในสังคม ซึ่งอยู่ภายใต้บังคับของกฎหมายที่สูงกว่าก่อนหน้า อไควนัส เห็นว่าหากกฎหมายของมนุษย์เรื่องใดที่ไม่เป็นธรรมและขัดต่อกฎหมายธรรมชาติ ย่อมไม่ถือว่าเป็นกฎหมาย แต่เป็นความวิปริตของกฎหมายซึ่งอยู่หางไกลจากลักษณะของกฎหมายที่มีจุดมุ่งหมายให้พลเมืองเป็นคนดี

อไควนัส เห็นว่ากฎหมายที่ไม่เป็นธรรมอาจเกิดขึ้นได้หลายกรณี อาทิเช่น

1. กฎหมายมิได้มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อประโยชน์ส่วนรวม แต่หากเป็นการตอบสนองต่อกิเลสตัณหาของผู้ออกกฎหมาย

2. กฎหมายบัญญัติขึ้นเกินกว่าอำนาจของผู้ออก

3. เป็นกฎหมายที่กำหนดภาระแก่คน อย่างไม่เสมอภาค

ข้อ 1 – 2 ซึ่ง อไควนัส ถือเป็นโมฆะโดยเด็ดขาดและประชาชนไม่จำต้องคารพเชื่อฟังข้อ 3 หากยึดเอาคุณธรรมเรื่องความรอบคอบเป็นหลักแล้วประชาชนอาจจำต้องปฏิบัติตามกฎหมายที่ไม่เป็นธรรมเช่นนี้
เพื่อความเป็นธรรมในการหลีกเลี่ยงความสับสนวุ่นวายในสังคม

การแบ่งแยกกฎหมายออกเป็น 4 ประเภทนี้ จึงนับว่าเป็นการประนีประนอม ระหว่างความคิดของกรีกกับความคิดของคริสเตียน และได้แก้ปัญหาลำดับชั้นของกฎหมาย ซึ่งมีมาแต่โบราณว่าความยุติธรรมตามธรรมชาติ กับ ความยุติธรรมที่มนุษย์สมมุติขึ้น (กฎหมายที่บัญญัติขึ้น) ควรจะมีความสัมพันธ์กันอย่างไร โดย อไควนัส ได้เน้นว่า “กฎหมายมนุษย์จะต้องสอดคล้องกับกฎหมายธรรมชาติ ถ้ากฎหมายมนุษย์ขัดต่อกฎหมายธรรมชาติ กฎหมายมนุษย์ไม่มีค่าเป็นกฎหมาย” เป็นการเน้น “หลักกฎหมายลำดับสูงกว่า” (Higher law) กล่าวคือ กฎหมายธรรมชาติและกฎหมายศักดิ์สิทธิ์เป็นกฎหมายที่สูงกว่ากฎหมายบ้านเมืองของมนุษย์ถ้ากฎหมายบ้านเมืองเองขัดต่อกฎหมายธรรมชาติ หรือขัดต่อกฎหมายอันศักดิ์สิทธิ์ กฎหมายนั้นย่อมไร้ผลและราษฎรย่อมมีสิทธิไม่เชื่อฟังผู้ปกครองได้ (The Right of Disobedience) ทั้งนี้เพราะราษฎรย่อมมีหน้าที่ปฏิบัติตามกฎหมายธรรมชาติและกฎหมายศักดิ์สิทธิ์เหนือสิ่งอื่นใด

ความคิดของ อไควนัส จึงมีฐานะเสมือนข้อต่อทางความคิดกฎหมายธรรมชาติที่เน้นความสำคัญของ เหตุผล ที่มีมาตั้งแต่สมัยกรีก คือ ตั้งแต่ เพลโต อริสโตเติล สโตอิคและสมัยโรมันถ่ายทอดต่อมาในสมัยกลางอย่างไม่ขาดสาย และส่งทอดต่อไปจนถึงสมัยใหม่ในภายหลังอย่างไม่ขาดตอน

