#政經八百政治標記

〔#看劇學政治 #從《我是遺物整理師》看韓國的跨國收養〕

由Netflix製作的韓劇《Move to Heaven：我是遺物整理師》講述患有亞斯伯格症候群的青年韓可魯（陳俊翔飾）與叔叔曹尚久（李帝勳飾），一起經營遺物整理公司，透過遺物了解亡者的人生，並從中逐漸領悟到人生、死亡的溫情故事。

該劇溫暖又細膩的劇本不僅賺足觀眾熱淚，更精準地塞入大量社會議題，增添不少反思之處。

＊以下內容含少量劇透＊

▌和馬修一樣的KAD們

劇中由韓裔美籍音樂人Kevin Oh飾演的馬修·葛林一角，是出生不久就被送養至美國家庭的韓裔孤兒，但卻因為領養家庭的漠視或拖延而無法順利取得國籍，最後淪為無國籍者，只能被遣送回韓國。

過去70年，有將近20萬名韓國兒童和馬修一樣被外國家庭收養，成為韓國被收養人 (Korean adoptee; 簡稱KAD)。

▌跨國收養的人數變化

跨國收養風潮始於二戰後的戰爭孤兒潮，初期日本因為曾短暫成為主要輸出國。

但隨著1950年韓戰爆發，韓國戰爭孤兒以及駐韓美軍留下的大兵寶寶數量越來越多，1955年後，韓國正式取代日本亞洲最大孩童出養國的地位，並於1980年代達到高峰，成為美國跨國收養量最大的國家，並長期背負「嬰兒出口國」的罵名。

▌跨國收養的風水輪流轉

韓國這股跨國收養的風潮延續到1980年代晚期，隨著經濟實力和民族意識的抬頭，韓國政府於1988年起一改原先開放到幾近鼓勵的態度，漸漸減少國內兒童出養的數目。

加上1990年代後中國開始加入送養孩童的行列，尤其在一胎化政策的推波助瀾下，女棄嬰的數目大量增加，1995年後中國年送養數正式超越韓國，在1991至2008年這17年間已送養超過7.2萬名孩童，遠高於韓國的2.9萬。

▌跨國收養的成因

這些兒童被送養的歷史脈絡，其實是後殖民與冷戰的遺續和韓國現代化相互催化而生的血淚史。

加州大學爾灣分校的Eleana Kim指出，早期韓國孩童大量被送至歐美國家的主因包含：

①韓戰後赤貧的經濟狀況
②社會福利制度缺乏
③傳統儒家思想重視父系血脈、國內收養率極低

而在1960年代進入工業化社會後，大量農村人口湧入城市，未婚懷孕現象增加，離婚率也隨之上升，傳統家庭制度鬆動，出現許多非婚生子女，他們不見容於韓國保守的父系社會而慘遭棄養。

除了父權社會與社會福利政策不足等內部因素外，身為KAD的美籍學者Kim Park Nelson也點出，跨國收養涉及「複雜的經濟關係」，當時的韓國每年能藉由出養收益1500萬至2000萬美元，更能減少大量的社福支出。

此外，同為KAD的瑞典學者Hübinette則從人口控制的觀點出發，解釋了為何韓國的出養數會在1970至80年代達到高峰，這是因為威權時期為了避免人口過剩，政府積極鼓勵家庭計畫以及移民，而跨國收養恰好為兩者之結合，因而被視為控制人口的一大良方。

▌被收養者面臨的困境

這些跨國收養的孩子們最常面對的問題，是要應付「種族」與「收養」雙重歧視，以及成長階段中的自我認同危機。

時至今日，仍存在對種族與領養的歧視，更何況是數十年前的美國，調查就顯示，多數的KADs在成長的過程中，有被歧視的經驗，其中因為種族所造成的歧視比例高達七成，另外兩成八則為因收養導致的歧視。

在文化認同方面，周曉楓發現被收養的亞裔子女在文化認同的經驗與亞裔移民二代很接近，他們都缺乏和移民母國的聯繫。

但被收養者在建構自我認同上往往有更多挑戰需要克服，因為相較於移民家庭，收養家庭的環境未必能讓他們接觸原生母國的文化，尤其早期收養家庭的教養方式傾向讓他們完全美國化，致使在成人後容易出現失根的失落感。

