[爆卦]Cesium-137是什麼?優點缺點精華區懶人包

雖然這篇Cesium-137鄉民發文沒有被收入到精華區:在Cesium-137這個話題中,我們另外找到其它相關的精選爆讚文章

在 cesium-137產品中有3篇Facebook貼文,粉絲數超過6萬的網紅媽媽監督核電廠聯盟,也在其Facebook貼文中提到, 輻射傷害的防護基本理念: ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable),受曝劑量越低越好的合理抑低原則。 在輻射傷害防護的範疇內,總的來說,LNT(Linear-Non-Threshold)模式對於高劑量、高強度的輻射暴露的情況相對來說,更加的適用。在一般日常生活...

  • cesium-137 在 媽媽監督核電廠聯盟 Facebook 的精選貼文

    2021-05-25 15:19:14
    有 14 人按讚

    輻射傷害的防護基本理念: ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable),受曝劑量越低越好的合理抑低原則。

    在輻射傷害防護的範疇內,總的來說,LNT(Linear-Non-Threshold)模式對於高劑量、高強度的輻射暴露的情況相對來說,更加的適用。在一般日常生活的狀態來說,避免輻射傷害,普遍採取 ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable),也就是越低越好的合理抑低原則,這是人類關於游離輻射防護的基本理念。

    ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 越低越好的合理抑低 )原則也是美國能源部國家核子保安總署(DOE/NNSA)輻射 緊急事件支援及訓練中心(REAC/TS)出版之「The Medical Aspects of Radiation Incidents (台灣翻譯為:輻射傷害醫療處置)」手冊內容中所提及的輻射防護基本理念。

    “ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) is the underlying philosophy associated with protecting people from ionizing radiation.

    It basically means that one should not unnecessarily expose themselves to radiation without the benefit outweighing the risk.

    Time, distance, andshielding are widely considered to be the primary
    concerns. At REAC/TS, we like to add a fourth item to the list - quantity. All four of these concepts are used concurrently with the others. "

    其基本意涵是 : 一個人應該避免不必要且無利益的輻射 曝露風險(這裡指的是非醫療性質的輻射暴露。任何輻射暴露都會造成傷害,但在治療重大疾病的時候,兩害相權取其輕,接受有限度且嚴格控管的輻射照射將體內惡性病變組織破壞,阻止其增生、擴散惡化的潛在利益大於輻射照射所引起的傷害的醫療應用案例,不屬於這裡所指的“不必要且無利益的輻射曝露風險”的範疇)。

    此外,有報導指出:“...... 在日本的實際研究案例中,「餵飲氘水佔1/3的水,經過1個禮拜,老鼠腦部組織裡的氫被替換掉,老鼠變得眼睛上吊,有攻擊性,一直囓咬鐵籠的鐵網,反覆地昏睡或暴躁。」東京工業大學理工特任教授入口紀男(Norio Iriguchi),透過老鼠實驗,提醒福島氚污染水的危害。

    入口紀男教授是日本核磁共振學會委員,透過上述實驗鼠的核磁共振影像,解說老鼠腦部組織內的氫被氘替換之後,所發生的變化。「左邊有點突出的是嗅腦(嗅覺發達中樞),右下突起的部份是延髓開端。目前只有腦部明顯地浮腫了。」

    福島核災後,產生大量輻射污染水,其中氚因為無法用過濾去除,又稱為氚污染水。多位專家警告,氚污染水的危害,不只是體內輻射被曝,還有在體內被當成氫嵌入到蛋白質等組織的問題。而入口紀男(用有同樣效果的氘做)的實驗,具體呈現後者的狀況。

    「氚在體內被當成氫嵌入」是什麼意思呢?擁有近40年的放射線治療經驗、北海道癌症中心名譽院長西尾正道詳細解釋道:「氚在人體內會被當成氫來代謝。人體有62%是水(H2O),氚會被當成氫來結合,在種種構成人體的高分子化合物的化學式裡也一樣。」

    「氚因為有這樣和物質相結合的性質,在體內造成長期被曝。用醫學實驗,可以證明氚會被當成氫攝入到細胞核內。構成DNA的基因的4個鹽基,是靠氫來結合,換成氚進去的話(失去結合力),鹽基化學式產生變化,遺傳情報也會改變。導致健康上的實際損害。」而當被攝入的氚衰變成氦時,也會損傷細胞( http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf )。