毋忘五大訴求　公民抗命有理
—10‧20九龍遊行陳情書
（案件編號：DCCC 535/2020）

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「毋忘初衷，活在愛和真實之中」
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胡法官雅文閣下：

　　2012年，我第一次站在法庭上承認違反「公安惡法」，述說對普選的盼望，批評公安惡法不義，並因公民抗命的緣故，甘心樂意接受刑罰。當年我說，如果小圈子選舉沒有被廢除，惡法沒有消失，我依然會一如故我，公民抗命，並且我相信將會有更多學生和市民加入這個行列。想不到時至今日，普選仍然遙遙無期，我亦再次被帶到法庭接受審判，但只是短短７年，已經有數十萬計的群眾公民抗命，反對暴政。今日，我承認違反「未經批准的政府」所訂立「未經批准的惡法」之下的「未經批准集結」罪，我不打算尋求法庭的憐憫，但請容許我佔用法庭些微時間陳情，讓法庭在判刑前有全面考慮。

暴力之濫觴

　　在整個反修例運動如火如荼之際，我正承擔另一宗公民抗命案件的刑責。雖然身在獄中，但仍然心繫手足。我在獄中電視機前見證6月9日、6月16日及8月18日三次百萬港人大遊行，幾多熱愛和平的港人冒天雨冒彈雨走上街頭，抗議不義惡法，今日關於10月20日的案件，亦是如此。可能有人會問，政府已在6月暫緩修例，更在9月正式撤回修例，我等仍然繼續示威，豈非無理取鬧？我相信法官閣下肯定聽過「遲來的正義並非正義」（Justice delayed is justice denied）這句格言。當過百萬群眾走上街頭，和平表達不滿的時候，林鄭政府沒有理睬，反而獨行獨斷，粗暴踐踏港人的意願，結果製造出後來連綿不絕的爭拗，甚至你死我活的對抗。經歷眾多衝突痛苦之後，所謂暫緩撤回，已經微不足道，我們只是更加清楚：沒有民主，就連基本人權都不會擁有！

　　在本案之中，雖然我們都沒有鼓動或作出暴力行為，但根據早前8‧18及10‧1兩宗案件，相信在控方及法庭眼中，案發當日的暴力事件仍然可以算在我們頭上，如此，我有必要問：如果香港有一個公平正義的普及選舉，人民可以在立法會直接否決他們不認可的法律，試問2019年的暴力衝突可以從何而來呢？如果我們眼見的暴力是如此十惡不赦，那麼我們又如何看待百萬人遊行後仍然堅持推行惡法的制度暴力呢？如果我們不能接受人民暴力反抗，那麼我們是否更加不能對更巨大更壓逼的制度暴力沈默不言？真正且經常發生的暴力，是漠視人民訴求的暴力，是踐踏人民意見的暴力，是剝奪人民表達權利的暴力。真正憎恨暴力，痛恨暴力的人，不可能一方面指摘暴力反抗，又容忍制度暴力。如果我需要承擔和平遊行引發出來的暴力事件的刑責，那麼誰應該承擔施政失敗所引發出來的社會騷亂的罪責呢？

社會之病根

　　對於法庭而言，可能2019年所發生的事情只是一場社會騷亂，務必追究違法者個人責任。然而，治亂治其本源，醫病醫其病根，我雖然公民抗命，刻意違法，控方把我帶上法庭，但我卻不應被理解為一個「犯罪個體」。2019年所發生的事情，並不是我一個人或我們這幾位被告可以促成，社會問題的癥結不是「犯罪份子」本身，而是「犯罪原因」。我明白「治亂世用重典」的道理，但如果「殺雞儆猴」是解決方法，就不會在2016年發生旺角騷亂及2017年上訴庭對示威者施以重刑後，2019年仍然會爆發出更大規模的暴力反抗。