美籍KAD鄭敬娥就曾在回憶錄《血之語言》中自述： 「在韓國，『美國人』等同於『白人』，而我既不能說流利的韓語，又不是白人，這讓我感到自己不倫不類。」

而更不幸運的，則是如同馬修一樣，雖被收養，但因故無法順利取得國籍者。根據Adoptee Rights Campaign統計，全美大約有3.5萬的被收養者沒有公民資格，他們多半是在2001年《兒童公民法》生效之前被收養的。

因為在這之前，公民身份必須由收養家庭主動申請，而不是在領養過程中自動授予。有些家庭可能是不知情，或因為申請所需的費用和程序而忽略這個過程，也有些收養家庭則是實質上拋棄這些被收養者。

沒能成為美國公民的被收養者們，許多在成年後因為犯罪紀錄，而被迫遣返回數十年前離開的陌生母國，但他們不僅舉目無親，甚至可能連一句韓文都不會說。

很多人無家可歸，經常露宿街頭，或是再次犯罪，走上絕路者也不在少數。
韓國領養服務中心的首席顧問Hellen Ko就直言：「對他們來說，被遣返就像是被判死刑。」

雖然2001年後，被收養的孩童可以直接擁有公民資格，但《兒童公民法》並不溯及既往，期待這些沒能順利獲得公民資格者，能早日得到應有的保障。

#政治 #台灣 #科普 #科普政治學 #政經八百 #大學生 #政府 #公民 #民主 #社會 #南韓 #韓國 #我是遺物整理師 #韓劇 #李帝勳 #收養 #Netflix #追劇 #跨國收養

在這個國度裡，
犯法的人不受法律制裁，
他要站在圓形競技場中，
在兩扇門之間做出選擇。

一扇門後，有隻惡猛虎，
一出閘你必定屍骨無存；
另一扇門後，絕世美女，
你娶了她還附豐厚嫁妝。

如果是你，你選哪一扇門？

如果你的愛人，知道門後各是什麼答案，
她會幫你做什麼抉擇？

龍騰B4L1 The Lady or the Tiger，
討論的，就是人生的選項(option)和選擇(choice)。

今天俐媽送上⋯⋯字根大餐！
—————————————————————————
🚏 俐媽英文教室—字根opt篇：

💃 opt: choose 🐅

* opt (v.) 選擇(for N)
* option (n.) 選擇；選項
* optional (a.) 選擇性的 <——> compulsory/ obligatory/ mandatory (a.) 強制性的
* adopt (v.) 領養；採納
* adoption (n.) 領養；採納
* adopter (n.) 領養者<——> adoptee (n.) 被領養者
* adoptive (a.) 領養的
——————————————————————————

opt(i), opt(o)另外有vision, sight, light之意，之後英模班會補充😉

而字根lect, leg, lig亦表choose，EEC孩子這個寒假才剛和俐媽學完呢！

💃 寒假期間，俐媽解題服務沒有斷過。好多國三孩子詢問會考考古題，高一孩子規劃下學期的自主學習計劃，高二孩子真的有人已經拿起單字本背完前三課單字，高三孩子則把備審資料做好80%，也依據自己的強弱科目選擇指考想拚的校系。

🐅 今天初六，大人已經復工；明天，補習班就要開課。你的選擇是什麼？收心？超前部署？還是把意外賺到的4天寒假，合併過年，廢到極致？

態度，決定你的高度。
One day or day one. It’s your choice!
.
#俐媽英文教室
#俐媽英文教室字根字首字尾篇
#俐媽英文教室網版篇
#有猛虎俐媽
#也有美女俐媽
#老師們拚了老命錄網版
#一定要多多支持
#台大明明就是你的最佳選擇

【Hong Kong🇭🇰: la loi controversée sur la sécurité nationale a été adoptée】

Adieu, Hong Kong........... 永別了, 香港🇭🇰

中國人大在6月30日早上以162票全票通過港區《國家安全法》，「分裂國家、顛覆國家政權、恐怖活動、勾結外國或者境外勢力危害國家安全」四條罪行將被寫入《基本法》附件三。中國官方尚未公布這份法律的完整內容。

semi-autonome (a.) 半自治的
répression (nf) réprimer(v) 鎮壓
à l'unanimité 一致地
séparatisme (nm) 分裂主義
terrorisme (nm) 恐怖主義
subversion (nf) 顛覆
museler (v) 使沉默
dissidence (nf) 意見分歧者
jouissent (原型v: jouir) 享有