    對此,西尾正道等專家批判:「不能說自然界本來就有而不考慮,原本自然界裡氚的最大來源就是核試爆跟核電,排放標準也是為了沸水式原子爐把氚排到海裡而制定的,並不是因為有在科學上醫學上檢討健康被害而決定的。」「因為距離極近,即便氚的放射線弱,仍會相當程度地傷害DNA。」

    又,氚水的化學式是HTO,因為氚很容易和生物體內的碳結合,成為有機結合型氚(Organically Bound Tritium、簡稱為OBT),跟氚水相比,後者滯留體內時間為20~50倍,被染色體等人體重要部份攝取。「氚水被放流後,經生物攝取變成有機結合型氚,人類去吃這些生物,便會蓄積在體內。」在核食檢測上,有機結合型氚的檢測程序,又比普通的氚來得複雜。

    氚,被日本諾貝爾物理學獎得主小柴昌俊,與馬克斯威爾獎(美國物理學會頒發)得主長谷川晃,稱之為劇毒。

    福島核電廠在災後,因為會不斷放出有放射性的蒸氣等污染,入口紀男比喻為「國土百萬年的惡夢」。而這惡夢除了往大氣的污染,還因為地下水流經,每天產生3-400噸的輻射污染水。

    在日本政府規劃的輻射污染水處理方案裡,海放是成本最低的方法,比起地下埋設等耗資千億日圓以上的方法,海放只要17~34億日圓。另一方面民間、在地漁業團體與鄰國,持強烈反對的立場。....."

    也有多項相關的醫學研究報告指出:
    A 1961 experiment showed that mice dosed with 21.5 μCi/g of Cs-137 had a 50% fatality within 30 days (implying an LD50 of 245 μg/kg).

    A similar experiment in 1972 showed that when dogs are subjected to a whole body burden of 3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg) of caesium-137 (and 950 to 1400 rads), they die within 33 days, while animals with half of that burden all survived for a year.

    Important researches have shown a remarkable concentration of 137Cs in the exocrine cells of the pancreas, which are those most affected by cancer.

    In 2003, in autopsies performed on 6 children dead in the polluted area near Chernobyl where they also reported a higher incidence of pancreatic tumors, Bandazhevsky found a concentration of 137Cs 40-45 times higher than in their liver, thus demonstrating that pancreatic tissue is a strong accumulator and secretor in the intestine of radioactive cesium.

    一項重要的醫學研究發現,人體胰腺外分泌細胞中所聚積的137Cs濃度非常高,而胰腺外分泌細胞是受癌症影響最大的人體細胞。

    在2003年由Bandazhevsky研究團隊,對六名生活在靠近車諾比核災污染區附近的兒童的屍體進行醫學檢驗解剖。

    解剖研究發現這六名兒童患胰臟惡性腫瘤的比率,比一般正常狀態下來的更高,經檢驗,研究團隊發現這六名兒童胰臟中所含的Cs-137濃度,竟然是肝臟中所含Cs-137濃度的40-45倍之多。研究證實在人體內Cs-137最容易聚積在胰臟內。

    胰臟癌是指胰臟細胞發生癌變而產生的腫瘤,這些腫瘤細胞具有侵犯其他組織的能力。胰臟癌很少發生在40歲以下的病人,半數以上的患者超過70歲。

    此外,1961年的一項實驗發現對老鼠注射21.5 μCi/g 濃度的Cs-137,在30天之內有一半的受試老鼠死亡,這項實驗的結果等同於半至死劑量為0.000245公克(也就是百萬分之245公克),所謂半至死劑量指的是指在固定濃度下,暴露一定時間(通常1~4 小時)後,觀察14 天, 能使試驗動物組群半數(50 %)死亡的濃度。

    在1972 年有另外一項類似的實驗, 對受試驗的狗群注射3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg,大約百萬分之44公克濃度)Cs-137,這群受試的狗在33天內全數死亡,而另一群接受一半劑量的受試狗群,則可以存活到為期一年。

    從上述的那些實際醫學研究例證,包括了比較適用於LNT模式的狀態,以及一般日常生活環境下遭遇到低劑量但是長期輻射暴露累積下來的狀態。ALARA( As Low As Reasonably Achievable; 合理抑低 )原則在兩種狀態下通通一體適用。