如果不希望社會動亂，就必須正本清源，逐步落實「五大訴求」，從根本上改革，挽回民心。2019年反修例運動，其實只是2014年雨傘運動的延續而已，縱使法庭可能認為兩個運動皆是「一股歪風」所引起，但我必須澄清，兩個運動的核心就是追求民主普選，人民當家作主。在2019年11月24日區議會選舉這個最類近全民普選的選舉中，接近300萬人投票，民主派大勝，奪得17個區議會主導權，這就是整個反修例運動的民意，民意就是反對政府決策，反對制度暴力，反對推行惡法，不容爭辯，不辯自明。我們作為礦場裡的金絲雀，多次提醒政府撤回修法，並從根本上改革制度，而在10月20日的九龍遊行當然是反映民意的平台契機。如今，法庭對我們施加重刑，其實只不過是懲罰民意，將金絲雀困在鳥籠之內，甚至扼殺於鼓掌之中，窒礙表達自由。

堅持之重要

　　大運動過後的大鎮壓，使我們失去《蘋果日報》，失去教協，失去民陣，不少民主派領袖以及曾為運動付出的手足戰友都囚於獄中，不少曾經熱情投入運動的朋友亦因《國安法》的威脅轉為低調，新聞自由示威自由日漸萎縮，公民社會受到沈重打擊，我亦失去不少摯友，有感傷孤獨的時候，但我仍然相信，2019年香港人的信念，以及所展現人類的光輝持久未變。我不會忘記百萬人民冒雨捱熱抗拒暴政，抵制惡法，展現我們眾志成城；我不會忘記人潮紅海，讓道救護車，展現我們文明精神；我不會忘記年青志士直接行動反對苛政，捨身成仁，展現我們膽色勇氣；我不會忘記銀髮一族走上街頭保護年青人，展現我們彼此關懷；我不會忘記「五大訴求」，不會忘記2019年區議會選舉，展現我們有理有節。

　　法官閣下，我對於當日的所作所為，不感羞恥，毫無悔意。我能夠在出獄後與群眾同行一路，與戰友同繫一獄，實是莫大榮幸。若法治失去民主基石，將使法庭無奈地接受專制政權所訂立解釋的法律限制，隨時變成政治工具掃除異見，因此爭取民主普選，建設真正法治，追求公平正義，仍然是我的理想。在這條路上，如有必要，我仍然會公民抗命，正如終審法院海外非常任法官賀輔明（Lord Hoffmann）所言，發自良知的公民抗命有悠久及光榮的傳統，歷史將證明我們是正確的。我期望，曾與我一起遊行抗命的手足戰友要堅持信念，在艱難歲月裡毋忘初衷，活在愛和真實之中。

　　最後，如9年前一樣，我想借用美國民權領袖馬丁路德金牧師的一番話對我們的反對者說：「我們將以自己忍受苦難的能力，來較量你們製造苦難的能力。我們將用我們靈魂的力量，來抵禦你們物質的暴力。對我們做你們想做的事吧，我們仍然愛你們。我們不能憑良心服從你們不公正的法律，因為拒惡與為善一樣是道德責任。將我們送入監獄吧，我們仍然愛你們。」（We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you. We cannot in all good conscience obey your unjust laws because noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. Throw us in jail and we shall still love you.）

　　願慈愛的主耶穌賜我們平安，與我和我一家同在，與法官閣下同在，與香港人同在。沒有暴徒，只有暴政；五大訴求，缺一不可！願榮耀歸上帝，榮光歸人民！

第五被告
黃浩銘
二零二一年八月十九日

Lest we forget the five demands: civil disobedience is morally justified
- Statement on 10‧20 Kowloon Rally
(Case No.: DCCC 535/2020)

Your Honour Judge Woodcock

In 2012, I stood before the court and admitted to violating the "Public Security Evil Law". I expressed my hope for universal suffrage, criticized the evil law as unjust, and willingly accepted the penalty for civil disobedience. Back then, I said that if the small-circle election had not been abolished and the draconian law had not disappeared, I would still be as determined as I was, and I believe that more students and citizens would join this movement. Today, universal suffrage is still a long way off, and I have been brought before the court again for trial. But in just seven years, hundreds of thousands of people have already risen up in civil disobedience against tyranny. Today, I plead guilty to "unauthorised assembly" under an unapproved evil law enacted by an unauthorised government. I do not intend to seek the court's mercy, but please allow me to take up a little time in court to present my case so that the court can consider all aspects before sentencing me.