Pour l'opposition prodémocratie de Hong kong et pour plusieurs pays occidentaux, dont les États-Unis, le G7 ou encore l'Union européenne (UE), cette loi est au contraire une attaque contre l'autonomie et les libertés du territoire.
對於香港的挺民主派以及包括美國，G7甚至歐盟在內的幾個西方國家而言，這個國家安全法是對領土自治和自由的恐攻。

https://www.tvanouvelles.ca/2020/06/29/hong-kong-la-loi-controversee-sur-la-securite-nationale-a-ete-adoptee

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★ 10 MOST INFLUENTIAL Asian Superheroes From Marvel & DC: https://youtu.be/sAB8-1Gkn_E
★ 30 RACIST Asian Slurs That May Piss You Off: https://youtu.be/6tHs9wrqiPY
★ Asian Stereotypes Checklist: https://youtu.be/hrJbxLu9MiE


With National Adoption Month in the US coming up in November, and the recent drama involving the most high profile entry on this list, it seems an appropriate time to make this video.

1. Angelina Jolie

Angelina Jolie is who everyone thinks of when it comes to a Hollywood celebrity with an adopted Asian child. Actually she has two, Maddox from Cambodia and Pax from Vietnam.

In 2001, Jolie applied to adopt 7 month old, Rath Vibol from an orphanage in Battambang, Cambodia. Unfortunately, this didn’t seem to go well. The adoption process was halted soon after when the US government banned adoptions from Cambodia amid allegations of child trafficking.

When it was all said and done, when the investigation was over, fortunately for Jolie, the adoption of Rath Vibol was deemed lawful. Jolie brought him back to the States and renamed him Maddox. 5 years later, Maddox became older brother to Pax, who Jolie adopted from an orphanage in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam.

Today, Maddox is a regular 15 year old kid, who can sometimes be seen with a shaggy bleached blonde mohawk, and who has a long distance girlfriend who lives in England.

Unfortunately, 2016 marked the end of Brangelina, as Angelina Jolie & husband Brad Pitt are now going through a Hollywood divorce involving 6 kids.

2. Katherine Heigl

Heigl actually grew up with an older sister, Meg, who was adopted from South Korea.

Heigl says: “I wanted my own family to resemble the one I came from, so I always knew I wanted to adopt from Korea.”

Her husband singer/songwriter, Josh Kelley initially questioned whether Heigl’s vision for their family was indeed right for him.

In 2009, she got the call from the Korean adoption agency that there was a baby girl for her to adopt named Mi-Eun. There was one issue though, she had a congenital heart defect and had recently undergone open heart surgery.

Despite the uncertainty surrounding her well-being, her future health, Heigl opted to adopt Mi-Eun, naming her Naleigh.

3. Ewan McGregor

McGregor has been in many documentaries including one called Long Way Round where he goes on a 19000 mile journey from London To New York City on a motorcycle, traveling through Europe and Asia, visiting several UNICEF programs along the way.

It was on this trip in 2004, passing through Mongolia, where he met 2 year old Jamyan, an abandoned orphan. Soon afterwards, he adopted her.

4. Meg Ryan

The star of When Harry Met Sally, Sleepless In Seattle & You’ve Got Mail, was elated, when, in 2006, she was notified by the Chinese adoption agency that they had assigned her a 14 month old baby girl. I say assigned because the adoption process in China is like a lottery system, and Ryan had no say in the selection process of her child, who she later named Daisy True

Despite Daisy being randomly assigned to her, Ryan has stated “I am convinced, completely that there was nothing random about it. She is the daughter I should have.”

5. John McCain

Right now the world is watching Hillary & Trump tear each other to bits. 8 years ago it was Obama & McCain going at it for the presidency.

While McCain, was able to become the republican presidential nominee in 2008, his previous attempt in 2000 failed. He had lost to George W. Bush in large part due to an underground smear campaign that falsely claimed McCain had fathered a black child.

In actuality, that ‘black child’ was Bridget, his daughter that he adopted from Bangladesh. Bridget was Bengali, and Bengali people are darker skinned.

Many people said the McCains should be ashamed of her color. The vile campaign had voters being called up by the thousands, being informed that McCain had a black baby and that was reason enough to not vote for him.