    參考資料:
    https://orise.orau.gov/resources/reacts/documents/medical-aspects-of-radiation-incidents.pdf

    http://www.inaco.co.jp/hiroshima_2_demo/pdf/20140103_tori_A4.pdf

    https://e-info.org.tw/node/221554

    ^Moskalev, Yu. I. (1961). "Biological Effects of Cesium-137". In Lebedinskiĭ, A. V.; Moskalev, Yu. I. (eds.). Distribution, Biological Effects, and Migration of Radioactive Isotopes. Translation Series. United States Atomic Energy Commission (published April 1974). p. 220. AEC-tr-7512.

    ^ H.C. Redman; et al. (1972). "Toxicity of 137-CsCl in the Beagle. Early Biological Effects". Radiation Research. 50 (3): 629–648. Bibcode:1972RadR...50..629R. doi:10.2307/3573559. JSTOR 3573559. PMID 5030090.
    ^ Nelson A , Ullberg S, Kristoffersson H, Ronnback C (1961). "Distribution of Radiocesium in Mice". Acta Radiologica. 55, 5 (5): 374–384.
    doi:10.3109/00016926109175132. PMID 13728254.

    ^ Bandazhevsky Y.I. (2003). "Chronic Cs-137 incorporation in children's organs". Swiss Med. Wkly. 133 (35–36): 488–90. PMID 14652805.

    <3

  • cesium-137 在 媽媽監督核電廠聯盟 Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2021-01-10 16:17:31
    有 37 人按讚

    Radiation levels at Fukushima plant far worse than was thought(12/30/2020 The Asahi Shimbun日本朝日新聞)

    最新測量解果顯示,日本福島一號核電廠受損反應爐的廠房放射性輻射濃度遠比原先估計的來得更高,工作人員只要在接近反應爐附近區域待一個小時,就會立即致命!原本預期在今年展開的反應爐廢爐清汙除役作業再度向後延遲。

    日本朝日新聞專題報導指出,最新的現場輻射濃度測量解果顯示,福島一號核電廠因發生氫爆導致核燃料熔燬而嚴重毀損的2號及3號反應爐所在的核島區環境中的放射性輻射濃度,即便是在核災發生十年之後,依舊高得驚人,輻射濃度甚至遠比原先估算的還要高出許多,人類只要在鄰近反應爐廠房的附近區域待超過一個小時,就會立即喪命。

    福島核災十年了, 福島核電廠2,3號機輻射遠高過預期, 人員難以接近,即便是使用機械手臂也因超高的輻射線影響,使得機械工具的使用壽命異常短暫,根本無法正常作業,想要拆除反應爐並清除廠房內的高放射性污染廢棄物以及融化的核燃料棒殘渣,比原先預測的來得困難太多。

    日本政府的原子力規制委員會(Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) )指出最新量測到的反應爐廢墟周遭存在的超高濃度放射性輻射線對於福島一號核電廠廠區整體的除役以及除污復原工作造成“極端嚴重的挑戰”。

    日本政府的原子力規制委員會(Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) )指出在如此巨量的放射性輻射污染環境到附近待超過一個小時,人類就會因接觸過量輻射而致死,因此日本原子力規制委員會認為反應爐廢墟現場的實際狀況比早先擬定的除役清污計畫所想訂的還要還要艱困許多,因此原先擬定的廢爐除役清污計畫勢將需要重新評估重擬。

    基於最新測得的環境輻射濃度測量結果,以及廢爐除汙機械設備開發的進度比原先預估的時程發生延誤,日本東京電力在去年(2020)12月24 日宣布原先預定要在今年(2021)展開的反應爐廢墟清除熔燬的核燃料棒殘骸、碎片的除汙工程,將再度順延到2022年甚至更晚的時程。

    Radiation levels at Fukushima plant far worse than was thought(12/30/2020 The Asahi Shimbun日本朝日新聞)

    (By NORIHIKO KUWABARA/ Staff Writer)Exceedingly high radiation levels found inside crippled reactor buildings at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant were labeled by nuclear regulators as an “extremely serious” challenge to the shutdown process and overall decommissioning of the site.