The roots of violence

At the time when the whole anti-extradition law movement was in full-swing, I was taking responsibility for another civil disobedience case. Although I was in prison, my heart was still with the people. I witnessed the three million-person rallies on 9 June, 16 June and 18 August on television in prison, when many peace-loving people took to the streets despite the rain and bullets, to protest against unjust laws. Some people may ask, "The Government has already suspended the legislative amendments in June and formally withdrew the bill in September, but we are still demonstrating, are we not being unreasonable?" I am sure your Honour has heard of the adage "Justice delayed is justice denied". When more than a million people took to the streets to express their discontent peacefully, the Lam administration ignored them and instead acted arbitrarily, brutally trampling on the wishes of the people of Hong Kong, resulting in endless arguments and even confrontations. After so many conflicts and painful experiences, the so-called moratorium is no longer meaningful. We only know better: without democracy, we cannot even have basic human rights!

In this case, although we did not instigate or commit acts of violence, I believe that in the eyes of the prosecution and the court, the violence on the day of the incident can still be counted against us, based on the August 18 and October 1 case. And now I must ask - If Hong Kong had a fair and just universal election, and the public could directly veto laws they did not approve of at the Legislative Council, then how could the violent clashes of 2019 have come about? If the violence we see is so heinous, how do we feel about the institutional violence that insists on the imposition of draconian laws even after millions of people have taken to the streets? If we cannot accept violent rebellion, how can we remain silent in the face of even greater and more oppressive institutional violence? The true and frequent violence is the kind of violence that ignores people's demands, that tramples on their opinions, that deprives them of their right to express themselves. People who truly hate violence and abhor it cannot accuse violent resistance on the one hand and tolerate institutional violence on the other. If I have to bear the criminal responsibility for the violence caused by the peaceful demonstration, then who should bear the criminal responsibility for the social unrest caused by failed administration?

The roots of society's problems

From a court's point of view, it may be that what happened in 2019 was just a series of social unrest, and that those who broke the law must be held personally accountable. What happened in 2019 was not something that I alone or the defendants could have made possible, and the crux of the social problem was not the 'criminals' but the 'causes of crime'. I understand the concept of " applying severe punishment to a troubled world", but if "decimation" was really the solution, there would not have been more violent rebellions in 2019 after the Mongkok "riot" in 2016 and the heavy sentences handed down to protesters by the Court of Appeal in 2017.

If we do not want social unrest, we must get to the root of the problem and implement the "five demands" step by step, so as to achieve fundamental reforms and win back the hearts of the people. 2019's anti-revision movement is indeed a continuation of 2014's Umbrella Movement, and even though the court may think that both movements are caused by a "perverse wind", I must clarify that the core of both movements is the pursuit of democracy and universal suffrage, and the people being the masters of their own house. In the District Council election on 24 November 2019, which is the closest thing to universal suffrage, nearly 3 million people voted, and the democratic camp won a huge victory, winning majority in 17 District Councils. As canaries in the monetary coal mine, we have repeatedly reminded the government to withdraw the extradition bill and fundamentally reform the system, and the march in Kowloon on 20 October was certainly an opportunity to reflect public opinion. Now, by imposing heavy penalties on us, the court is only punishing public opinion, trapping the canaries in a birdcage, or even stifling them in the palm of their hands, suffocating the freedom of expression.

The importance of persistence

As a result of the crackdown after the mass movement, we lost Apple Daily, the Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union, and the Civil Human Rights Front. Many of our democratic leaders and comrades who had contributed to the movement were imprisoned, and many of our friends who had been passionately involved in the movement had been forced to lay low under the threat of the National Security Law. I still believe that the faith of Hong Kong people and the glory of humanity seen in 2019 will remain unchanged. I will never forget the millions of people who braved the rain and the heat to resist tyranny and evil laws, demonstrating our unity of purpose; I will never forget the crowds of people who gave way to ambulances, demonstrating our civility; I will never forget the young people who sacrificed their lives, demonstrating our courage and bravery; I will never forget the silver-haired who took to the streets to protect the youth, demonstrating our care for each other; I will never forget the "five demands" and the 2019 District Council election, demonstrating our rationality and decency.