Funnily enough, John McCain did not know of his wife’s decision before hand and when he arrived at the Arizona airport to pick her up from her trip from Bangladesh, he was confused as to why his wife was holding a dark Asian baby.

He asked ‘who is she?’ and ‘where is she going?’

Cindy replied ‘To our house’

Despite the initial shock, he has said that Bridget has since enriched their lives.

Thanks for watching! And if you enjoyed this video, don't forget to LIKE, SHARE & SUBSCRIBE ^^

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Tags: AMWF / Asian Stereotypes / Asian adoptee stories / Asian adoptee story / Asian adoptees

★ THE EAST ASIAN ACCENT TEST (Can you tell accents apart?): https://youtu.be/F-lABs4nJ_w
★ 'Asian Eyes' Are More Common Than You Think: https://youtu.be/WxTnVWgOGLc
★ Where Are The Asian Borders?: https://youtu.be/vPupwlZlNMY
★ 5 EPIC Japanese Commercials Involving High School Girls: https://youtu.be/p84JKiBIRcU
★ 10 MOST INFLUENTIAL Asian Superheroes From Marvel & DC: https://youtu.be/sAB8-1Gkn_E
★ 30 RACIST Asian Slurs That May Piss You Off: https://youtu.be/6tHs9wrqiPY
★ 5 FAMOUS Asian Adoptee Stories In Hollywood & Media: https://youtu.be/tKlcFKtvFRA
★ 4 SCARY Japanese Commercials That Will Give You Nightmares: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwQpaDVZz4k

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----------------

5 RACIST ASIAN COMMERCIALS THAT MAY SHOCK YOU

Just to clarify, these are commercials that are made by Asians and are arguably racist towards non-Asians (white people, black people, etc).

The commercials also have a varying level of offensiveness / racism. Some are clearly racist while others might offend only overly-sensitive people.

Here are 5 racist Asian commercials that may shock you:

1. Chinese Laundry Detergent Commercial
- Black guy gets 'washed' in the washing machine and comes out as a lighter skinned Chinese / Asian guy.
- Whitewashing? Asian washing?

2. Japanese ANA Airline Commercial
- Was intended to promote their international travel routes
- Japanese guy randomly wears a big fake 'European' nose and blonde hair.
- Nina thinks he looks like Donald Trump lol.

3. Thai (South African) KFC Commercial
- Black girl new in Thailand finds it hard to fit in but bonds with a Thai girl over some familiar KFC.
- Black girl + KFC = racist?
- In our opinion, the least racist out of all the commercials because it had nothing to do with America.

4. South Korean Kyochon Chicken Commercial
- Tribal black people about to eat a Korean man until he introduces them to Kyochon fried chicken and watermelon.
- Fried chicken + Watermelon = Super racist?

5. Thai Black Herbal Toothpaste Commercial
- Nice black man helps a girl get her balloon but her mother is disgusted by him.
- He goes home to reveal he's attempted to help a lot of kids but have been rejected because he is black.
- Then proceeds to lie down in his toothbrush bed.... weird
- Final tag line: Appearance can be deceiving
- They are basically saying black people don't look good, but don't be fooled because they CAN be nice people.... pretty racist in our view.


Were you offended by them? Which ones did you find were actually not racist?


Thanks for watching! And if you enjoyed this video, don't forget to LIKE, SHARE & SUBSCRIBE ^^


SOCIAL MEDIA
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AMWF

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★ 5 LEGENDARY Olympic Stories From Asian Athletes: https://youtu.be/-EV4OQ1SBeI
★ 5 FAMOUS Asian Adoptee Stories In Hollywood & Media: https://youtu.be/tKlcFKtvFRA
★ 6 BIZARRE Asian Christmas Traditions: https://youtu.be/1srFZ29aWn0


Weird topic for this video, inspired by the recent alien incident in China. In fact, that's one of the 5 alien theories on our list:

1) Floating Alien City in China
2) Yonaguni Pyramid in Japan
3) MH370 in Malaysia
4) Ancient Nuclear Attack in India
5) Asians Are Aliens!

If you have any suggestions for other Asian-related topics, let us know in the comments, and we might just do a video on it in the future.

Thanks for watching! And if you enjoyed this video, don't forget to LIKE, SHARE & SUBSCRIBE ^^

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AMWF