    The Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) said a huge amount of radioactive materials apparently had attached to shield plugs of the containment vessels in the No. 2 and No. 3 reactors.

    Radiation levels were estimated at 10 sieverts per hour, a lethal dose for anyone who spends even an hour in the vicinity, according to experts.

    The finding would make it exceptionally difficult for workers to move the shield plugs, raising the prospect that the plan to decommission the reactors will have to be reassessed.

    Toyoshi Fuketa, chairman of the NRA, noted that removing the highly contaminated shield plugs added to the enormous difficulty of retrieving nuclear fuel debris, the most daunting part of the decommissioning process.

    “It appears that nuclear debris lies at an elevated place,” he said at a news conference earlier this month. “This will have a huge impact on the whole process of decommissioning work.”

    A shield plug, made of reinforced concrete, is circular in shape and measures about 12 meters in diameter.

    It has a triple-layer structure, with each layer about 60 centimeters thick. It is placed above the containment vessel like a lid on the top floor of a reactor building.

    The shield plug blocks radiation from the reactor core at normal times.

    When nuclear fuels need to be replaced, workers remove a shield plug to gain access to the interior of the containment vessel.

    In a study that resumed in September after about a five-year hiatus, the NRA carried out fresh measurements of radiation levels in the vicinity of the shield plugs of the No. 2 and No. 3 reactors.

    The study was undertaken following investigations by Tokyo Electric Power Co., operator of the plant, and other entities, which had shown extraordinary levels of radiations there.

    The NRA’s study found that the amount of radioactive cesium 137 was estimated at 20-40 petabecquerels between the space between the top and middle layers of the shied plug of the No. 2 reactor.

    That works out to more than 10 sieverts per hour based on readings of radiation levels nearby. Radiation at such levels can kill a person if they are exposed for an hour, according to experts.

    The estimated figure was 30 petabecquerels for the No. 3 reactor.

    In the triple meltdown triggered by the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster, the shield plug of the No. 1 reactor slipped out of place and was damaged by a hydrogen explosion that occurred at the reactor building.

    As larger amounts of cesium 137 leaked from the No. 1 reactor through the damaged plug, the amount of the radioactive material attached to its shield plug was estimated at 0.16 petabecquerels, considerably lower than for the No. 2 and No. 3 reactors.

    In contrast, the shield plugs for the No. 2 and No. 3 reactors remained relatively unscathed, blocking a huge amount of radioactive substances that leaked from their containment vessels from escaping into the atmosphere, according to the NRA.

    TEPCO announced Dec. 24 that the removal of nuclear fuel debris will be postponed to 2022 or later, rather than the initially scheduled 2021, due to a delay in the development of equipment to carry out the work.

    完整內容請見:
    Radiation levels at Fukushima plant far worse than was thought(12/30/2020 The Asahi Shimbun日本朝日新聞)

    http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14071742

  • cesium-137 在 媽媽監督核電廠聯盟 Facebook 的最佳貼文

    2013-03-21 10:27:08
    有 205 人按讚


    Ada Chou寫下了:「 [輻射污染不是只會致癌喔!] 核電廠不須要發生意外事件,平時正常運轉時就經由定期釋壓而釋放輻射污染。 核電廠釋放出的輻射污染有兩百多種人造輻射物質,其中最常見、也是被列為一般輻射偵測項目的就是銫137(cesium-137)。銫137主要陳積在肌肉組織,造成心臟方面的疾病與腦瘤、、、等等。 車諾比核災之後,輻射污染地區的兒童罹患先天性心臟病比率大增。核災造成的輻射污染在事件過後20年都持續影響污染地區居民的健康。許多兒童的心臟天生有穿孔,在醫學界「車諾比心」Chernobyl Heart成為專有名詞。更有許多兒童天生肢體畸形、腦水腫或智障。 車諾比核災之後16年,知名得獎導演Maryann De Leo深入核災輻射污染區拍下了「車諾比心」的紀錄片。 相信任何媽媽或爸爸,看了都不願意「車諾比心」發生在自己家的小孩身上,當然也不願意發生在別人家的小孩都身上。 CHERNOBYL HEART and CHILDREN OF CHERNOBYL 紀錄片網站: http://topdocumentaryfilms.com/chernobyl-heart/ 紀錄片連結: http://youtu.be/8ujAG_Ofj4M

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