Your Honour, I have nothing to be ashamed of and no remorse for what I did on that day. It is my great honour to be in prison with my comrades and to be able to walk with the public after my release. If the rule of law were to lose its democratic foundation, the courts would have no choice but to accept the legal restrictions set by the autocratic regime and become a political tool to eliminate dissent at any time. As Lord Hoffmann, a non-permanent overseas judge of the Court of Final Appeal, said, civil disobedience from the conscience has a long and honourable tradition, and history will prove us right. I hope that my comrades in arms who walked with me in protests will keep their faith and live in love and truth in the midst of this difficult time.

Finally, as I did nine years ago, I would like to say something to those who oppose us, borrowing the words of American civil rights leader Reverend Martin Luther King: "We shall match your capacity to inflict suffering by our capacity to endure suffering. We shall meet your physical force with soul force. Do to us what you will, and we shall continue to love you. We cannot in all good conscience obey your unjust laws because noncooperation with evil is as much a moral obligation as is cooperation with good. Throw us in jail and we shall still love you."

Peace be with me and my family, with Your Honour, and with the people of Hong Kong. There are no thugs, only tyranny; five demands, not one less! To god be the glory and to people be the glory!

The Fifth Defendant
Wong Ho Ming
19 August 2021

Be Conscious of The Supply

“For if by the trespass of the one, death reigned through the one; so much more will those who receive the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness reign in life through the one, Jesus Christ.” (Romans‬ ‭5:17‬ ‭WEB‬‬)

Is death reigning, or is life reigning, in your life?

The strategy to enjoy a blessed life is so simple, but many of us just don’t do it.

If you are constantly worried, fearful, and pessimistic about your future, it simply means that you have not been consistently receiving the Gospel. One way to describe the Gospel would be “the abundance of grace and of the gift of righteousness”.

Instead, the world’s words and pictures based on wrong beliefs have filled your heart, producing forms of death.

We need to hear about the abundance of grace and the gift of righteousness because the enemy wants us to feel lacking and vulnerable. One way he advances his goal is by broadcasting bad news designed to instill fear and worry.

“in which you once walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit who now works in the children of disobedience;” (‭‭Ephesians‬ ‭2:2‬ ‭WEB‬‬)

The apostle Paul called the devil “the prince of the power of the air”. This means that he has power over the airwaves. Besides weather manipulation, the devil also attacks by releasing words (essentially frequencies of vibrations in the air). We know that he is a liar, and he can be quite convincing at times.

Are you more conscious of the many demands upon you, or are you more conscious of the supply that is freely available to you by faith?

God’s grace is His unmerited favor towards you, when He gives you good things that you did not deserve by your own works.

If they are gifts for you, then who paid the cost? Jesus paid not with corrupt, perishable things like money. He paid with His own divine blood (the life of the flesh is in the blood).

He bled and literally gave His life—the life of God, for you.

I once shared in a short video teaching that the Hebrew letters for the word “Amen” are aleph (God/ sacrificial animal), mem (water flowing down like a waterfall), and nun (offspring/child).

They form a picture of blessings pouring down upon you like a waterfall, from Jesus the sacrificial Lamb at the cross, to you who are now God’s beloved child.

Every time you say “Amen”, picture the blood-bought blessings flowing from Jesus at the cross, to you. It is like making a withdrawal from your heavenly bank account.

The Lord is your Shepherd. He laid down His life for you, and you will not lack in any way because He is your inexhaustible supply!

Are you under spiritual attack from the enemy? This is not an area that you have to fear or be ignorant about. The Bible teaches us about the powerful spiritual weapons we have in Christ.

If you have a long-time bondage or addiction, you can be set free when you know the truth of how all this works. I compiled the book “Silencing the Serpent” for these reasons and more. Get it here: https://bit.ly/silence-the-serpent-now

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♦♦♦
Not to Be "Trumpt" Down but Make Trump Down——To Dear American Brothers and Sisters
把川普做掉，別被川普做掉！——致美國兄弟姊妹們

My dear American friends,
as Nancy Pelosi called the protests in Hong Kong last year “a beautiful sight to behold,”
you should be proud that you are giving more and more beautiful sights throughout your country,
in Minneapolis, Los Angles, New York, Washington D.C., and every part where people with any sense of justice live,
which makes America great and beautiful again.

美國朋友們，正如貴國眾議院議長所說：
「去年在香港的抗爭是一道美麗的風景線」，
你們應該感到驕傲，
如今你們也正為貴國到處拉起美麗的風景！
從明尼亞波利斯、洛杉磯、紐約、華府，
以及任何有正義感的人民居住的地方！
這才真是讓美國再次偉大、美麗！

However, these are facing a fatal crisis now.
You are going to be "Trumpt" down for your disobedience to his "American value,"
which claims that all men are born equal but some are more equal than others.

然而，這些美麗的風景如今卻面臨致命的危機。
你們即將就要被「川普」掉，只因你們違逆他的「美國價值」——
那就是號稱人人生而平等，卻始終有人比其他人更「平等」。

While the protesters in Hong Kong and Taiwan could break into the legislative building successfully with the matirial and spiritual support from your government,
you American people should only be “greeted” with the most vicious dog and most ominous weapons from Trump.

當港、台的抗爭者都能在貴國物質及精神的援助下成功攻入立法機構，
你們美國人民卻只能被川普以最兇狠的狗及武器伺候。

While he told you that he is going to make America great again,
he killed 100 thousand American people first for his incompetence in pandemic prevention,
mostly of whom are laboring-class.

當他告訴你要讓美國再次偉大，
他已先因疏於防疫害死了十萬名美國人——絕大多數是勞苦大眾。

While your country usually claims its duty to "free" other peoples,
it seems to be built only for the white and rich,
repressing you Amercan people with racism and capitalism
and making more and more "George Floyds" who can't breathe anytime.

當貴國經常標榜以解放他國人民為職志，
這個國家卻似乎只為白人及富人而存在，
並始終不斷地用種族主義及資本主義壓迫人民，
造成一個又一個George Floyd不能呼吸。

Therefore, the beautiful sights in your country were only kept for three days.
Then the police fire and the military force are destroying them.

因此，貴國美麗的風景僅僅維持了三天。
軍警的槍炮接著就開始毀滅這些風景。

My dear American brothers and sisters!
My dear African Americans, Chinses Americans, Latin Americans, Asian Americans, and all Americans of all races!
All human beings who behold justice stand with you!
A single spark can start a prairie fire!

美國各族兄弟姊妹們！
非裔、華裔、拉丁裔、亞裔......各族裔的美國人民！
所有正義的人都與你們站在一起！
星星之火可以燎原！

So rise up for your own liberty and dignity!
Unite togethet to beat racism in any form!
It's time for you to make the White House not only for the white and the Wall Steet!
It's time for you to make America great and beautiful indeed!
It's time for you not to be "Trumpt" down but make Trump down!

起來為你們的自由及尊嚴奮鬥吧！
團結起來打倒一切形式的種族主義！
現在是讓白宮不再只為白人及華爾街服務的時候了！
現在是讓美國真正偉大且美麗的時候了！
現在是你們別再被川普做掉，而是把川普做掉的時候了！

近代西方哲人梭羅(Henry David Thoreau)提出民事不服從(Civil Disobedience)的概念，托爾斯泰(Leo Tolstoy)強調這是非暴力的，以別於武裝革命運動。[3]上述的公民乃指當地的永久居民，此有別於廣義的人民，人民可以是來自任何地區的人，而公民則享有權利與義務的市民，當公民的天賦人權受到當權者剝削，法律又受到建制的操控，人們的意見不受尊重，公民就可以抗爭的手法，奪回我們應有的權利。遵循公義，比墨守法律更為重要。

《趙氏讀書生活》，一個歷史學者的視頻，分享學術、社會、政治經濟觀察
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Please subscribe to my channel.

Learn Japanese with Detroit: Become Human
#1 https://youtu.be/sjfC44lwiow
#2 https://youtu.be/5g4ox7Y-GM0
#3 https://youtu.be/o3rhlp5X6WY
#4 https://youtu.be/as2HYFm-ZP4
#5 https://youtu.be/swWGkVz0Myo

【PLAYLIST】
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list...


Detroit: Become Human is the latest interactive narrative game from Quantic Dream, makers of Heavy Rain and Beyond: Two Souls.

Detroit: Become Human is an adventure game played from a third-person view,
which is subject to a set and controllable perspective.
There are multiple playable characters who can die as the story continues without them
as a result, there is no "game over" message following a character's death.
The right analogue stick on the DualShock controller is used to interact with objects and observe one's surroundings, the left is for movement, and R2 scans an environment for possible actions; the motion controls and touchpad are also employed. Via quick time events and dialogue decisions,
the story will branch out depending on which choices are made.
These can be viewed in a flowchart during and immediately after a given chapter;[16] the player can rewind to certain points in the story to reshape decisions in the event of regret.
Certain scenes feature countdowns, which force the player to think and act quickly.
Levels abound with magazines for players to read.

The playable characters are:
* Connor, a police investigator android tasked with hunting down androids that have deviated from their programmed behaviours.
*
* Kara, a housekeeper android who develops artificial consciousness and becomes responsible for a young girl's safety.
*
* Markus, a caretaker android who, after gaining consciousness, takes it upon himself to free others like him from bondage.
*
Obtaining clues by highlighting and analysing the environment with augmented vision allows Connor to reconstruct and replay events that occurred before.
The more information Connor collects within an allotted time,
the greater the chance of success in deciding a course of action.
Markus has the power to grant androids free will and calculate the outcomes of certain acts.

Caretaker android Markus and his owner return home and alert the police of a suspected burglary. In confronting the perpetrator, Markus bypasses his programming, thereby becoming a deviant android with full autonomy, leading the police to shoot him at arrival.
Markus awakes in a landfill of broken androids and, after escaping, discovers Jericho,
a wrecked ship and safe haven for deviants. There, Markus rallies the others to fight for their rights.
They perform several acts of civil disobedience, which catches the public's attention and gets more androids to join.
This culminates with the FBI attacking Jericho.
If he survives, Markus and the others set up a final march, resulting in either all of the deviants being killed or the president opening peace talks.
Police investigator android Connor is sent by the CyberLife corporation to assist Lieutenant Hank Anderson, an alcoholic who hates androids.
In the course of their investigation into an outbreak of deviants,
they either bond or fall apart,
potentially resulting in Hank committing suicide.
During his hunt for Markus' group, Connor starts to doubt himself, though he can stay firm in his beliefs.
He eventually locates Jericho,
where he can become a deviant himself.
If he defects, Connor infiltrates CyberLife Tower and converts everyone there into deviants. If not, he attempts to snipe Markus during the final protest, but is stopped by a SWAT team or Hank. In the end, if peace is achieved, Connor can choose whether or not to shoot Markus during a speech.
Kara, a housekeeper android for Todd Williams and his daughter Alice,escapes with her after he attacks them and leaves Kara a deviant.
The two travel across Detroit, intending to make it to Canada, which has no specific laws involving androids and where they will be safe. Kara and Alice befriend another android named Luther along the way, who joins them on their journey.
They seek the aid of an android sympathiser, who points them to Jericho to obtain passports.
They get caught up in the attack there, which may result in Luther, Kara, and Alice's deaths. Kara also learns that Alice is in fact an android, replacing the daughter taken away by Todd's wife.
They can make it to Canada by bus or boat, survive a recycling centre, or in either case die trying.